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Mass generation

January 01, 1970

In theoretical physics, a mass generation mechanism is a theory that describes the origin of mass from the most fundamental laws of physics. Physicists have proposed a number of models that advocate different views of the origin of mass. The problem is complicated because the primary role of mass is to mediate gravitational interaction between bodies, and no theory of gravitational interaction reconciles with the currently popular Standard Model of particle physics.

There are two types of mass generation models: gravity-free models and models that involve gravity.

Background edit

Electroweak theory and the Standard Model edit

The Higgs mechanism is based on a symmetry-breaking scalar field potential, such as the quartic. The Standard Model uses this mechanism as part of the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model to unify electromagnetic and weak interactions. This model was one of several that predicted the existence of the scalar Higgs boson.

Gravity-free models edit

In these theories, as in the Standard Model itself, the gravitational interaction either is not involved or does not play a crucial role.

Technicolor edit

Technicolor models break electroweak symmetry through gauge interactions, which were originally modeled on quantum chromodynamics.[1][2][further explanation needed]

Coleman-Weinberg mechanism edit

Coleman–Weinberg mechanism generates mass through spontaneous symmetry breaking.[3]

Other theories edit

  • Unparticle physics and the unhiggs[4][5] models posit that the Higgs sector and Higgs boson are scaling invariant.
  • UV-Completion by Classicalization, in which the unitarization of the WW scattering happens by creation of classical configurations.[6]
  • Symmetry breaking driven by non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum fields above the electroweak scale.[7][8]
  • Asymptotically safe weak interactions [9][10] based on some nonlinear sigma models.[11]
  • Models of composite W and Z vector bosons.[12]
  • Top quark condensate.

Gravitational models edit

  • Extra-dimensional Higgsless models use the fifth component of the gauge fields in place of the Higgs fields. It is possible to produce electroweak symmetry breaking by imposing certain boundary conditions on the extra dimensional fields, increasing the unitarity breakdown scale up to the energy scale of the extra dimension.[13][14] Through the AdS/QCD correspondence this model can be related to technicolor models and to UnHiggs models, in which the Higgs field is of unparticle nature.[15]
  • Unitary Weyl gauge. If one adds a suitable gravitational term to the standard model action with gravitational coupling, the theory becomes locally scale-invariant (i.e. Weyl-invariant) in the unitary gauge for the local SU(2). Weyl transformations act multiplicatively on the Higgs field, so one can fix the Weyl gauge by requiring that the Higgs scalar be a constant.[16]
  • Preon and models inspired by preons such as the Ribbon model of Standard Model particles by Sundance Bilson-Thompson, based in braid theory and compatible with loop quantum gravity and similar theories.[17] This model not only explains the origin of mass, but also interprets electric charge as a topological quantity (twists carried on the individual ribbons), and colour charge as modes of twisting.
  • In the theory of superfluid vacuum, masses of elementary particles arise from interaction with a physical vacuum, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superfluids.[18] The low-energy limit of this theory suggests an effective potential for the Higgs sector that is different from the Standard Model's, yet it yields the mass generation.[19][20] Under certain conditions, this potential gives rise to an elementary particle with a role and characteristics similar to the Higgs boson.

