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Maritime pilot

February 16, 2024

For broader coverage of this topic, see Piloting.

A maritime pilot, marine pilot, harbor pilot, port pilot, ship pilot, or simply pilot, is a mariner who has specific knowledge of an often dangerous or congested waterway, such as harbors or river mouths. Maritime pilots know local details such as depth, currents, and hazards. They board and temporarily join the crew to safely guide the ship's passage, so they must also have expertise in handling ships of all types and sizes. Obtaining the title "maritime pilot" requires being licensed or authorised by a recognised pilotage authority.

A Nigerian pilot assists a U.S. Navy ship into the harbor at Lagos using nautical charts

History edit

 
Five pilots sitting around a wooden table.

The word pilot is believed to have come from the Middle French, pilot, pillot, from Italian, pilota, from Late Latin, pillottus; ultimately from Ancient Greek πηδόν (pēdón, "blade of an oar, oar").[1]

The work functions of the pilot can be traced back to Ancient Greece and Rome, when locally experienced harbour captains, mainly local fishermen, were employed by incoming ships' captains to bring their trading vessels into port safely.[2]

The pilot boat was made to quickly reach incoming ships from port. Harbor masters began to require licensing and insured pilots and placed regulations on incoming ships to bring pilots aboard. [2]

Inland brown water trade also relies on the work of pilots known as trip pilots. Due to the shortage of qualified posted masters, these independent contractors fill the holes in the manning schedule on inland push boats on various inland river routes.[3]

A Sandy Hook pilot is a licensed maritime pilot for the Port of New York and New Jersey, the Hudson River, and Long Island Sound. Sandy Hook pilots have been piloting ships in the New York Harbor for over 300 years.[4] The pilots of New York and Boston first served on Square rigs before entering the pilot service as boat keepers, later receiving their warrants as pilots, then their full commissions as branch pilots authorized to pilot vessels of any draught size.

Duties involved edit

 
A pilot preparing to board a vessel by helicopter outside Durban Harbour in South Africa
 
A pilot boarding a ship from a pilot boat while underway

In English law, by Section 742 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894, a pilot is defined as "any person not belonging to a ship who has the conduct thereof"—someone other than a member of the crew who has control over the speed, direction, and movement of the ship. The Pilotage Act 1987 governs the management of maritime pilots and pilotage in harbors in the United Kingdom.[5][6]

Pilots are required to have maritime experience prior to becoming a pilot, including local knowledge of the area. For example, the California Board of Pilot Commissioners requires that pilot trainees have a master's license, two years' command experience on tugs or deep draft vessels, and pass a written exam and simulator exercise, followed by a period of up to three years' training, gaining experience with different types of vessel and docking facilities. Following licensing, pilots are required to engage in continuing educational programs.[7]

Typically, the pilot joins an incoming ship prior to the ship's entry into the shallow water at the designated "pilot boarding area" via helicopter or pilot boat and climbs a pilot ladder, sometimes up to 40 feet (12 metres), to the deck of the largest container and tanker ships. As both the ship to be piloted and the pilot's own vessel are usually moving this may be dangerous, especially in rough seas. With outgoing vessels, a pilot boat returns the pilot to land after the ship has successfully negotiated coastal waters.[8][9][10] Pilots are required by law in most major sea ports of the world for large ships.[11] Pilots use pilotage techniques that rely on nearby visual reference points and local knowledge of tides, swells, currents, depths and shoals that might not be readily identifiable on nautical charts without firsthand experience in certain waters.[12]

Legally, the master has full responsibility for the safe navigation of their vessel, even when a pilot is on board. If they have clear grounds that the pilot may jeopardize the safety of navigation, they can relieve the pilot from their duties and ask for another pilot, or, if not required to have a pilot on board, navigate the vessel without one. In every case, during the time passed aboard for operation, the pilot will remain under the master's authority, and always out of the "ship's command chain." The pilot remains aboard as an important and indispensable part of the bridge team.[13] Only in transit of the Panama Canal does the pilot have full responsibility for the navigation of the vessel.[14]

In some countries, deck officers of vessels who have strong local knowledge and experience of navigating in those ports, such as a ferry or regular trader, may be issued with a pilotage exemption certificate, which relieves them of the need to take a pilot on board.[15][16]

