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Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey

The Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey was a national survey designed to gauge support for legalising same-sex marriage in Australia. The survey was held via the postal service between 12 September and 7 November 2017. Unlike voting in elections and referendums, which is compulsory in Australia, responding to the survey was voluntary.

Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey
Duration12 September – 7 November 2017 (2017-09-12 – 2017-11-07)
LocationAustralia
TypeSurvey
Budget$122 million ($80.5 million used)[1]
Organised byAustralian Bureau of Statistics
ParticipantsAdults on the electoral roll
OutcomeAustralian national electorate votes to support same-sex marriage
Websiteabs.gov.au/marriagesurvey
Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey
Results
Choice
Votes %
Yes 7,817,247 61.60%
No 4,873,987 38.40%
Valid votes 12,691,234 99.71%
Invalid or blank votes 36,686 0.29%
Total votes 12,727,920 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 16,006,180 79.52%

Results by electorates and states/territories

A survey form, instructions, and a reply-paid envelope were mailed out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to every person on the federal electoral roll, asking the question "Should the law be changed to allow same-sex couples to marry?" The ABS outlined processes to ensure eligible Australians lacking access to post could participate.[2]

The survey returned 7,817,247 (61.6%) "Yes" responses and 4,873,987 (38.4%) "No" responses. An additional 36,686 (0.3%) responses were unclear and the total turnout was 12,727,920 (79.5%).[3]

Prior to the survey, the Liberal–National Coalition government had pledged to facilitate a private member's bill to legalise same-sex marriage in the Parliament in the event of a "Yes" outcome. This allowed parliamentary debate and a vote eventually leading to the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[4] Both the Coalition and the opposition Labor Party allowed their MPs a conscience vote on the relevant legislation. Had the survey returned a majority "No" result, the government said it would not allow a parliamentary debate or vote on legalising same-sex marriage.

Many same-sex marriage proponents were critical of the postal survey, viewing it as a costly delaying tactic and an unnecessary hurdle to a conscience vote on same-sex marriage in the parliament.[5] The survey was subject to two legal challenges questioning the authority of the ABS to conduct the survey and the government's right to fund the cost of the survey from funds designated by law for "urgent" and "unforeseen" circumstances. Both legal challenges failed; the High Court of Australia found that the survey was lawful.

Adults on the electoral roll in Australia as of 24 August 2017 were eligible to participate. By this date, 98,000 new voters had added themselves to the roll, which was a record high enrolment drive prior to a national vote. Survey forms were distributed from 12 September 2017 with the ABS encouraging returns promptly (preferably to be received before 27 October to ensure sufficient processing time). The survey closed on 7 November 2017 and the results were released on 15 November 2017. The Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017, which legalised same-sex marriage, came into effect on 9 December 2017.

Background

History

Marriage in Australia is the constitutional province of the federal parliament. Its original legal definition was established by common law as "the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life."[6] This definition was codified by the Marriage Amendment Act 2004, which inserted it verbatim into the Marriage Act 1961.[7]

At the time of the survey, same-sex unions in Australia were treated as de facto unions under federal law. These unions provide couples with most, though not all, of the legal rights of marriage, although those rights may be difficult to assert and are not always recognised in practice.[8][9] Aside from the legal aspects, de facto relationships do not have the same symbolic significance as marriage.[10] Before the July 2016 federal election, the Malcolm Turnbull-led Coalition Government promised to hold a national vote on same-sex marriage in the form of a compulsory attendance plebiscite.[11] Opposition to this idea centred on its criticism as an expensive delaying tactic and that it was the duty of the parliament, rather than a matter related to the Australian Constitution.[12]

While the Coalition won 76 of the 150 seats in the lower house in the 2016 election and managed to form a majority government by one seat, they failed to pass the necessary legislation for a (compulsory attendance) referendum/plebiscite. The legislation passed the House of Representatives on 20 October 2016 by a vote of 76–67, but was rejected by the Senate on 7 November 2016 by a vote of 33–29.[13][14] The idea of a postal plebiscite was originally proposed by Liberal MP Warren Entsch and later endorsed by government ministers Peter Dutton and Mathias Cormann.[15] Dutton pointed out that a postal vote would not need legislation to operate.[16] A staffer of Attorney-General George Brandis came up with the idea of a survey as an alternative way to fulfil the government's commitment in mid-July.[17] In August 2017, following an attempt by five Liberal Party MPs to change party policy and have a free vote in the parliament on same-sex marriage legislation,[18] the government announced it would move for a voluntary postal survey to be held later that year.[19] It stated that the postal vote would only occur in the event the government's (compulsory) referendum/plebiscite legislation was again rejected by the Senate. That occurred on 9 August 2017, when a government-initiated motion in the Senate to debate the Plebiscite (Same-Sex Marriage) Bill 2016 was tied at 31–31; resulting in the motion being defeated.[20]

Following the result in the Senate, the government directed the Australian Statistician (head of the Australian Bureau of Statistics) to begin the process of surveying the views on same-sex marriage of all Australians on the electoral roll.[21] The government asserted that this proposal did not require legislative approval from the parliament, arguing that the provisions of the Appropriations Act and the law governing the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) enabled it to use the ABS for such a purpose.[22] This was argued by the government to be similar to the process by which God Save the Queen was replaced by Advance Australia Fair as the Australian national anthem.[23] The government announced the ABS would be assisted by having staff seconded from the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), the organisation responsible for elections in Australia and managing the electoral roll.[24] The cost of the survey to the Australian taxpayer was forecast to be $122 million, however the total amount spent ended up being $80.5 million.[1][19] This expense, as well as the notion that the debate would activate ideological extremists and that normal electoral rules would not apply, were criticised in Parliament.[25] By 7 September, the date the high court challenges against the survey were heard, a total of $14.1 million had already been spent by the ABS on the postal survey – $8 million on advertising for the survey, $5.3 million on printing costs, and $600,000 for staff.[26]

