Wikipedia
Isotopes of manganese
Naturally occurring manganese (25Mn) is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn. 26 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 53Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a minute. This element also has 3 meta states.
| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Mn) | |
|---|---|
Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before supernova explosions. 53Mn decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn occurs only in tiny amounts due to the action of cosmic rays on iron in rocks.[4] Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Mn−Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the Solar System. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate an initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio that suggests Mn−Cr isotopic systematics must result from in-situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence 53Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the Solar System.
The isotopes of manganese range in atomic weight from 46 u (46Mn) to 72 u (72Mn). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.
List of isotopes edit
| Nuclide [n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3] | Half-life | Decay mode [n 4] | Daughter isotope [n 5] | Spin and parity [n 6][n 7] | Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitation energy[n 7] | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
| 46Mn | 25 | 21 | 45.98672(12)# | 37(3) ms | β+ (78%) | 46Cr | (4+) | ||||||||||||
| β+, p (22%) | 45V | ||||||||||||||||||
| β+, α (<1%) | 42Ti | ||||||||||||||||||
| β+, 2p (<1%) | 44Ti | ||||||||||||||||||
| 46mMn | 150(100)# keV | 1# ms | β+ | 46Cr | 1-# | ||||||||||||||
| 47Mn | 25 | 22 | 46.97610(17)# | 100(50) ms | β+ (96.6%) | 47Cr | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
| β+, p (3.4%) | 46V | ||||||||||||||||||
| 48Mn | 25 | 23 | 47.96852(12) | 158.1(22) ms | β+ (99.71%) | 48Cr | 4+ | ||||||||||||
| β+, p (.027%) | 47V | ||||||||||||||||||
| β+, α (6×10−4%) | 44Ti | ||||||||||||||||||
| 49Mn | 25 | 24 | 48.959618(26) | 382(7) ms | β+ | 49Cr | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
| 50Mn | 25 | 25 | 49.9542382(11) | 283.29(8) ms | β+ | 50Cr | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| 50mMn | 229(7) keV | 1.75(3) min | β+ | 50Cr | 5+ | ||||||||||||||
| 51Mn | 25 | 26 | 50.9482108(11) | 46.2(1) min | β+ | 51Cr | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
| 52Mn | 25 | 27 | 51.9455655(21) | 5.591(3) d | β+ | 52Cr | 6+ | ||||||||||||
| 52mMn | 377.749(5) keV | 21.1(2) min | β+ (98.25%) | 52Cr | 2+ | ||||||||||||||
| IT (1.75%) | 52Mn | ||||||||||||||||||
| 53Mn | 25 | 28 | 52.9412901(9) | 3.7(4)×106 y | EC | 53Cr | 7/2− | trace | |||||||||||
| 54Mn | 25 | 29 | 53.9403589(14) | 312.03(3) d | EC 99.99% | 54Cr | 3+ | ||||||||||||
| β− (2.9×10−4%) | 54Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| β+ (5.76×10−7%) | 54Cr | ||||||||||||||||||
| 55Mn | 25 | 30 | 54.9380451(7) | Stable | 5/2− | 1.0000 | |||||||||||||
| 56Mn | 25 | 31 | 55.9389049(7) | 2.5789(1) h | β− | 56Fe | 3+ | ||||||||||||
| 57Mn | 25 | 32 | 56.9382854(20) | 85.4(18) s | β− | 57Fe | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
| 58Mn | 25 | 33 | 57.93998(3) | 3.0(1) s | β− | 58Fe | 1+ | ||||||||||||
| 58mMn | 71.78(5) keV | 65.2(5) s | β− (>99.9%) | 58Fe | (4)+ | ||||||||||||||
| IT (<.1%) | 58Mn | ||||||||||||||||||
| 59Mn | 25 | 34 | 58.94044(3) | 4.59(5) s | β− | 59Fe | (5/2)− | ||||||||||||
| 60Mn | 25 | 35 | 59.94291(9) | 51(6) s | β− | 60Fe | 0+ | ||||||||||||
| 60mMn | 271.90(10) keV | 1.77(2) s | β− (88.5%) | 60Fe | 3+ | ||||||||||||||
| IT (11.5%) | 60Mn | ||||||||||||||||||
| 61Mn | 25 | 36 | 60.94465(24) | 0.67(4) s | β− | 61Fe | (5/2)− | ||||||||||||
| 62Mn | 25 | 37 | 61.94843(24) | 671(5) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 62Fe | (3+) | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (<.1%) | 61Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 62mMn | 0(150)# keV | 92(13) ms | (1+) | ||||||||||||||||