References edit

  1. ^ Steven Weinberg (1976), "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking", Physical Review D, 13 (4): 974–996, Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..974W, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.974.
    S. Weinberg (1979), "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking: An addendum", Physical Review D, 19 (4): 1277–1280, Bibcode:1979PhRvD..19.1277W, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.19.1277.
  2. ^ Leonard Susskind (1979), "Dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the Weinberg-Salam theory", Physical Review D, 20 (10): 2619–2625, Bibcode:1979PhRvD..20.2619S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.20.2619, OSTI 1446928.
  3. ^ Weinberg, Erick J. (2015-07-15). "Coleman-Weinberg mechanism". Scholarpedia. 10 (7): 7484. Bibcode:2015SchpJ..10.7484W. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.7484. ISSN 1941-6016.
  4. ^ Stancato, David; Terning, John (2009). "The Unhiggs". Journal of High Energy Physics. 0911 (11): 101. arXiv:0807.3961. Bibcode:2009JHEP...11..101S. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2009/11/101. S2CID 17512330.
  5. ^ Falkowski, Adam; Perez-Victoria, Manuel (2009). "Electroweak Precision Observables and the Unhiggs". Journal of High Energy Physics. 0912 (12): 061. arXiv:0901.3777. Bibcode:2009JHEP...12..061F. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2009/12/061. S2CID 17570408.
  6. ^ Dvali, Gia; Giudice, Gian F.; Gomez, Cesar; Kehagias, Alex (2011). "UV-Completion by Classicalization". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2011 (8): 108. arXiv:1010.1415. Bibcode:2011JHEP...08..108D. doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2011)108. S2CID 53315861.
  7. ^ Goldfain, E. (2008). "Bifurcations and pattern formation in particle physics: An introductory study". EPL. 82 (1): 11001. Bibcode:2008EL.....8211001G. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/82/11001. S2CID 62823832.
  8. ^ Goldfain, E. (2010). "Non-equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics. 7 (24): 219–234.
  9. ^ Calmet, X. (2011), "Asymptotically safe weak interactions", Modern Physics Letters A, 26 (21): 1571–1576, arXiv:1012.5529, Bibcode:2011MPLA...26.1571C, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.757.7245, doi:10.1142/S0217732311035900, S2CID 118712775
  10. ^ Calmet, X. (2011), "An Alternative view on the electroweak interactions", International Journal of Modern Physics A, 26 (17): 2855–2864, arXiv:1008.3780, Bibcode:2011IJMPA..26.2855C, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.740.5141, doi:10.1142/S0217751X11053699, S2CID 118422223
  11. ^ Codello, A.; Percacci, R. (2009), "Fixed Points of Nonlinear Sigma Models in d>2", Physics Letters B, 672 (3): 280–283, arXiv:0810.0715, Bibcode:2009PhLB..672..280C, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.032, S2CID 119223124
  12. ^ Abbott, L. F.; Farhi, E. (1981), "Are the Weak Interactions Strong?", Physics Letters B, 101 (1–2): 69, Bibcode:1981PhLB..101...69A, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.362.4721, doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90492-5
  13. ^ Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J. (2004), "Towards a realistic model of Higgsless electroweak symmetry breaking", Physical Review Letters, 92 (10): 101802, arXiv:hep-ph/0308038, Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92j1802C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.101802, PMID 15089195, S2CID 6521798
  14. ^ Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Murayama, H.; Pilo, L.; Terning, John (2004), "Gauge theories on an interval: Unitarity without a Higgs", Physical Review D, 69 (5): 055006, arXiv:hep-ph/0305237, Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69e5006C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.055006, S2CID 119094852
  15. ^ Calmet, X.; Deshpande, N. G.; He, X. G.; Hsu, S. D. H. (2009), "Invisible Higgs boson, continuous mass fields and unHiggs mechanism", Physical Review D, 79 (5): 055021, arXiv:0810.2155, Bibcode:2009PhRvD..79e5021C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.055021, S2CID 14450925
  16. ^ Pawlowski, M.; Raczka, R. (1994), "A Unified Conformal Model for Fundamental Interactions without Dynamical Higgs Field", Foundations of Physics, 24 (9): 1305–1327, arXiv:hep-th/9407137, Bibcode:1994FoPh...24.1305P, doi:10.1007/BF02148570, S2CID 17358627
  17. ^ Bilson-Thompson, Sundance O.; Markopoulou, Fotini; Smolin, Lee (2007), "Quantum gravity and the standard model", Classical and Quantum Gravity, 24 (16): 3975–3993, arXiv:hep-th/0603022, Bibcode:2007CQGra..24.3975B, doi:10.1088/0264-9381/24/16/002, S2CID 37406474.
  18. ^ V. Avdeenkov, Alexander; G. Zloshchastiev, Konstantin (2011). "Quantum Bose liquids with logarithmic nonlinearity: Self-sustainability and emergence of spatial extent". Journal of Physics B. 44 (19): 195303. arXiv:1108.0847. Bibcode:2011JPhB...44s5303A. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195303. S2CID 119248001.
  19. ^ G. Zloshchastiev, Konstantin (2011). "Spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation as built-in phenomena in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory". Acta Physica Polonica B. 42 (2): 261–292. arXiv:0912.4139. Bibcode:2011AcPPB..42..261Z. doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.42.261. S2CID 118152708.
  20. ^ Dzhunushaliev, Vladimir; G. Zloshchastiev, Konstantin (2013). "Singularity-free model of electric charge in physical vacuum: Non-zero spatial extent and mass generation". Cent. Eur. J. Phys. 11 (3): 325–335. arXiv:1204.6380. Bibcode:2013CEJPh..11..325D. doi:10.2478/s11534-012-0159-z. S2CID 91178852.