The AEC reported that about 68,000 enrolment transactions were completed on 10 August, compared with an average of 4,000 per day.[27] In the period 8–14 August over 16,000 people had enrolled, and over 200,000 had updated their details.[28] By 20 August, over 36,000 had enrolled, and over 434,000 had updated their enrolment details.[29] By 22 August, over 54,000 had enrolled.[30] By 25 August the roll achieved a record high with over 16 million Australians on the roll (an additional 90,000 people had joined with a further 165,000 transactions still to be processed).[31] 65,000 of these new voters are between the ages of 18 and 24.[32] With 933,592 enrolment transactions completed by the AEC at the end of processing, more than 98,000 people were added to the roll, and the total number of Australians eligible to participate in the survey was 16,005,998.[33] However, after the results of the survey were released, the ABS revealed that in fact 16,006,180 surveys were mailed out to eligible Australians.[34]

The Senate Finance and Public Administration References Committee opened a Public Inquiry into the arrangements around the postal survey on 14 August[35] with a submission made and evidence given by the ABS at hearings on 17 August. Further hearings involving the ABS, AEC, Australia Post, Department of Finance and Department of Human Services occurred on 7 September and 15 September 2017. The committee handed down the final report on 13 February 2018. The report recommended that the survey process should not be used again for matters of human rights, encouraged the government to further fund mental health and LGBTIQ organisations to mitigate the impact of the postal survey, and recommended that the Australian Electoral Commission increase its voter registration and education efforts in remote communities and work with Indigenous peak bodies to achieve greater participation.[36][35]

Key dates

Key dates relating to the survey were:[37][38]

  • 24 August 2017: The final day for citizens to update or add their name and details to the electoral roll to receive a survey form
  • 12 September 2017: Survey forms began to be mailed out to all Australian voters over a two-week period
  • 25 September 2017: The date all survey forms were expected to have arrived, and eligible Australians could commence ordering replacement materials (for those lost or spoilt). The paperless options (online form and IVR telephony survey option) opened.
  • 20 October 2017 (6 pm local time): Requests for replacement material closed
  • 27 October 2017: The date all eligible Australians were strongly encouraged to return their form by
  • 7 November 2017 (6 pm local time): Responses received after this date were not processed
  • 15 November 2017 (10 am AEDT): Statistics, and quality and integrity report released to the public

The results of the survey (including participation rates) were released at a national level, at a state and territory level and at an electorate level.[2]

Legal challenges

Two legal challenges were lodged contesting the legality of the survey with the High Court of Australia, both on the grounds of unlawful funding from legally-specified funds and unlawful operation by the ABS. The first was by same-sex marriage advocates Shelley Argent (national spokeswoman of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) and Felicity Marlowe (member of Rainbow Families), along with independent MP Andrew Wilkie. They announced they would challenge the postal survey in the High Court on 9 August 2017 and seek a temporary injunction.[39][40] The second challenge was by Australian Marriage Equality and Greens Senator Janet Rice.[41][42]

An additional complaint was lodged by a 17-year-old boy with the Australian Human Rights Commission in August 2017, on the basis that the rules did not allow provisionally enrolled 16- and 17-year-old Australians the right to participate in the survey.[43][44] The complaint could have led to a federal court case to argue for the right of about 50,000 Australians aged 16 and 17 on the electoral roll to vote, however the boy dropped his complaint on 22 September, after a Greens amendment to the Marriage Law Survey (Additional Safeguards) Act 2017 was rejected by the Parliament earlier in the month.[45] Legal counsel to the boy advised that the rejected amendment would make the age discrimination complaint much more difficult to argue, because parliament had considered and rejected extending the vote to enrolled 16- and 17-year-olds.[45]

High Court ruling

The High Court pronounced its orders in both cases on 7 September 2017. The court determined that the survey was lawful, allowing it to proceed as scheduled.[46][47] The challengers were ordered to pay costs.[48] The High Court handed down its unanimous reasons on 28 September 2017, finding that $295 million had been appropriated by parliament, and that whether the expenditure was unforeseen was a matter for the Minister's satisfaction and there was no error of law in either his reasoning or his conclusion. The information to be collected was "statistical information" of matters prescribed in the Census and Statistics Regulation 2016 (Cth). As the court had considered and rejected the grounds of the application, there was no need to decide whether the plaintiffs had standing.[49][50]

Survey process

The survey was conducted on a voluntary basis, with no requirement on the part of the eligible Australian to mail back the survey form. This led to concerns over a potentially low voter turnout/response rate and the prospect of Indigenous Australians in remote communities being unable to complete a survey.[51][52] Concern had been expressed regarding: electors whose addresses were not visible on the electoral roll (known as silent electors);[53] disenfranchisement in remote communities;[54] Australians overseas;[55] prisoners;[56] non-English speakers;[57] and young people.[58][59] Early criticism was also levelled at issues of privacy, with the recent census problems of 2016 being cited.[60] The ABS advised that survey responses would be anonymous and protected under the secrecy provisions of the Census and Statistics Act 1905.[61] Prior to the survey commencing, former Privacy Commissioner Malcolm Crompton independently reviewed the ABS's privacy approaches and mitigations and announced he was suitably satisfied.[62] The ABS also worked to address concerns with special strategies like paperless options (telephony and online form) and form drop off and pick up points in remote and capital city locations.[63] Additionally, the bureau noted that Australians could also authorise a "trusted person" to complete the survey on their behalf.[2] While any person could be appointed a "trusted person", the Chief Minister of the ACT, Andrew Barr offered to fulfil the role for any citizen.[64][65] Auditors and an external observer process were established to assure the integrity of the process, though the observers are subject to a lifetime confidentiality agreement.[66] A quality and integrity report was published by the ABS alongside the release of the survey results.[2] During the survey period, online sellers were contacted by the ABS asking them to remove ads by people offering to sell their postal survey or answer. The ABS advised that such an action would likely constitute an offence under the Census and Statistics Act 1905, the Commonwealth Criminal Code and the survey safeguards legislation passed by Parliament.[67][68] The Digital Transformation Agency assisted the ABS with the paperless options for the survey, though due to the compressed timescale of the survey, concerns were anonymously raised by staff that the normal processes were not completed, such as sufficient user testing.[69] AWS was brought in on a tender process to assist in the security measures for the online survey.[70] A telephone information hotline was established, and received 206,828 calls between 14 August 2017 and 7 November 2017.[71]

