Marib
Marib (Arabic: مَأْرِب, romanized: Maʾrib; Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩧𐩨/𐩣𐩧𐩺𐩨 Mryb/Mrb) is the capital city of Marib Governorate, Yemen. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Sabaʾ (Arabic: سَبَأ),[1][2] which some scholars believe to be the ancient Sheba of biblical fame.[3] It is about 120 kilometres (75 miles) east of Yemen's modern capital, Sanaa, and is in the region of the Sarawat Mountains.[4] In 2005 it had a population of 16,794. However, in 2021, it had absorbed close to a million refugees fleeing the Yemeni Civil War.[5]
Marib مَأْرِب | |
|---|---|
Marib City in 2021 | |
Marib Location in Yemen | |
| Coordinates: 15°27′38″N 45°19′34″E / 15.46056°N 45.32611°E | |
| Country | Yemen |
| Governorate | Marib Governorate |
| District | Marib |
| Elevation | 3,670 ft (1,120 m) |
| Population (2005) | |
| • | 16,794 |
| Time zone | UTC+03:00 (Yemen Standard Time) |
History edit
Ancient edit
The Sabaean kingdom was based around Marib, with territory in northern Yemen. The Sabaean kings made their capital at Marib, and built great irrigation works such as the Marib Dam, whose ruins are still visible. The Marib Dam supported a flourishing culture for more than a thousand years. They also built castles and temples in the area, including, most notably the temples of Almaqah at Awwam and Barran. Saba was known for dealing in the lucrative frankincense[3] and myrrh[6] trade. The Sabaeans were a seafaring people and were known to have influence and a population in the Northeast African kingdom of Dʿmt, across the Red Sea in Eritrea and Abyssinia, the only other source of both frankincense and myrrh.[clarification needed][citation needed]
In 25 BC, Aelius Gallus of Rome led an expedition to Marib, laying siege to the city. He suffered major losses and was forced to retreat to Egypt.[7]
20th century edit
Old city edit
The site of ancient Marib was largely abandoned during the 20th century. Although a small village remains, the multi-story mud-brick buildings of the historic city are largely in ruins. The modern town of Marib is about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 miles) north of the center of the ancient city.
Modern Marib Dam edit
In 1982, floods ravaged the country. In response, the President of the U.A.E., Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, financed the construction of the current dam of Marib in 1984.[8][9][10] The Sheikh himself was reportedly descended from people who migrated from the area of Marib to what is now the U.A.E.[4]
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) edit
During the Yemeni Civil War, Marib and the surrounding Marib Governorate came under attack by the Houthis movement rebelling against the government of Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi. The tribes of Marib repelled the Houthis with help from the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.
According to the Abu Dhabi-based The National newspaper, "With 80 per cent of the province's population Sunni and only one of the five main tribes supportive of the Zaidi Shiite Houthis, tribal fighters managed to repel the attack. As a result, the Houthis control only about 20 per cent of Marib and the oil fields remained under Hadi's control. Many of the tribes in Marib, and in neighbouring al-Jawf and Shabwa provinces, are loyal to Al-Islah Party. According to two tribal chiefs, there are 8,000 Yemeni forces and tribal fighters based in Marib united against the Houthis. Some are directly loyal to President Hadi, others to Saudi Arabia, and a large number to the al-Islah Party, an Islamist group. The entire First Armoured Brigade, considered a military wing of al-Islah, based in Sanaa, was transferred to Marib in 2014 to defend the province. Other sections of Yemen's military remained loyal to Ali Abdullah Saleh, the former president overthrown by Arab Spring protests who has now sided with the Houthis against Hadi. After the Saudi-led coalition joined the war in March 2015 and drove the Houthis from most of Yemen's southern provinces in July 2015, the focus shifted to Marib, known as the gateway to Sana'a, where the strong support base made it a natural location for an attack in the north.[11]
According to Al-Jazeera, by 7 April 2015, Houthi forces had been expelled from the majority of Marib Governorate by Saudi-backed tribesmen. The governor of Marib told Al-Jazeera that forces allied to President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi and the Gulf coalition were "perusing the last pockets of Houthis" in the province.[12]