Compensation edit

The Florida Alliance of Maritime Organizations reported that Florida pilots' annual salaries range from US$100,000 to US$400,000, on par with other US states that have large ports.[17] Columbia Bar pilots earn approximately US$180,000 per year.[18] A 2008 review of pilot salaries in the United States showed that pay ranged from about US$250,000 to over US$500,000 per year.[19] The Sandy Hook Pilots Association in Staten Island, New York, has 50 employees across its locations and generates $7.15 million in sales (USD).[20]

Pilot compensation has been controversial in many ports, including the Los Angeles and Long Beach, California, especially in regard to pilots who are employed by public agencies instead of acting as independent contractors. Los Angeles pilots get $374,000 a year.[21][22]

Compensation varies in other nations. In New Zealand, according to the government career service, pilots earn NZ$90,000-120,000.[23]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Signal flag H (Hotel) is used to signal "Pilot on board"
  •  
    Signal flag G (Golf) is used to signal "I require a pilot"

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "pilot | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
  2. ^ a b Cunliffe, Tom, Pilots: Pilot, The World Of Pilotage Under Sail and Oar Wooden Boat Publications. Brooklin, Maine. 2001
  3. ^ Tribune, Larry Fruhling Larry Fruhling is a special correspondent for the (8 August 1999). "PUSH THAT BARGE". chicagotribune.com.
  4. ^ Rueb, Emily (17 November 2016). "The Channel Masters of New York Harbor". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  5. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  6. ^ "Pilotage Act 1987" (PDF).
  7. ^ (PDF), Board of Pilot Commissioners for the Bays of San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun, 7 October 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011, retrieved 3 December 2011
  8. ^ (PDF) (2nd ed.). Marisec Publications. 2012 [2008]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014.
  9. ^ "Recommendations for the Helicopter Transfer of Marine Pilots". www.heliheyn.de. 9 August 1996.
  10. ^ Video showing embarkation of helipilot on deck Matz Maersk on YouTube
  11. ^ Congress, United States. "Reports and Documents" – via Google Books.
  12. ^ Unique Institutions, Indispensable Cogs, and Hoary Figures: Understanding Pilotage Regulation in the United States BY PAUL G. KIRCHNER AND CLAYTON L. DIAMOND
  13. ^ "Proceedings - American Merchant Marine Conference". Propeller Club of the United States. March 12, 1956 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ "Pilotage Law - GARD". www.gard.no.
  15. ^ "Pilotage Act 1987". legislation.gov.uk.
  16. ^ "Pilotage Exemption Certificates". Mobility and Transport - European Commission. 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  17. ^ Peterson, Patrick (1 March 2010). . Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. pp. 14A. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  18. ^ Jacklet, Ben (2009-10-30) [2004-10-19]. . Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  19. ^ Dibner, Brent (December 8, 2008). (PDF). West Gulf Maritime Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
  20. ^ "The United New York & New Jersey Sandy Hook Pilots Association". www.dnb.com. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  21. ^ Palmeri, Christopher; Yap, Rodney (1 December 2011). "Los Angeles Port Pilots Steer for $374,000 a Year While Long Beach Profits". Bloomberg Businessweek. New York, New York. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  22. ^ History of Loodswezen 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine about organized marine pilots in the Netherlands. Visited 3 April 2013.
  23. ^ . Career Services/Rapuara. NewZealand.govt.nz. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.

IMO.org/pilotage

Bibliography edit

  • Cook, Ian (2010). Those in Peril: A Blue Funnel Story: a Fifty-six-year Love Affair with Ships. Christchurch, N.Z.: Willsonscott Publishing. ISBN 9781877427312.
  • Harry Hignett, 21 Centuries of Marine Pilotage. London, March 2013.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maritime pilots.
  • International Maritime Pilots Association
  • List of Maritime Pilots Organisations worldwide
  • American Pilots Association
  • Pilot's Duties