Unlike elections or referendums, there were no automatic special regulations relating to advertising requirements or prohibited content for the survey of the kind found in the Electoral Act.[72] Consequently, the Government and Opposition engaged in negotiations to introduce legislation designed to replicate these types of regulations, as well as create measures to prevent vilification, intimidation, or threats to cause harm on the basis of the sexual orientation, gender identity, intersex status or the religious convictions of someone during the survey period.[73] On 13 September, the government introduced the Marriage Law Survey (Additional Safeguards) Bill 2017 for these purposes in the Senate.[74] The bill passed the Senate, after an amendment moved by Greens leader Richard Di Natale to allow 16- and 17-year-olds the right to participate in the survey was defeated. The bill immediately proceeded to and was passed by the House of Representatives.[74] The bill received royal assent on 13 September and went into effect the following day.[74][75] The Act's provisions automatically expired on 15 November 2017.[75] Neither the "Yes" or "No" campaign received public funding in the survey, as was envisioned for a compulsory attendance plebiscite.[76] Prime Minister Turnbull also ruled out a ban on foreign donations for the survey.[77]

All Australians whose names are on the electoral roll or had applied to be put on the roll before 24 August 2017 were mailed a survey form and enrolled Australians living overseas along with those in certain special categories were entitled to complete a survey using paperless methods.[78][79] The AEC made a statement that provisionally-enrolled 16- and 17-year-olds would not be posted a survey form[80] and an amended direction was later issued by the Government to the Australian Statistician making this clear.[81] This direction was subject to a Human Rights Commission complaint by a 17-year-old boy, which was later withdrawn.[82][45]

More than 16 million letters were sent from 12 September over almost two weeks (with all delivered by 25 September) and silent electors' packages were sent by the AEC and delivered by the end of September.[83][84] After several "Yes" respondents posted images of their complete forms on social media, the ABS cautioned participants to not photograph their form barcodes, so as to prevent any fraudulent conduct. Additionally, survey forms could be invalidated in the event the question was rephrased by the participant or the barcode was obscured or removed.[85] The ABS issued several examples of what constituted a valid and invalid response (such as marking both boxes "Yes" and "No" or crossing out one of the words on the form).[86] The ABS advised Australians who received extra survey forms, addressed to the previous occupant who failed to update their electoral details, to write on the front of the envelope "return to sender" and send it back.[87] In Australia, it is illegal to open mail addressed to another person.[88] In the rare instance of multiple responses being received from an individual, the ABS noted that only the last valid response could expect to be counted.[89] On 25 September, the ABS confirmed that all survey forms had been mailed to eligible voters and outlined the process for additional forms to be sent to people who did not receive, lost or spoilt their form.[90] The ABS also confirmed that a change of mind was not a valid reason for requesting a new form.[91] Both the "Yes" and "No" campaigns provided 60 observers to the ABS counting process,[92] who examined 606,991 survey results. Fewer than 500 survey forms were reported as issues to the ABS during the survey.[93]

Weekly estimate of responses

On 28 September, the ABS announced that it would release weekly national estimates of the total number of survey responses received, beginning from 3 October 2017 and ending 7 November. The primary input to the first three weekly estimates, issued at the National level only, was Australia Post's assessment of the number of containers of sorted envelopes rather than counts of individual forms. Adjustments were made based on factors such as responses received through other channels and an allowance for forms that are damaged or invalid. From the fourth estimate, released on 24 October 2017, the ABS changed the estimation method to use the counts of processed forms. This led to an increase in estimated turnout to 74.5% of the population, up 7.0% on the previous week, despite only 300,000 new responses, or 1.9% of the total, being received during that timeframe.[94]

Week[95] Estimated responses Estimated rate of response
3 October 9,200,000 57.5%
10 October 10,000,000 62.5%
17 October 10,800,000 67.5%
24 October 11,900,000 74.5%
31 October 12,300,000 77.0%
7 November 12,600,000 78.5%

Question

 
Sample image of the survey form

The survey form asked respondents: "Should the law be changed to allow same-sex couples to marry?". The survey offered two one-word responses: "yes" or "no".[2]

Legislation proposed

The government did not release a draft bill legalising same-sex marriage prior to the survey, which led to uncertainty over what form legislation would take in the event of a "Yes" verdict.[96] The wording of an exposure draft of a same-sex marriage bill from early 2017, released by the Attorney-General's office, proposed to amend the definition of "marriage" and replace the terms "man" and "woman" with the gender neutral phrase "two people".[97] The proposed wording "two people"[98] differed from the wording of the survey question, which referred explicitly to "same-sex couples".[99][100]

Liberal Senator Dean Smith, who drafted a same-sex marriage bill in August 2017, argued his bill struck a "fair balance" in protecting the rights of same-sex couples and the religious freedoms of celebrants.[101] The bill allows current civil celebrants to become religious celebrants and refuse to perform same sex marriages, and incorporates parts of the Sex Discrimination Act, to allow religious organisations to refuse their services for same-sex marriages.[102] Smith's bill was formally backed by the Labor Party parliamentary caucus on 17 October 2017.[103] However, conservative MPs in the government responded by suggesting up to 100 amendments to the bill may be needed if the "Yes" vote carried.[101]

A rival bill was released on 13 November by Liberal Senator James Paterson, a conservative supporter of same-sex marriage.[104] The bill contained various protections allowing the refusal of same-sex weddings by anyone who holds a religious or "conscientious belief" against same-sex marriage, including private service providers such as florists and bakers.[105][106] Prime Minister Turnbull reacted negatively to Paterson's bill, saying the government "would not countenance" supporting a bill which discriminated against same-sex weddings and that the bill would have "virtually no prospect of getting through the Parliament".[107] It was dropped by Senator Paterson within hours of the "Yes" vote being released.[108]

Support and opposition

Party positions in a parliamentary vote

Each of the political parties represented in the Australian Parliament held formalised positions on same-sex marriage and on the merits of the survey. The Australian Labor Party formally supported the legalisation of same-sex marriage, though offered its MPs a conscience vote on same-sex marriage legislation until 2019.[109] The Liberal Party pledged to hold a national vote of some kind before any change to the law, though the party had no official position on the survey question, hence MPs (including Cabinet members) were to free to campaign for either side.[110][111] All politicians were entitled to use their electoral printing and communications budgets in the campaign.[112]

"Yes" campaign

 
A "Yes" campaign rally in Melbourne in August 2017.