| 63Mn | 25 | 38 | 62.95024(28) | 275(4) ms | β− | 63Fe | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
| 64Mn | 25 | 39 | 63.95425(29) | 88.8(25) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 64Fe | (1+) | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (<.1%) | 63Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 64mMn | 135(3) keV | >100 µs | |||||||||||||||||
| 65Mn | 25 | 40 | 64.95634(58) | 92(1) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 65Fe | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (<.1%) | 64Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 66Mn | 25 | 41 | 65.96108(43)# | 64.4(18) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 66Fe | |||||||||||||
| β−, n (<.1%) | 65Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 67Mn | 25 | 42 | 66.96414(54)# | 45(3) ms | β− | 67Fe | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
| 68Mn | 25 | 43 | 67.96930(64)# | 28(4) ms | |||||||||||||||
| 69Mn | 25 | 44 | 68.97284(86)# | 14(4) ms | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||||
| 70Mn[5] | 25 | 45 | 69.978050(540)# | 19.9(17) ms | β−=? | 70Fe | (4,5) | ||||||||||||
| β−, n?[n 8] | 69Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| β−, 2n?[n 8] | 68Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 71Mn[6] | 25 | 46 | 70.982160(540)# | 16# ms (>400 ns) | β−?[n 8] | 71Fe | 5/2-# | ||||||||||||
| β−, n?[n 8] | 70Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| β−, 2n?[n 8] | 69Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 72Mn[7] | 25 | 47 | 71.988010(640)# | 12# ms (>620 ns) | β−?[n 8] | 72Fe | |||||||||||||
| β−, n?[n 8] | 71Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| β−, 2n?[n 8] | 70Fe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 73Mn[8] | 25 | 48 | 72.992810(640)# | 12# ms (>410 ns) | β−?[n 8] | 73Fe | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
| This table header & footer: | |||||||||||||||||||
- ^ mMn – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition n: Neutron emission p: Proton emission - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Decay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.
References edit
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Manganese". CIAAW. 2017.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ J. Schaefer; et al. (2006). "Terrestrial manganese-53 — A new monitor of Earth surface processes". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 251 (3–4): 334–345. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.251..334S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016.
- ^ Tarasov, O. B.; et al. (April 2009). "Evidence for a Change in the Nuclear Mass Surface with the Discovery of the Most Neutron-Rich Nuclei with 17 ≤ Z ≤ 25". Physical Review Letters. 102 (14): 142501. arXiv:0903.1975. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102n2501T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.142501. PMID 19392430. S2CID 42329617. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ Ohnishi, Tetsuya; et al. (July 2010). "Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 79 (7): 073201. arXiv:1006.0305. Bibcode:2010JPSJ...79g3201T. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.79.073201. S2CID 117037614. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ Tarasov, O. B.; et al. (May 2013). "Production cross sections from 82 Se fragmentation as indications of shell effects in neutron-rich isotopes close to the drip-line". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054612. arXiv:1303.7164. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4612T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054612. S2CID 41501572. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ T. Sumikama; et al. (May 2017). "Observation of new neutron-rich Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu isotopes in the vicinity of 78 Ni". Physical Review C. 95 (5): 051601. Bibcode:2017PhRvC..95e1601S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.95.051601. hdl:10261/161832. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.