February 16, 2024
maritime, pilot, broader, coverage, this, topic, piloting, maritime, pilot, marine, pilot, harbor, pilot, port, pilot, ship, pilot, simply, pilot, mariner, specific, knowledge, often, dangerous, congested, waterway, such, harbors, river, mouths, know, local, d. For broader coverage of this topic see Piloting A maritime pilot marine pilot harbor pilot port pilot ship pilot or simply pilot is a mariner who has specific knowledge of an often dangerous or congested waterway such as harbors or river mouths Maritime pilots know local details such as depth currents and hazards They board and temporarily join the crew to safely guide the ship s passage so they must also have expertise in handling ships of all types and sizes Obtaining the title maritime pilot requires being licensed or authorised by a recognised pilotage authority A Nigerian pilot assists a U S Navy ship into the harbor at Lagos using nautical charts Contents 1 History 2 Duties involved 3 Compensation 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Bibliography 7 External linksHistory edit nbsp Five pilots sitting around a wooden table The word pilot is believed to have come from the Middle French pilot pillot from Italian pilota from Late Latin pillottus ultimately from Ancient Greek phdon pedon blade of an oar oar 1 The work functions of the pilot can be traced back to Ancient Greece and Rome when locally experienced harbour captains mainly local fishermen were employed by incoming ships captains to bring their trading vessels into port safely 2 The pilot boat was made to quickly reach incoming ships from port Harbor masters began to require licensing and insured pilots and placed regulations on incoming ships to bring pilots aboard 2 Inland brown water trade also relies on the work of pilots known as trip pilots Due to the shortage of qualified posted masters these independent contractors fill the holes in the manning schedule on inland push boats on various inland river routes 3 A Sandy Hook pilot is a licensed maritime pilot for the Port of New York and New Jersey the Hudson River and Long Island Sound Sandy Hook pilots have been piloting ships in the New York Harbor for over 300 years 4 The pilots of New York and Boston first served on Square rigs before entering the pilot service as boat keepers later receiving their warrants as pilots then their full commissions as branch pilots authorized to pilot vessels of any draught size Duties involved edit nbsp A pilot preparing to board a vessel by helicopter outside Durban Harbour in South Africa nbsp A pilot boarding a ship from a pilot boat while underwayIn English law by Section 742 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894 a pilot is defined as any person not belonging to a ship who has the conduct thereof someone other than a member of the crew who has control over the speed direction and movement of the ship The Pilotage Act 1987 governs the management of maritime pilots and pilotage in harbors in the United Kingdom 5 6 Pilots are required to have maritime experience prior to becoming a pilot including local knowledge of the area For example the California Board of Pilot Commissioners requires that pilot trainees have a master s license two years command experience on tugs or deep draft vessels and pass a written exam and simulator exercise followed by a period of up to three years training gaining experience with different types of vessel and docking facilities Following licensing pilots are required to engage in continuing educational programs 7 Typically the pilot joins an incoming ship prior to the ship s entry into the shallow water at the designated pilot boarding area via helicopter or pilot boat and climbs a pilot ladder sometimes up to 40 feet 12 metres to the deck of the largest container and tanker ships As both the ship to be piloted and the pilot s own vessel are usually moving this may be dangerous especially in rough seas With outgoing vessels a pilot boat returns the pilot to land after the ship has successfully negotiated coastal waters 8 9 10 Pilots are required by law in most major sea ports of the world for large ships 11 Pilots use pilotage techniques that rely on nearby visual reference points and local knowledge of tides swells currents depths and shoals that might not be readily identifiable on nautical charts without firsthand experience in certain waters 12 Legally the master has full responsibility for the safe navigation of their vessel even when a pilot is on board If they have clear grounds that the pilot may jeopardize the safety of navigation they can relieve the pilot from their duties and ask for another pilot or if not required to have a pilot on board navigate the vessel without one In every case during the time passed aboard for operation the pilot will remain under the master s authority and always out of the ship s command chain The pilot remains