The campaign for supporting voting in favour of same-sex marriage in the survey received support from Labor,[122] the Liberals for yes campaign,[123] and four minor political parties represented in the Federal parliament, and from prominent lobby groups including Australian Marriage Equality and GetUp!.[124][125]

"No" campaign

The campaign advocating voting against changing the marriage laws in the survey was supported by the Nationals[110] and three minor parties represented in the Federal parliament. Several groups opposed to same-sex marriage, including the Australian Christian Lobby and the Marriage Alliance, formed the Coalition for Marriage to co-ordinate the "No" campaign.[126][127][128]

Neutral

The Liberal Party of Australia did not hold a position either way in the survey.[110]

Public opinion

Opinion polls in Australia over several years in the lead-up to the survey indicated a comfortable majority of Australians supported same-sex marriage.[129][130][131][132] A Guardian Essential poll conducted just prior to the announcement of the postal survey indicated that 43% approved of a postal vote and 38% disapproved,[133] whereas a week later, 39% approved of the postal survey and 47% disapproved of it.[134] A small boycott movement existed, although most same sex marriage campaigners who were against a national vote on same-sex marriage urged participation in the postal survey.[135] Some informal responses to the survey were intended as a protest vote.[136]

Voting intentions

Date Firm Yes No Undecided Sample size Notes
9–12 November 2017 Newspoll[137] 63% 37% 1,625 [N 1]
3–6 November 2017 Essential[138][139] 64% 31% 5% 1,792 [N 1]
26–30 October 2017 Galaxy Research[140][141] 66% 34% 1,000 [N 1]
26–29 October 2017 EMRS[142] 64% 28% 1,000
26–29 October 2017 Newspoll[143][144] 62% 35% 3% 1,623 [N 1]
59% 35% 6% [N 2]
12–22 October 2017 Essential[145][146] 60% 34% 5% 1,859 [N 1]
39% 33% 28% [N 3]
12–16 October 2017 YouGov[147][148] 61% 35% 3% 1,067 [N 1]
54% 28% 18% [N 3]
12–15 October 2017 Newspoll[149] 56% 37% 7% 1,583
6–8 October 2017 Roy Morgan Research[150] 61.5% 17.5% 1,554 [N 4]
2 October 2017 ReachTEL[151][152] 70.3% 21.1% 4,888 [N 5]
28 September – 1 October 2017 Essential[153][154] 64% 30% 6% 1,841 [N 1]
50% 36% 14% [N 3]
22–25 September 2017 Essential[155][156] 58% 33% 9% 1,803
21–24 September 2017 Newspoll[157] 57% 34% 9% 1,695
15–18 September 2017 Essential[158][159] 55% 34% 11% 1,808
14–18 September 2017 YouGov[160][161] 59% 33% 9% 1,056
6–9 September 2017 Ipsos[162] 70% 1,400
28 August – 6 September 2017 Newgate Research[163] 58.4% 31.4% 10.2% 800
1–4 September 2017 Essential[164][165] 59% 31% 11% 1,784
17–22 August 2017 Essential[166][167] 57% 32% 11% 1,817
17–21 August 2017 YouGov[168][169] 59% 33% 8% 1,012
17–20 August 2017 Newspoll[170][171] 63% 30% 7% 1,675

Likelihood of voting in the survey

Date Firm Voted already Definitely will Probably will Probably won't Definitely won't Undecided Sample size Notes
9–12 November 2017 Newspoll[137] 79% 1,625 [N 6]
3–6 November 2017 Essential[138][139] 86% 1,792 [N 7]
26–29 October 2017 Newspoll[143] 76% 10% 5% 2% 2% 3% 1,623
12–22 October 2017 Essential[145][146] 75% 8% 4% 3% 3% 4% 1,859
12–16 October 2017 YouGov[147][148] 67% 13% 7% 3% 6% 5% 1,067
12–15 October 2017 Newspoll[149] 65% 19% 6% 2% 3% 5% 1,583
2 October 2017 ReachTEL[151] 79% 4,888
2 October 2017 Newgate Research[172] 77%
28 September – 1 October 2017 Essential[153][154] 47% 33% 6% 3% 3% 5% 1,841
22–25 September 2017 Essential[155][156] 36% 45% 8% 1% 2% 5% 1,803
21–24 September 2017 Newspoll[157] 15% 67% 7% 2% 2% 7% 1,695 [N 8]
15–18 September 2017 Essential[158][159] 9% 62% 12% 2% 3% 8% 1,808
6–9 September 2017 Ipsos[162] 65% 1,400
1–4 September 2017 Essential[164][165] 62% 16% 4% 3% 10% 1,784
23 August 2017 ReachTEL[173] 78.7% 10% 4.1% 7.2% 2,382 [N 9]
17–22 August 2017 Essential[166] 63% 18% 4% 6% 9% 1,817
17–21 August 2017 YouGov[168] 56% 17% 1,012
17–20 August 2017 Newspoll[170] 67% 15% 4% 3% 11% 1,675 [N 10]

Activities during the campaign

Advocacy by territory and local governments

 
A Canberra bus with rainbow wrap advertising as support from the ACT Government for the city's LGBTIQ community during the survey period.[174]
 
Sydney Town Hall illuminated in pride colours and flying a rainbow flag in support of the "Yes" vote.

