The Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Turkish: مجلس مبعوثانMeclis-i meb'ūs̱ān;[2]Turkish: Meclis-i Mebusân or Mebuslar Meclisi; French: Chambre des Députés) of the Ottoman Empire was the lower house of the General Assembly, the Ottoman Parliament.[3] Unlike the upper house, the Senate, the members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by the general Ottoman populace, although suffrage was limited to males of a certain financial standing, among other restrictions that varied over the Chamber's lifetime.[4]
In the First Constitutional Era, which only lasted for two years from 1876 to 1878, the initial selection of Deputies was made by the directly elected Administrative Councils in the provinces, who acted as an electoral college for Deputies and also as local governments. The first Chamber met on 19 March 1877.[3] Its main power during this period was its right to vote on annual budgets submitted by the Council of Ministers.[4] All members of the parliament, including those in the Chamber, had a right to free expression and were immune from arrest and criminal prosecution during their term, unless their chamber voted to waive this right for a member.[4]
After the establishment of the whole parliament, General Assembly (Turkish: Meclis-i Umumî), in the provinces, the members selected the deputies from within the General Assembly to form the Chamber of Deputies (Turkish: Meclis-i Mebusan) in the capital, Constantinople. The Chamber of Deputies had 130 members and reflected the distribution of the millets in the empire.[3] After the first elections, a sort of trial to populate the Chamber for the first time, there were 71 Muslim millet representatives, 44 Christians millet representatives, and 4 Jewish millet representatives.[5] After the second elections, there were 69 Muslim representatives and 46 representatives of other millets (Jews, Greeks, Armenians, etc.).
The actions of the Chamber were subject to a veto by the upper house, the Senate (whose members were selected by the Sultan), thus limiting the Chamber's power during this period.[6] No true system of checks and balances between the houses of parliament or the Sultan's office existed during this period.[4] The second session of the Chamber lasted from 13 December 1877 to 14 February 1878, when Sultan Abdul Hamid II dismissed General Assembly and the 1876 constitution, restoring his despotism.[3] The sultan, known to be paranoid of limitations on his personal power,[7] had become increasingly alarmed of the open criticisms leveled by the members of the parliament at the military policies and inefficiencies of his reign.[4]
The Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Abdul Hamid II was forced to restore the constitutional monarchy after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. The longer lasting period also saw the establishment of many political groups and parties. Ahmet Rıza became the first President of the Chamber in 1908. Following the 31 March Incident in 1909 an amendment to the original 1876 constitution resulted in the Chamber gaining more true political power at the expense of the non-democratically elected Senate and the Sultan.[6] A series of elections during this period resulted in the gradual ascendance of the Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) domination in politics. The second largest party was the Liberty Party (1908 - 1910) and the Freedom and Accord Party (1911 - 1920) (Turkish: Hürriyet ve İtilâf) both parties led by Mehmed Sabahaddin.
The second constitutional era came to a de facto end after the 1912 elections (known as the Sopalı Seçimler, "Election of Clubs"), which the CUP was widely understood to have rigged in its favor.[4] After the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état the following year and the seizure of power by the CUP triumvirate known as the Three Pashas, the Chamber of Deputies, along with the Sultan and the Senate, ceased to exercise any meaningful political power over the government.[4]
The era formally ended after World War I during the Occupation of Constantinople. The last meeting on 18 March 1920 produced a letter of protest to the Allies, and a black cloth covered the pulpit of the parliament as reminder of its absent members.
March of the Chamber of DeputiesEdit
The leaders of the revolution, Ahmed Niyazi Bey and Enver Pasha, were mentioned in the March of the Deputies (Turkish: Meclis-i Mebusan Marşı), the anthem of the restored Chamber of Deputies (see audio at top right at 01:20); the fourth line was sung "Long live Niyazi, long live Enver!" (Turkish: "Yaşasın Niyazi, yaşasın Enver!").
Parliaments sessionsEdit
First Constitutional EraEdit
1st Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (First half of 1877)
2nd Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (Second half of 1877)
^ abcd"Meclis-i Mebusan (Mebuslar Meclisi)". Tarihi Olaylar.