aboard as an important and indispensable part of the bridge team 13 Only in transit of the Panama Canal does the pilot have full responsibility for the navigation of the vessel 14 In some countries deck officers of vessels who have strong local knowledge and experience of navigating in those ports such as a ferry or regular trader may be issued with a pilotage exemption certificate which relieves them of the need to take a pilot on board 15 16 Compensation editThe Florida Alliance of Maritime Organizations reported that Florida pilots annual salaries range from US 100 000 to US 400 000 on par with other US states that have large ports 17 Columbia Bar pilots earn approximately US 180 000 per year 18 A 2008 review of pilot salaries in the United States showed that pay ranged from about US 250 000 to over US 500 000 per year 19 The Sandy Hook Pilots Association in Staten Island New York has 50 employees across its locations and generates 7 15 million in sales USD 20 Pilot compensation has been controversial in many ports including the Los Angeles and Long Beach California especially in regard to pilots who are employed by public agencies instead of acting as independent contractors Los Angeles pilots get 374 000 a year 21 22 Compensation varies in other nations In New Zealand according to the government career service pilots earn NZ 90 000 120 000 23 Gallery edit nbsp Signal flag H Hotel is used to signal Pilot on board nbsp Signal flag G Golf is used to signal I require a pilot See also edit nbsp Transport portalNavigator Pilot boat Pilot stationReferences editNotes edit pilot Search Online Etymology Dictionary www etymonline com a b Cunliffe Tom Pilots Pilot The World Of Pilotage Under Sail and Oar Wooden Boat Publications Brooklin Maine 2001 Tribune Larry Fruhling Larry Fruhling is a special correspondent for the 8 August 1999 PUSH THAT BARGE chicagotribune com Rueb Emily 17 November 2016 The Channel Masters of New York Harbor The New York Times Retrieved 18 November 2016 Merchant Shipping Act 1894 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2022 04 06 Retrieved 2019 12 11 Pilotage Act 1987 PDF Pilot commission overview PDF Board of Pilot Commissioners for the Bays of San Francisco San Pablo and Suisun 7 October 2011 archived from the original PDF on 11 September 2011 retrieved 3 December 2011 Shipping Industry Guidance on Pilot Transfer Arrangements Ensuring Compliance with SOLAS PDF 2nd ed Marisec Publications 2012 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2 February 2014 Recommendations for the Helicopter Transfer of Marine Pilots www heliheyn de 9 August 1996 Video showing embarkation of helipilot on deck Matz Maersk on YouTube Congress United States Reports and Documents via Google Books Unique Institutions Indispensable Cogs and Hoary Figures Understanding Pilotage Regulation in the United States BY PAUL G KIRCHNER AND CLAYTON L DIAMOND Proceedings American Merchant Marine Conference Propeller Club of the United States March 12 1956 via Google Books Pilotage Law GARD www gard no Pilotage Act 1987 legislation gov uk Pilotage Exemption Certificates Mobility and Transport European Commission 2016 09 22 Retrieved 2019 01 10 Peterson Patrick 1 March 2010 Harbor pilots steer clear of rule change Melbourne Florida Florida Today pp 14A Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Jacklet Ben 2009 10 30 2004 10 19 Columbia pilot pay attracts port s eye Portland Tribune Archived from the original on 2011 06 07 Retrieved 2010 07 15 Dibner Brent December 8 2008 Review and Analysis of Harbor Pilot Net Revenues and Salary Levels PDF West Gulf Maritime Association Archived from the original PDF on December 29 2009 Retrieved September 18 2010 The United New York amp New Jersey Sandy Hook Pilots Association www dnb com Retrieved 2022 01 26 Palmeri Christopher Yap Rodney 1 December 2011 Los Angeles Port Pilots Steer for 374 000 a Year While Long Beach Profits Bloomberg Businessweek New York New York Retrieved 3 December 2011 History of Loodswezen Archived 2014 02 01 at the Wayback Machine about organized marine pilots in the Netherlands Visited 3 April 2013 Harbour Pilot Kaiurungi Aka Career Services Rapuara NewZealand govt nz Archived from the original on June 3 2010 Retrieved September 18 2010 IMO org pilotage Bibliography edit Cook Ian 2010 Those in Peril A Blue Funnel Story a Fifty six year Love Affair with Ships Christchurch N Z Willsonscott Publishing ISBN 9781877427312 Harry Hignett 21 Centuries of Marine Pilotage London March 2013 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maritime pilots International Maritime Pilots Association List of Maritime Pilots Organisations worldwide American Pilots Association Pilot s Duties Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Maritime pilot amp oldid 1193370279, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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