The Government of the Australian Capital Territory and several local governments such as the City of Sydney took official positions supporting the "Yes" campaign.[175][176] Public servants in the ACT were warned against campaigning in the survey while in official uniform.[177][178] The move to offer official support was criticised by the Liberal Party opposition in the ACT, and similar criticisms lead to the City of Darebin backing down on plans to restrict "No" campaigners from using council facilities.[179][180]

Debate over freedom of religion

Several figures and institutions supporting a "No" vote raised the issue of religious freedom during the survey period. Former Prime Minister John Howard rejected the assurances of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and requested that the government explicitly detail proposed religious freedom provisions to potentially be included in same-sex marriage legislation.[181][182][183] Likewise several leaders in the Catholic Church raised freedom of religion concerns, citing the case of a Tasmanian archbishop, who was requested to appear at an anti-discrimination commission after having disseminated material supporting a Christian view of marriage.[184] The veracity of the concerns over religious freedom was disputed heavily in the community. Some groups, such as the National Catholic Education Commission said they were unsure if Catholic schools could continue to teach the Catholic view of marriage in the event same-sex marriage was legalised, however academics Marion Maddox and Carol Johnson challenged this by arguing that religious organisations would continue to be able to access exemptions from anti-discrimination laws and, consequently, remain free to refuse same-sex marriage if it is eventually introduced.[185][186] The divisions extended to the governing Liberal Party, whose president rejected claims that religious freedom could be under threat, in direct contradiction to the party's vice-president, who said that same-sex marriage would have consequences for freedom of speech, religion and association.[187][188]

Both Prime Minister Turnbull and Bill Shorten, leader of the Opposition, spoke in favour of religious freedom protections, with Turnbull stating he was an even "stronger believer" in freedom of religion than same-sex marriage.[189] Shorten said the Labor Party would “make sure that concerns about religious freedom are met with and dealt with and are treated with respect”.[190] The prospect of additional religious freedom exemptions being added to existing Australian anti-discrimination law troubled some "Yes" advocates, who feared such provisions could allow service providers to discriminate on any basis, not just limited to couples' sex. Tiernan Brady described the campaign for religious freedom exemptions as "a blatant attempt to unravel existing anti-discrimination laws which serve everyone in Australia well, not just LGBTI people".[191]

In response to a Newspoll question on the subject; "Do you think parliament should provide guarantees in law for freedom of conscience, belief and religion if it legislates for same-sex marriage?", 62% responded Yes, 18% responded No and 20% said they were "uncommitted".[170] A poll conducted by Galaxy later in the survey found 78% of respondents said Yes in response to the question; "If the majority vote ‘yes’ in the postal survey, should same-sex couples be treated the same under the law compared with other couples?"[192]

An inquiry into religious freedoms, headed by Philip Ruddock, was announced in November 2017. This has been interpreted as a way to allow the speedy passage of the Dean Smith bill and postpone discussions of religious freedom.[193] It completed a report on 18 May 2018,[194] which was not publicly released until 13 December 2018,[195] although the recommendations were leaked to Fairfax Media in October 2018.[196] The government responded by proposing a religious discrimination act.[195]

Advertising and media

 
A shop wall in Redfern, New South Wales, with the signage "Yes" painted in the colours of the LGBT flag, designed to demonstrate the support for the survey.

Advertising by both sides was extensive for much of the survey period. The first television ad for the "No" campaign, revealed shortly after the campaign began, featured three women and focused on the Safe Schools education program.[197] The "Yes" campaign promptly aired a rebuttal by Dr. Kerryn Phelps.[198] A "No" supporter funded the skywritten message "Vote No" over Sydney in September, which was defended by Turnbull as an expression of free speech.[199] In Melbourne, a giant 'NO' was written in the sky in response to the survey.[200]

Subsequent "Yes" ads focused heavily on a concerted "get out the vote" effort, and featured high-profile figures such as Ian Thorpe and others posting their surveys, as well as a themed ad screened during the finale of popular television show The Bachelor.[201][202] The "Yes" campaign were also responsible for a widespread SMS message to many Australian mobile phones which lead to some complaints over how people's numbers were obtained, however the campaign advised the numbers were generated through random dialling technology previously used in elections.[203]

Both of the "No" campaign's next most prominent advertisements concentrated mostly on the notion of gender theory in school curriculum, one such ad focusing on the book The Gender Fairy and featuring two of the mothers from the original advertisement.[204][205] The other advertisement included archive footage of one of the founders of the Safe Schools program and included material alleged to have been available for viewing by year seven students which was subsequently deemed inappropriate for unrestricted viewing by the Australian Commercial Television Code of Practice.[206][207] As of mid-September, prominent "No" campaigner Lyle Shelton was mentioned across news outlets more times than the leading three "Yes" campaigners, Alex Greenwich, Tiernan Brady and Sally Rugg, combined.[208]

 
Rainbow flag-patterned stickers on mail boxes asking for no anti-equality or hate mail. Similar stickers were promoted as a way to show support for same-sex marriage and reduce the amount of unwanted materials received.[209]

Legislation in effect for the duration of the survey made it illegal to vilify, intimidate, threaten or harm "on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, intersex status or religion", with a fine of up to $12,600 for breaches.[210] Furthermore, all campaign material was required to be properly authorised.[211] By 26 September, marketing services group Ebiquity estimated that the lead "No" group (Coalition for Marriage) had spent about $3,975,872 on advertising, a figure higher than their estimate for the two lead "Yes" groups (Australian Marriage Equality and the Equality Campaign), about $2,920,740.[212] Two donations of note were made in the course of the survey; $1 million was personally donated by Qantas CEO Alan Joyce to the "Yes" campaign, and $1 million was donated by the Anglican Diocese of Sydney to the "No" campaign.[213][214] Former Prime Minister Tony Abbott said in November that the "No" campaign had 20,000 donors who donated around $6 million to the campaign.[215]

At the 2017 NRL Grand Final, American rapper Macklemore was booked to perform several songs, including "Same Love".[216] The song topped the Australian charts in 2013, and was regarded as an anthem for same-sex marriage advocates during the campaign in Macklemore's home state of Washington. In the days leading up to the grand final, the single returned to the top of the Australian iTunes charts.[217] Several prominent conservative politicians voiced strong opposition to the scheduled performance of "Same Love", given its high-profile support for the "Yes" campaign during the voting period of the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey.[218][219] Macklemore acknowledged the controversy several days before the final, but vowed to "go harder" as a result.[220]

A nationwide study of lesbian, gay, and bisexual mental health found that increased exposure to negative, anti-LGBT media messages during the postal survey was related to increased levels of depressions, anxiety, and stress.[221]