The city of Marib is just 173 kilometres (107 miles) from the capital, and the province adjoins the predominantly Sunni provinces of Al Jawf, Al-Baydha and Shabwa, where the Houthis' control is unlikely to hold if attacked. In particular, Al-Jawf to the north would provide a route towards the Houthi's Saada stronghold. The coalition began moving supplies to Marib in March 2015, using land routes from Saudi Arabia through Hadramout and Shabwa provinces. In August 2015, coalition forces started flying more reinforcements to Marib using a small airport in the tiny town of Safer, 60 km east of Marib city. Loyalist military sources said further reinforcements including tanks, armoured vehicles, rocket launchers and Apache helicopters arrived August 2015. The town serves as a base for the state-run Safer Exploration and Production Operations Company and other foreign companies working in Yemen's vital energy sector. The main gas pipeline south also runs through the town, which is controlled by the pro-Hadi military commander Abdullah Al-Shaddadi. The nearest Houthi presence was in Baihan in Shabwa province, 50 kilometres (31 miles) away."[13][11]
On 4 September 2015, 52 Emirati, ten Saudi, five Bahraini servicemen of the Arab coalition and scores of pro-Hadi Yemeni soldiers were killed by a Houthi ballistic missile attack against a military base in Safer, Marib.[14][15]
More than 100 Yemeni government soldiers were killed in a drone and missile attack on a military camp near Marib on 18 January 2020, leaving over a hundred more soldiers injured and killing at least 5 civilians. The Houthis were suspected and accused of carrying out the attack, although they denied responsibility.[16][17][18][19][20]
Five foreign mine clearance experts were killed in an explosion inside the Saudi Project for Landmine Clearance MASAM on 20 January 2019. One of the experts was a resident of South Africa of British descent. Other members of the team were from Colombia and unspecified countries in Africa.[21]
On 27 May 2020, a Houthi missile attack targeted the headquarters of the army command of the Saudi-backed government in Marib Governorate killing eight soldiers including the Chief of Staff of the Republic of Yemen Armed Forces, Lt. Gen. Sagheer bin Aziz's son and nephew.[22]
On 22 February 2021, the Houthis launched an offensive on Marib Governorate in late February with the aim of capturing Marib city. After making steady advances in the governorate, the Houthis launched a three direction assault on the city with occasional ballistic strikes. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), over 140,000 displaced refugees from western Marib fled fearing the Houthis' advance.[23]
On 30 November 2021, Marib was described as "the city at the heart of Yemen's dirty war" by the BBC News. It has absorbed close to a million refugees fleeing the war in other parts of Yemen.[5]
Oil refinery edit
The Yemen Oil Refining Company opened a refinery in Marib in 1986, which produces 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day (2009). In November 2009, the company announced an agreement with Korea's Shinhan to expand and upgrade the refinery to produce 25,000 barrels (4,000 m3)/day.[24]
Marib is the start of the Marib-Ra's Isa oil pipeline (438 km (272 mi)), with a capacity of 200,000 barrels (32,000 m3) per day. In addition, oil derivatives markets have witnessed relative stability in Marib, as fuel products are produced and refined locally and cover local needs in the governorate. This stands in sharp contrast to other areas around Yemen which at times suffer from a shortage of oil derivatives and wild price fluctuations. In Marib, petrol and cooking gas are almost always available at official prices, while gas tankers leave the governorate to the capital Sana’a and other governorates on a daily basis.[25]
Climate edit
Marib has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh).
| Climate data for Marib | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.5 (77.9) | 26.4 (79.5) | 28.3 (82.9) | 29.9 (85.8) | 31.7 (89.1) | 33.3 (91.9) | 32.5 (90.5) | 31.8 (89.2) | 30.7 (87.3) | 28.6 (83.5) | 25.5 (77.9) | 26.3 (79.3) | 29.2 (84.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 21.4 (70.5) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.0 (77.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.3 (79.3) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.5 (76.1) | 21.4 (70.5) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.6 (65.5) | 22.3 (72.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) | 11.2 (52.2) | 14.5 (58.1) | 16.1 (61.0) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.9 (66.0) | 20.2 (68.4) | 19.4 (66.9) | 18.3 (64.9) | 14.3 (57.7) | 11.4 (52.5) | 11.0 (51.8) | 15.4 (59.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 12 (0.5) | 19 (0.7) | 1 (0.0) | 21 (0.8) | 31 (1.2) | 8 (0.3) | 1 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 107 (4.1) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org[26] | |||||||||||||
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Quran 27:6–93
- ^ Quran 34:15–18
- ^ a b "Saba / Sa'abia / Sheba". The History Files (http://www.historyfiles.co.uk). Retrieved 27 June 2008.