January 01, 1970
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In theoretical physics a mass generation mechanism is a theory that describes the origin of mass from the most fundamental laws of physics Physicists have proposed a number of models that advocate different views of the origin of mass The problem is complicated because the primary role of mass is to mediate gravitational interaction between bodies and no theory of gravitational interaction reconciles with the currently popular Standard Model of particle physics There are two types of mass generation models gravity free models and models that involve gravity Contents 1 Background 1 1 Electroweak theory and the Standard Model 2 Gravity free models 2 1 Technicolor 2 2 Coleman Weinberg mechanism 2 3 Other theories 3 Gravitational models 4 ReferencesBackground editElectroweak theory and the Standard Model edit The Higgs mechanism is based on a symmetry breaking scalar field potential such as the quartic The Standard Model uses this mechanism as part of the Glashow Weinberg Salam model to unify electromagnetic and weak interactions This model was one of several that predicted the existence of the scalar Higgs boson Gravity free models editIn these theories as in the Standard Model itself the gravitational interaction either is not involved or does not play a crucial role Technicolor edit Technicolor models break electroweak symmetry through gauge interactions which were originally modeled on quantum chromodynamics 1 2 further explanation needed Coleman Weinberg mechanism edit Coleman Weinberg mechanism generates mass through spontaneous symmetry breaking 3 Other theories edit Unparticle physics and the unhiggs 4 5 models posit that the Higgs sector and Higgs boson are scaling invariant UV Completion by Classicalization in which the unitarization of the WW scattering happens by creation of classical configurations 6 Symmetry breaking driven by non equilibrium dynamics of quantum fields above the electroweak scale 7 8 Asymptotically safe weak interactions 9 10 based on some nonlinear sigma models 11 Models of composite W and Z vector bosons 12 Top quark condensate Gravitational models editExtra dimensional Higgsless models use the fifth component of the gauge fields in place of the Higgs fields It is possible to produce electroweak symmetry breaking by imposing certain boundary conditions on the extra dimensional fields increasing the unitarity breakdown scale up to the energy scale of the extra dimension 13 14 Through the AdS QCD correspondence this model can be related to technicolor models and to UnHiggs models in which the Higgs field is of unparticle nature 15 Unitary Weyl gauge If one adds a suitable gravitational term to the standard model action with gravitational coupling the theory becomes locally scale invariant i e Weyl invariant in the unitary gauge for the local SU 2 Weyl transformations act multiplicatively on the Higgs field so one can fix the Weyl gauge by requiring that the Higgs scalar be a constant 16 Preon and models inspired by preons such as the Ribbon model of Standard Model particles by Sundance Bilson Thompson based in braid theory and compatible with loop quantum gravity and similar theories 17 This model not only explains the origin of mass but also interprets electric charge as a topological quantity twists carried on the individual ribbons and colour charge as modes of twisting In the theory of superfluid vacuum masses of elementary particles arise from interaction with a physical vacuum similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superfluids 18 The low energy limit of this theory suggests an effective potential for the Higgs sector that is different from the Standard Model s yet it yields the mass generation 19 20 Under certain conditions this potential gives rise to an elementary particle with a role and characteristics similar to the Higgs boson References edit Steven Weinberg 1976 Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking Physical Review D 13 4 974 996 Bibcode 1976PhRvD 13 974W doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 13 974 S Weinberg 1979 Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking An addendum Physical Review D 19 4 1277 1280 Bibcode 1979PhRvD 19 1277W doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 19 1277 Leonard Susskind 1979 Dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the