Discussion of impact on children

The rights and welfare of children, particularly as it related to same-sex parenting, was occasionally discussed publicly through the survey. Organisations such as the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference, the Presbyterian Church of Australia and the Australian National Imams Council all advocated strongly for nuclear family structures during the survey.[184][222][223] A fact check article published in The Conversation, which was based on a review of the literature on outcomes for children of same-sex parents, showed equal or better outcomes for children raised by parents of the same gender.[224] Likewise, a review published late in the survey period by the Medical Journal of Australia agreed with The Conversation's findings, but noted that the effects of being exposed to stigma and discrimination could lead to poorer public health outcomes for the children in same-sex parented families.[225]

Counselling for those impacted and mental health

A number of helplines, counselling services and mental health strategies were made available to LGBTIQ people by several organisations, including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.[226] Similar services were available for Defence,[227] Victorian local councils[228] and health services such as Alfred Health.[229] State governments in Western Australia, Victoria and Queensland all allocated additional funds, ranging from $60,000 to $500,000, to LGBTIQ mental health services.[230][231][232]

Other groups, such as Slater and Gordon, the Australian Psychological Society and Minus 18 unveiled material and mechanisms designed to offer support and relief for those affected by the debate, such as parents of young children and LGBTIQ teenagers who experienced difficulties dealing with the public discussion.[233][234][235]

The survey period was associated with increases in the number of LGBTIQ people requesting assistance for mental health issues. Reach Out Australia, which lead the pro-same-sex marriage campaign by five mental health services, reported increases (variously at) 20,[236] 30[237] and 40[238][239] per cent in clients during the survey period and crisis support service Lifeline noted a spike in calls about the impact of the survey.[240] Mental health surveys conducted during this period showed that increased exposure to the 'no' campaign was related to increased levels of depression, anxiety, and stress amongst same-sex attracted Australians.[221] Shorten wrote to Turnbull about increasing the funding for mental health services during the survey from the federal budget, but did not receive a response.[241]

Vandalism and abuse

The survey was accompanied by a variety of acts of vandalism and abuse by both parties. In September, a banner reading "Burn Churches, Not Queers" was unfurled at a Coalition for Marriage meeting,[242] and in October several churches in Victoria and New South Wales were graffitied with messages criticising "No" voters.[243][244][245] Similarly, a passenger train on the Sydney Trains network was vandalised with messages encouraging "No" votes, including foul language and the Nazi swastika.[246] The ABC created a digital news service designed to track incidents of violence and abuse throughout the survey, with both "Yes" and "No" voters/organisations being targeted on occasions.[247]

Result

National result

Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey[3]
Choice Votes %
  Yes 7,817,247 61.6
No 4,873,987 38.4
Valid votes 12,691,234 99.7
Invalid or blank votes 36,686 0.3
Total votes 12,727,920 100.00
Registered voters/turnout 16,006,180 79.5
National survey results (excluding invalid votes)
Yes
7,817,247 (61.6%)
No
4,873,987 (38.4%)

50%

State and territory breakdown

The Australian Capital Territory recorded the strongest "Yes" vote at 74% while New South Wales had the lowest level of support at 57.8%.[248] All other jurisdictions had above 60% support, with Victoria the leading state on 64.9% support.[248]

Breakdown of voting by state and territory[3]
State/Territory Yes No Invalid Participation
rate (%)
Votes % Votes %
New South Wales 2,374,362 57.8 1,736,838 42.2 11,036 79.5
Victoria 2,145,629 64.9 1,161,098 35.1 11,028 81.7
Queensland 1,487,060 60.7 961,015 39.3 7,088 77.9
Western Australia 801,575 63.7 455,924 36.3 3,188 78.4
South Australia 592,528 62.5 356,247 37.5 2,778 79.7
Tasmania 191,948 63.6 109,655 36.4 805 79.7
Australian Capital Territory 175,459 74.0 61,520 26.0 534 82.5
Northern Territory 48,686 60.6 31,690 39.4 229 58.4
Total for country 7,817,247 61.6 4,873,987 38.4 36,686 79.5