The kingdom of Saba is known to have existed in the region of Yemen. By 1000 BC caravan trains of camels journeyed from Oman in south-east Arabia to the Mediterranean. As the camel drivers passed through the deserts of Yemen, experts believe that many of them would have called in at Marib. Dating from at least 1050 BC, and now barren and dry, Marib was then a lush oasis teeming with palm trees and exotic plants. Ideally placed, it was situated on the trade routes and with a unique dam of vast proportions. It was also one of only two main sources of frankincense (the other being East Africa), so Saba had a virtual monopoly. Marib's wealth accumulated to such an extent that the city became a byword for riches beyond belief throughout the Arab world. Its people, the Sabeans – a group whose name bears the same etymological root as Saba – lived in South Arabia between the tenth and sixth centuries BC. Their main temple – Mahram Bilqis, or temple of the moon god (situated about three miles (5 km) from the capital city of Marib) – was so famous that it remained sacred even after the collapse of the Sabean civilisation in the sixth century BC – caused by the rerouting of the spice trail. By that point the dam, now in a poor state of repair, was finally breached. The irrigation system was lost, the people abandoned the site within a year or so, and the temple fell into disrepair and was eventually covered by sand. Saba was known by the Hebrews as Sheba [Note that the collapse of the dam was actually in 575 C.E., as shown in the timeline in the same article in the History Files, and attested by MacCulloch (2009)].
- ^ a b Robert D. Burrowes (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 234–319. ISBN 978-0810855281.
- ^ a b "Yemen's Marib: The city at the heart of a dirty war". BBC News. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ^ Age of Faith, p. 156
- ^ Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 9; see also Augustus' Res Gestae 26, discussed by Alison Cooley in "Augustus' Endless Empire", Omnibus 87th issue page 14 (Classical Association, 2024).
- ^ Salama, S. (1 December 2015). "UAE playing a historic role in Yemen". Gulf News. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ Al-Qalisi, M.; Vela, J. (30 September 2015). "The dam that Sheikh Zayed built". The National. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ WAM (29 July 2013). . Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ a b Almasmari, H. (7 September 2015). "Why Marib province is crucial to coalition victory in Yemen". The National.
- ^ "Arab coalition mops up Houthi pockets in Yemen's Marib". aljazeera.com. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ Naylor, H. (14 February 2015). "Houthi rebels in Yemen eye oil-rich province, sparking fears of all-out civil war". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Yemen crisis: UAE launches fresh Yemen attacks". BBC News. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ Gray, Melissa (5 September 2015). "Saudi-led coalition strikes back after deadly Houthi attack". CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ "Yemen's president says military needs to be on high alert following attack". Reuters. 19 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ France-Presse, Agence (19 January 2020). "Houthi rebels kill at least 80 Yemeni soldiers in missile attack on mosque". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ "Yemen war: Death toll in attack on military base rises to 111". BBC News. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- ^ "More than 80 Soldiers Killed in Yemen Missile, Drone Attack". Agence France-Presse. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020 – via Voice of America.
- ^ "Ansar Allah Denied the Marib Attack". ISW News. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ "Explosion kills 5 mine clearance experts in Yemen". Anadolu Agency. 20 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ "8 killed in Houthi attack on Yemen's army chief". Arab News. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
- ^ "Looming battle for Yemen's Marib city risks humanitarian disaster". BBC News. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ "الشركة اليمنية لتكرير النفط توقع اتفاقا مع شركة شينهان الكورية الجنوبية لتوسعة وتحديث مصفاة مأرب". CNBC عربية. Retrieved 5 April 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Middle East Pipelines map – Crude Oil (petroleum) pipelines – Natural Gas pipelines – Products pipelines". Theodora.com/pipelines. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Climate: Ma'rib - Climate-Data.org". Retrieved 28 October 2017.
- Durant, Will (1950). The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300, The Story of Civilization, volume IV. Simon and Schuster.ویحژژکژمیمممممموبوگ
- Korotayev, Andrey (1994). .
- MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009). Christianity: the First Three Thousand Years, Viking Penguin.
External links edit
- Digital archive for the study of ancient Arabian inscriptions in Ma'rib