Weinberg Salam theory Physical Review D 20 10 2619 2625 Bibcode 1979PhRvD 20 2619S doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 20 2619 OSTI 1446928 Weinberg Erick J 2015 07 15 Coleman Weinberg mechanism Scholarpedia 10 7 7484 Bibcode 2015SchpJ 10 7484W doi 10 4249 scholarpedia 7484 ISSN 1941 6016 Stancato David Terning John 2009 The Unhiggs Journal of High Energy Physics 0911 11 101 arXiv 0807 3961 Bibcode 2009JHEP 11 101S doi 10 1088 1126 6708 2009 11 101 S2CID 17512330 Falkowski Adam Perez Victoria Manuel 2009 Electroweak Precision Observables and the Unhiggs Journal of High Energy Physics 0912 12 061 arXiv 0901 3777 Bibcode 2009JHEP 12 061F doi 10 1088 1126 6708 2009 12 061 S2CID 17570408 Dvali Gia Giudice Gian F Gomez Cesar Kehagias Alex 2011 UV Completion by Classicalization Journal of High Energy Physics 2011 8 108 arXiv 1010 1415 Bibcode 2011JHEP 08 108D doi 10 1007 JHEP08 2011 108 S2CID 53315861 Goldfain E 2008 Bifurcations and pattern formation in particle physics An introductory study EPL 82 1 11001 Bibcode 2008EL 8211001G doi 10 1209 0295 5075 82 11001 S2CID 62823832 Goldfain E 2010 Non equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics PDF Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics 7 24 219 234 Calmet X 2011 Asymptotically safe weak interactions Modern Physics Letters A 26 21 1571 1576 arXiv 1012 5529 Bibcode 2011MPLA 26 1571C CiteSeerX 10 1 1 757 7245 doi 10 1142 S0217732311035900 S2CID 118712775 Calmet X 2011 An Alternative view on the electroweak interactions International Journal of Modern Physics A 26 17 2855 2864 arXiv 1008 3780 Bibcode 2011IJMPA 26 2855C CiteSeerX 10 1 1 740 5141 doi 10 1142 S0217751X11053699 S2CID 118422223 Codello A Percacci R 2009 Fixed Points of Nonlinear Sigma Models in d gt 2 Physics Letters B 672 3 280 283 arXiv 0810 0715 Bibcode 2009PhLB 672 280C doi 10 1016 j physletb 2009 01 032 S2CID 119223124 Abbott L F Farhi E 1981 Are the Weak Interactions Strong Physics Letters B 101 1 2 69 Bibcode 1981PhLB 101 69A CiteSeerX 10 1 1 362 4721 doi 10 1016 0370 2693 81 90492 5 Csaki C Grojean C Pilo L Terning J 2004 Towards a realistic model of Higgsless electroweak symmetry breaking Physical Review Letters 92 10 101802 arXiv hep ph 0308038 Bibcode 2004PhRvL 92j1802C doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 92 101802 PMID 15089195 S2CID 6521798 Csaki C Grojean C Murayama H Pilo L Terning John 2004 Gauge theories on an interval Unitarity without a Higgs Physical Review D 69 5 055006 arXiv hep ph 0305237 Bibcode 2004PhRvD 69e5006C doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 69 055006 S2CID 119094852 Calmet X Deshpande N G He X G Hsu S D H 2009 Invisible Higgs boson continuous mass fields and unHiggs mechanism Physical Review D 79 5 055021 arXiv 0810 2155 Bibcode 2009PhRvD 79e5021C doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 79 055021 S2CID 14450925 Pawlowski M Raczka R 1994 A Unified Conformal Model for Fundamental Interactions without Dynamical Higgs Field Foundations of Physics 24 9 1305 1327 arXiv hep th 9407137 Bibcode 1994FoPh 24 1305P doi 10 1007 BF02148570 S2CID 17358627 Bilson Thompson Sundance O Markopoulou Fotini Smolin Lee 2007 Quantum gravity and the standard model Classical and Quantum Gravity 24 16 3975 3993 arXiv hep th 0603022 Bibcode 2007CQGra 24 3975B doi 10 1088 0264 9381 24 16 002 S2CID 37406474 V Avdeenkov Alexander G Zloshchastiev Konstantin 2011 Quantum Bose liquids with logarithmic nonlinearity Self sustainability and emergence of spatial extent Journal of Physics B 44 19 195303 arXiv 1108 0847 Bibcode 2011JPhB 44s5303A doi 10 1088 0953 4075 44 19 195303 S2CID 119248001 G Zloshchastiev Konstantin 2011 Spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation as built in phenomena in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory Acta Physica Polonica B 42 2 261 292 arXiv 0912 4139 Bibcode 2011AcPPB 42 261Z doi 10 5506 APhysPolB 42 261 S2CID 118152708 Dzhunushaliev Vladimir G Zloshchastiev Konstantin 2013 Singularity free model of electric charge in physical vacuum Non zero spatial extent and mass generation Cent Eur J Phys 11 3 325 335 arXiv 1204 6380 Bibcode 2013CEJPh 11 325D doi 10 2478 s11534 012 0159 z S2CID 91178852 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mass generation amp oldid 1217423011, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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