Electorate breakdown

Breakdown of voting by electorate[249]
Electorate Yes (%) Yes votes No (%) No votes Formal total Participation rate (%) State/territory
Adelaide 70.10% 62,769 29.90% 26,771 89,540 81.42% South Australia
Aston 61.97% 48,455 38.03% 29,730 78,185 81.62% Victoria
Ballarat 70.54% 65,613 29.46% 27,405 93,018 81.69% Victoria
Banks 44.88% 37,736 55.12% 46,343 84,079 80.12% New South Wales
Barker 52.26% 42,498 47.74% 38,827 81,325 77.05% South Australia
Barton 43.64% 37,153 56.36% 47,984 85,137 78.05% New South Wales
Bass 61.69% 36,249 38.31% 22,510 58,759 79.18% Tasmania
Batman 71.16% 66,383 28.84% 26,906 93,289 83.94% Victoria
Bendigo 68.73% 63,412 31.27% 28,852 92,264 82.71% Victoria
Bennelong 49.84% 42,943 50.16% 43,215 86,158 81.22% New South Wales
Berowra 54.56% 48,471 45.44% 40,369 88,840 84.74% New South Wales
Blair 60.02% 47,194 39.98% 31,433 78,627 76.69% Queensland
Blaxland 26.05% 20,406 73.95% 57,926 78,332 75.22% New South Wales
Bonner 62.05% 52,139 37.95% 31,891 84,030 82.41% Queensland
Boothby 68.51% 62,139 31.49% 28,556 90,695 84.31% South Australia
Bowman 62.13% 53,529 37.87% 32,627 86,156 81.44% Queensland
Braddon 54.03% 30,054 45.97% 25,573 55,627 75.98% Tasmania
Bradfield 60.58% 53,681 39.42% 34,927 88,608 83.73% New South Wales
Brand 67.09% 51,953 32.91% 25,481 77,434 76.04% Western Australia
Brisbane 79.51% 72,812 20.49% 18,762 91,574 81.62% Queensland
Bruce 46.91% 34,644 53.09% 39,203 73,847 77.71% Victoria
Burt 56.97% 44,058 43.03% 33,275 77,333 76.21% Western Australia
Calare 60.19% 54,091 39.81% 35,779 89,870 78.06% New South Wales
Calwell 43.16% 37,839 56.84% 49,823 87,662 78.86% Victoria
Canberra 74.07% 89,590 25.93% 31,361 120,951 83.25% Australian Capital Territory
Canning 60.23% 48,486 39.77% 32,019 80,505 78.46% Western Australia
Capricornia 54.06% 39,917 45.94% 33,917 73,834 74.84% Queensland
Casey 68.06% 59,959 31.94% 28,144 88,103 84.03% Victoria
Chifley 41.31% 32,871 58.69% 46,702 79,573 73.91% New South Wales
Chisholm 61.59% 49,448 38.41% 30,844 80,292 82.42% Victoria
Cook 55.04% 47,505 44.96% 38,804 86,309 82.22% New South Wales
Corangamite 71.56% 69,723 28.44% 27,708 97,431 85.09% Victoria
Corio 67.72% 62,658 32.28% 29,865 92,523 83.57% Victoria
Cowan 58.82% 44,388 41.18% 31,075 75,463 78.01% Western Australia
Cowper 60.01% 57,493 39.99% 38,317 95,810 79.23% New South Wales
Cunningham 65.67% 60,906 34.33% 31,840 92,746 81.86% New South Wales
Curtin 72.22% 59,638 27.78% 22,943 82,581 84.05% Western Australia
Dawson 55.15% 42,539 44.85% 34,599 77,138 74.16% Queensland
Deakin 65.69% 55,464 34.31% 28,973 84,437 84.63% Victoria
Denison 73.78% 45,005 26.22% 15,992 60,997 82.37% Tasmania
Dickson 65.16% 54,206 34.84% 28,988 83,194 81.82% Queensland
Dobell 65.75% 59,475 34.25% 30,987 90,462 78.89% New South Wales
Dunkley 71.97% 62,840 28.03% 24,471 87,311 81.93% Victoria
Durack 59.16% 39,304 40.84% 27,128 66,432 67.95% Western Australia
Eden-Monaro 64.92% 57,223 35.08% 30,926 88,149 79.97% New South Wales
Fadden 61.81% 52,154 38.19% 32,218 84,372 76.33% Queensland
Fairfax 64.32% 58,510 35.68% 32,451 90,961 81.05% Queensland
Farrer 55.21% 48,432 44.79% 39,297 87,729 77.42% New South Wales
Fenner 74.01% 85,869 25.99% 30,159 116,028 81.61% Australian Capital Territory
Fisher 62.83% 52,023 37.17% 30,783 82,806 80.89% Queensland
Flinders 69.99% 68,291 30.01% 29,275 97,566 82.06% Victoria
Flynn 51.48% 39,020 48.52% 36,783 75,803 75.62% Queensland
Forde 60.55% 46,937 39.45% 30,585 77,522 76.10% Queensland
Forrest 63.80% 51,612 36.20% 29,285 80,897 78.86% Western Australia
Fowler 36.34% 27,847 63.66% 48,782 76,629 72.43% New South Wales
Franklin 68.77% 44,746 31.23% 20,322 65,068 82.74% Tasmania
Fremantle 70.09% 57,541 29.91% 24,559 82,100 80.55% Western Australia
Gellibrand 68.10% 62,045 31.90% 29,065 91,110 82.21% Victoria
Gilmore 61.98% 59,322 38.02% 36,386 95,708 80.60% New South Wales
Gippsland 60.16% 51,196 39.84% 33,910 85,106 80.75% Victoria
Goldstein 76.30% 69,726 23.70% 21,663 91,389 86.05% Victoria
Gorton 53.34% 49,834 46.66% 43,587 93,421 77.34% Victoria
Grayndler 79.89% 73,208 20.11% 18,429 91,637 85.10% New South Wales
Greenway 46.36% 38,016 53.64% 43,980 81,996 76.50% New South Wales
Grey 53.31% 40,811 46.69% 35,750 76,561 75.21% South Australia
Griffith 76.60% 69,171 23.40% 21,132 90,303 81.80% Queensland
Groom 49.16% 40,536 50.84% 41,915 82,451 79.97% Queensland
Hasluck 62.41% 47,880 37.59% 28,836 76,716 79.72% Western Australia
Herbert 62.85% 48,110 37.15% 28,441 76,551 72.13% Queensland
Higgins 78.34% 70,059 21.66% 19,375 89,434 84.36% Victoria
Hindmarsh 63.29% 57,947 36.71% 33,613 91,560 81.72% South Australia
Hinkler 50.69% 40,649 49.31% 39,548 80,197 78.21% Queensland
Holt 50.68% 47,147 49.32% 45,875 93,022 76.75% Victoria
Hotham 59.60% 47,986 40.40% 32,524 80,510 80.37% Victoria
Hughes 58.41% 51,337 41.59% 36,558 87,895 83.79% New South Wales
Hume 58.57% 51,284 41.43% 36,271 87,555 78.91% New South Wales
Hunter 64.38% 59,137 35.62% 32,723 91,860 78.48% New South Wales
Indi 63.09% 54,563 36.91% 31,925 86,488 82.09% Victoria
Isaacs 65.33% 56,645 34.67% 30,063 86,708 80.78% Victoria
Jagajaga 73.51% 65,098 26.49% 23,453 88,551 85.25% Victoria
Kennedy 46.74% 33,160 53.26% 37,784 70,944 70.50% Queensland
