Mari Djata II of Mali
Mansa Jata, commonly referred to as Mari Jata II, possibly incorrectly,[a] was mansa of Mali from 1360 to 1374. He was an ineffective ruler, and his reign, recorded by the contemporary North African historian Ibn Khaldun, marked the beginning of the decline of the Mali Empire.[3]
| Jata | |
|---|---|
| Mansa of Mali | |
| Reign | c. 1360 – c. 1374 |
| Predecessor | Qanba |
| Successor | Musa II |
| Died | c. 1374 Mali Empire |
| Issue | |
| Dynasty | Keita |
| Father | Maghan I |
| Religion | Islam |
Jata was the son of Mansa Maghan, and as such the grandson of Mansa Musa. Jata may be the same person as a figure named Jatil[b] mentioned by Ibn Battuta.[c] If so, he was living in exile in Kanburni during the reign of his great-uncle Mansa Suleyman, possibly because Suleyman had seized the throne from Jata's father Maghan by force.[3] Jata then would have conspired with Suleyman's wife Qasa, who may have been his sister, to depose Suleyman.[6] However, Qasa was found out and the coup attempt was prevented.
When Suleyman died, he was succeeded by his son Qanba, who would reign for only nine months. Civil war soon broke out, of which Jata was the victor. He had consolidated power by late 1360. A delegation bearing gifts for the Marinid sultan had been prepared by Suleyman, but he had died before the delegation could be sent, and the delegation spent the civil war in Walata.[7] Jata added gifts to the delegation, including a giraffe, and sent the delegation to Fez. The delegation arrived in December 1360 or January 1361,[d] where it was received by Sultan Abu Salim and attracted much interest among the people of Fez.[10]
Jata was regarded as a tyrannical and wasteful ruler. He was said to have sold one of the national treasures of Mali, a boulder of gold that weighed twenty qintars, for far less than it was worth.[11]
Jata contracted a sleeping sickness[e] which increasingly incapacitated him.[13] After two years of illness and a fourteen-year reign he died, in 1373 or 1374.[f] He was succeeded by his son Musa; another son of his, Magha, would succeed Musa.[14]
D. T. Niane identified Jata with Konkodugu Kamissa, a figure in oral tradition of Hamana,[15] but Yves Person disputed Niane's interpretations of traditional genealogies[16] and suggested that there is a gap in oral tradition between the middle of the 14th century and beginning of the 17th,[17] with Sulayman being the last mansa remembered before this gap.[18]
Footnotes edit
- ^ Ibn Khaldun refers to him as Jata several times and uses the name Mari Jata for him once. It is possible that the single use of the name Mari Jata was in error.[1] The error could be due to confusion of the words mari and mansa and/or confusion with either of the other figures named Mari Jata. Mari is a title that Ibn Khaldun translates in two different ways, as either "ruler of the blood royal" or "vizier".[2] The first Mari Jata was Sunjata.
- ^ Spelled either Jāṭil or Jāṭ in different manuscripts.[4]
- ^ The identity of Jata and Jatil is supported by similarity of names and their both being male-line relatives of Suleyman who sought to take power by force. Jata was Suleyman's great-nephew, but Ibn Battuta referred to Jatil as Suleyman's paternal cousin (ibn ʾamm). However, Ibn Battuta may have meant that Jatil was a male-line relative of Suleyman, rather than specifically the son of Suleyman's father's brother, so this does not necessarily disprove the two being the same.[5] Complicating matters is the fact that Jata was a common name in the royal family of Mali, also being borne by both Sunjata and the vizier Mari Jata.[4]
- ^ The delegation arrived in Safar 762 AH,[8] which lasted from approximately 11 December 1360 to 8 January 1361 in the Julian calendar.[9]
- ^ Presumably African trypanosomiasis, of which Jata would be the earliest recorded specific case, though the disease was already well-known in Africa.[12]
- ^ Mansa Jata died in 775 AH,[13] which lasted from approximately 23 June 1373 to 11 June 1374 in the Julian calendar.[9]
References edit
- ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 424.
- ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, pp. 333, 336, 425.
- ^ a b Levtzion 1980, p. 68.
- ^ a b Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 416.
- ^ Levtzion 1963, p. 348.
- ^ Ibn Battuta 1356, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 295
- ^ Ibn Khaldun, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, pp. 341–342
- ^ Ibn Khaldun, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, pp. 342
- ^ a b Beers, T. S. (2018). "Calendar Converter for Near East Historians". Retrieved 2021-10-13.
- ^ Ibn Khaldun, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, pp. 335–336, 342
- ^ Ibn Khaldun, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, pp. 335–336
- ^ Kwa 2017, p. 149.
- ^ a b Ibn Khaldun, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, pp. 336
- ^ Ibn Khaldun, translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, pp. 336–337
- ^ Niane 1959.
- ^ Person 1981, p. 635.
- ^ Person 1981, p. 613.
- ^ Person 1981, p. 629.
Works cited edit
- Ibn Khaldun, Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʼ wa-l-khabar fī ayyām al-ʻarab wa-ʼl-ʻajam wa-ʼl-barbar [The Book of Examples and the Register of Subject and Predicate on the Days of the Arabs, the Persians and the Berbers]. Translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000.
- Ibn Battuta (1356), Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار [A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling], translated in Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
- Kwa, Boo H. (2017). "Blood Protozoa: In Search of the Holy Grail". In Kwa, Boo H. (ed.). The Parasite Chronicles: My Lifelong Odyssey Among the Parasites that Cause Human Disease. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 149–168. ISBN 978-3-319-74923-5.
- Levtzion, N. (1963). "The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century kings of Mali". The Journal of African History. 4 (3): 341–353. JSTOR 180027.
- Levtzion, Nehemia (1980) [1973]. Ancient Ghana and Mali. New York, N.Y: Africana Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8419-0431-6.
- Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F. P., eds. (2000) [1981], Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, ISBN 1-55876-241-8.
- Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1959). . Recherches Africaines (in French). Archived from the original on 2007-05-19.
- Person, Yves (1981). "Nyaani Mansa Mamudu et la fin de l 'empire du Mali". Publications de la Société française d'histoire des outre-mers: 613–653.