^Röder, Tilmann J. (2012-01-11). "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives". In Grote, Rainer; Tilmann J. Röder (eds.). Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries. Oxford University Press USA. pp. 321-372. ISBN9780199759880. - Cited page: [1]
^ abcdMyron Weiner; Ergun Özbudun (1987). Competitive Elections in Developing Countries. Duke University Press. p. 333. ISBN0-8223-0766-9.
^ abcdefgRainer Grote; Tilmann Röder (16 February 2012). Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity. Oxford University Press. pp. 328–330. ISBN978-0-19-975988-0.
^Alan Palmer (19 May 2011). The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Faber & Faber. p. 1859. ISBN978-0-571-27908-1.
^ abSelcuk Aksin Somel (13 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. p. 225. ISBN978-0-8108-6606-5.
^Cleveland, William; Burton, Martin (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN978-0-8133-4833-9.
September 02, 2023
chamber, deputies, ottoman, empire, chamber, deputies, ottoman, turkish, مجلس, مبعوثان, meclis, turkish, meclis, mebusân, mebuslar, meclisi, french, chambre, députés, ottoman, empire, lower, house, general, assembly, ottoman, parliament, unlike, upper, house, . The Chamber of Deputies Ottoman Turkish مجلس مبعوثان Meclis i meb us an 2 Turkish Meclis i Mebusan or Mebuslar Meclisi French Chambre des Deputes of the Ottoman Empire was the lower house of the General Assembly the Ottoman Parliament 3 Unlike the upper house the Senate the members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by the general Ottoman populace although suffrage was limited to males of a certain financial standing among other restrictions that varied over the Chamber s lifetime 4 Chamber of Deputies مجلس مبعوثان Meclis i MebusanTypeTypeLower house of the Ottoman ParliamentHistoryFounded23 December 1876 1 23 July 1908 1 Disbanded14 February 1878 1 citation needed 11 April 1920 1 citation needed Preceded byDivan i HumayunSucceeded byGrand National AssemblySeats275ElectionsVoting systemElectoral collegeFirst election1877Last election1919Meeting placeDolmabahce Palace 1876 1878 Darulfunun building 1876 1878 1908 Ciragan Palace 1909 Cemile Sultan Palace 1910 1920 March of the DeputiesTurkish Mebusan Marsi source source track The anthem of the Chamber of Deputies performed at its reopening in 1909 The lyrics reference the contemporary 1908 Young Turk Revolution leaders Ahmed Niyazi Bey and Enver Pasha as well as democrats of the previous generation Namik Kemal and Midhat Pasha Problems playing this file See media help Contents 1 First Constitutional Era 1876 1878 2 Second Constitutional Era 1908 1920 3 March of the Chamber of Deputies 4 Parliaments sessions 4 1 First Constitutional Era 4 2 Second Constitutional Era 5 See also 6 External links 7 ReferencesFirst Constitutional Era 1876 1878 EditMain article First Constitutional Era In the First Constitutional Era which only lasted for two years from 1876 to 1878 the initial selection of Deputies was made by the directly elected Administrative Councils in the provinces who acted as an electoral college for Deputies and also as local governments The first Chamber met on 19 March 1877 3 Its main power during this period was its right to vote on annual budgets submitted by the Council of Ministers 4 All members of the parliament including those in the Chamber had a right to free expression and were immune from arrest and criminal prosecution during their term unless their chamber voted to waive this right for a member 4 After the establishment of the whole parliament General Assembly Turkish Meclis i Umumi in the provinces the members selected the deputies from within the General Assembly to form the Chamber of Deputies Turkish Meclis i Mebusan in the capital Constantinople The Chamber of Deputies had 130 members and reflected the distribution of the millets in the empire 3 After the first elections a sort of trial to populate the Chamber for the first time there were 71 Muslim millet representatives 44 Christians millet representatives and 4 Jewish millet representatives 5 After the second elections there were 69 Muslim representatives and 46 representatives of other millets Jews Greeks Armenians etc The actions of the Chamber were subject to a veto by the upper house the Senate whose members were selected by the Sultan thus limiting the Chamber s power during this period 6 No true system of checks and balances between the houses of parliament or the Sultan s office existed during this period 4 The second session of the Chamber lasted from 13 December 1877 to 14 February 1878 when Sultan Abdul Hamid II dismissed General Assembly and the 1876 constitution restoring his despotism 3 The sultan known to be paranoid of limitations on his personal power 7 had become increasingly alarmed of the open criticisms leveled by the members of the parliament at the military policies and inefficiencies of his reign 4 Second Constitutional Era 1908 1920 EditMain article Second Constitutional Era nbsp Ahmet Riza first presidentThe Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Abdul Hamid II was forced to restore the constitutional monarchy after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution The longer lasting period also saw the establishment of many political groups and parties Ahmet Riza became the first President of the Chamber in 1908 Following the 31 March Incident in 1909 an amendment to the original 1876 constitution resulted in the Chamber gaining more true political power at the expense of the non democratically elected Senate and the Sultan 6 A series of elections during this period resulted in the gradual ascendance of the Committee of Union and Progress s CUP domination in politics The second largest party was the Liberty Party 1908 1910 and the Freedom and Accord Party 1911 1920 Turkish Hurriyet ve Itilaf both parties led by Mehmed Sabahaddin The second constitutional era came to a de facto end after the 1912 elections known as the Sopali Secimler Election of Clubs which the CUP was widely understood to have rigged in its favor 4 After the 1913 Ottoman coup d etat the following year and the seizure of power by the CUP triumvirate known as the Three Pashas the Chamber of Deputies along with the Sultan and the Senate ceased to exercise any meaningful political power over the government 4 The era formally ended after World War I during the Occupation of Constantinople The last meeting on 18 March 1920 produced a letter of protest to the Allies and a black cloth covered the pulpit of the parliament as reminder of its absent members March of the Chamber of Deputies EditThe leaders of the revolution Ahmed Niyazi Bey and Enver Pasha were mentioned in the March of the Deputies Turkish Meclis i Mebusan Marsi the anthem of the restored Chamber of Deputies see audio at top right at 01 20 the fourth line was sung Long live Niyazi long live Enver Turkish Yasasin Niyazi yasasin Enver Parliaments sessions EditFirst Constitutional Era Edit 1st Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire First half of 1877 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire Second half of 1877 Second Constitutional Era Edit 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire 1908 1912 4th Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire 1912 1914 5th Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire 1914 1919 6th Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire 1919 1920 See also EditElections in the Ottoman Empire List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire Senate of the Ottoman Empire the upper house General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire the parliament as a wholeExternal links EditMinutes of the Chamber of Deputies and SenateReferences Edit a b c d Meclis i Mebusan Mebuslar Meclisi Tarihi Olaylar Roder Tilmann J 2012 01 11 The Separation of Powers Historical and Comparative Perspectives In Grote Rainer Tilmann J Roder eds Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries Oxford University Press USA pp 321 372 ISBN 9780199759880 Cited page 1 a b c d Myron Weiner Ergun Ozbudun 1987 Competitive Elections in Developing Countries Duke University Press p 333 ISBN 0 8223 0766 9 a b c d e f g Rainer Grote Tilmann Roder 16 February 2012 Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries Between Upheaval and Continuity Oxford University Press pp 328 330 ISBN 978 0 19 975988 0 Alan Palmer 19 May 2011 The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire Faber amp Faber p 1859 ISBN 978 0 571 27908 1 a b Selcuk Aksin Somel 13 February 2003 Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire Scarecrow Press p 225 ISBN 978 0 8108 6606 5 Cleveland William Burton Martin 2013 A History of the Modern Middle East Boulder CO Westview Press pp 123 124 ISBN 978 0 8133 4833 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chamber of Deputies Ottoman Empire amp oldid 1172382806, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