Kingsford Smith 64.11% 56,297 35.89% 31,510 87,807 79.72% New South Wales
Kingston 68.10% 58,863 31.90% 27,567 86,430 80.67% South Australia
Kooyong 73.67% 63,592 26.33% 22,729 86,321 85.95% Victoria
La Trobe 67.45% 61,807 32.55% 29,826 91,633 82.87% Victoria
Lalor 56.78% 57,062 43.22% 43,429 100,491 77.00% Victoria
Leichhardt 63.37% 47,750 36.63% 27,606 75,356 67.84% Queensland
Lilley 67.66% 59,991 32.34% 28,671 88,662 81.44% Queensland
Lindsay 56.17% 49,071 43.83% 38,295 87,366 76.47% New South Wales
Lingiari 54.48% 19,026 45.52% 15,898 34,924 50.13% Northern Territory
Longman 60.43% 51,268 39.57% 33,576 84,844 77.82% Queensland
Lyne 55.31% 51,416 44.69% 41,539 92,955 81.32% New South Wales
Lyons 58.70% 35,894 41.30% 25,258 61,152 78.09% Tasmania
Macarthur 52.05% 43,323 47.95% 39,907 83,230 75.37% New South Wales
Mackellar 68.01% 62,350 31.99% 29,330 91,680 84.00% New South Wales
Macquarie 63.87% 56,180 36.13% 31,778 87,958 82.67% New South Wales
Makin 60.44% 51,547 39.56% 33,743 85,290 79.55% South Australia
Mallee 54.28% 42,495 45.72% 35,795 78,290 78.76% Victoria
Maranoa 43.91% 35,475 56.09% 45,308 80,783 78.25% Queensland
Maribyrnong 59.87% 53,208 40.13% 35,658 88,866 78.97% Victoria
Mayo 64.74% 57,361 35.26% 31,247 88,608 83.75% South Australia
McEwen 65.39% 73,705 34.61% 39,007 112,712 80.75% Victoria
McMahon 35.07% 29,146 64.93% 53,967 83,113 77.85% New South Wales
McMillan 62.75% 61,479 37.25% 36,500 97,979 81.45% Victoria
McPherson 65.48% 54,034 34.52% 28,486 82,520 78.09% Queensland
Melbourne 83.69% 81,287 16.31% 15,839 97,126 82.84% Victoria
Melbourne Ports 81.97% 70,589 18.03% 15,523 86,112 82.16% Victoria
Menzies 56.95% 47,137 43.05% 35,626 82,763 84.06% Victoria
Mitchell 49.10% 42,112 50.90% 43,652 85,764 81.56% New South Wales
Moncrieff 63.78% 50,566 36.22% 28,717 79,283 75.91% Queensland
Moore 67.99% 56,690 32.01% 26,690 83,380 83.17% Western Australia
Moreton 60.92% 47,418 39.08% 30,413 77,831 79.59% Queensland
Murray 57.62% 48,205 42.38% 35,452 83,657 79.58% Victoria
New England 52.52% 44,608 47.48% 40,324 84,932 76.91% New South Wales
Newcastle 74.78% 71,158 25.22% 23,999 95,157 82.69% New South Wales
North Sydney 71.79% 64,813 28.21% 25,473 90,286 83.76% New South Wales
O'Connor 56.17% 43,554 43.83% 33,987 77,541 75.73% Western Australia
Oxley 60.33% 44,655 39.67% 29,365 74,020 76.08% Queensland
Page 59.72% 55,943 40.28% 37,727 93,670 78.56% New South Wales
Parkes 52.74% 41,408 47.26% 37,108 78,516 72.56% New South Wales
Parramatta 38.38% 29,299 61.62% 47,038 76,337 74.82% New South Wales
Paterson 65.52% 60,915 34.48% 32,059 92,974 79.35% New South Wales
Pearce 63.89% 54,305 36.11% 30,699 85,004 76.35% Western Australia
Perth 71.46% 57,510 28.54% 22,967 80,477 80.55% Western Australia
Petrie 61.64% 53,144 38.36% 33,067 86,211 78.75% Queensland
Port Adelaide 61.30% 53,649 38.70% 33,869 87,518 76.31% South Australia
Rankin 54.56% 41,570 45.44% 34,621 76,191 74.53% Queensland
Reid 52.73% 43,567 47.27% 39,061 82,628 77.69% New South Wales
Richmond 67.87% 62,591 32.13% 29,625 92,216 80.28% New South Wales
Riverina 54.63% 47,333 45.37% 39,308 86,641 77.22% New South Wales
Robertson 65.72% 58,689 34.28% 30,614 89,303 81.42% New South Wales
Ryan 72.66% 64,967 27.34% 24,451 89,418 84.67% Queensland
Scullin 53.37% 48,245 46.63% 42,147 90,392 79.91% Victoria
Shortland 67.67% 62,455 32.33% 29,836 92,291 82.47% New South Wales
Solomon 65.26% 29,660 34.74% 15,792 45,452 66.81% Northern Territory
Stirling 61.11% 47,225 38.89% 30,060 77,285 78.40% Western Australia
Sturt 61.57% 52,308 38.43% 32,655 84,963 81.45% South Australia
Swan 64.66% 49,093 35.34% 26,830 75,923 77.69% Western Australia
Sydney 83.67% 76,144 16.33% 14,860 91,004 80.49% New South Wales
Tangney 61.63% 48,338 38.37% 30,090 78,428 84.04% Western Australia
Wakefield 61.00% 52,636 39.00% 33,649 86,285 75.69% South Australia
Wannon 61.01% 49,340 38.99% 31,529 80,869 81.39% Victoria
Warringah 75.01% 64,999 24.99% 21,660 86,659 83.93% New South Wales
Watson 30.36% 24,915 69.64% 57,160 82,075 76.96% New South Wales
Wentworth 80.85% 69,279 19.15% 16,410 85,689 82.57% New South Wales
Werriwa 36.26% 30,252 63.74% 53,174 83,426 74.08% New South Wales
Whitlam 62.27% 57,562 37.73% 34,879 92,441 80.08% New South Wales
Wide Bay 55.65% 46,507 44.35% 37,065 83,572 79.49% Queensland
Wills 69.95% 68,450 30.05% 29,399 97,849 82.95% Victoria
Wright 56.81% 47,109 43.19% 35,812 82,921 78.98% Queensland

Demographic factors

 
Australia's 150 electorates plotted between survey responses and selected demographic characteristics (derived from 2016 Australian census)

A majority of survey participants returned affirmative responses in 133 electorates. The 17 electorates with majority negative responses were predominantly in Western Sydney (12 electorates), as well as rural Queensland (three electorates) and outer suburban Melbourne (two electorates). Defying a national trend, in New South Wales, country participants were more likely to vote yes than their city counterparts.[249]

Most electorates either swung heavily in favour or against same sex marriage. There were only 25 electorates in which the result was between 45 and 55 per cent. In contrast, 41 electorates at the 2016 Australian federal election had two party preferred results within the same degree of margin (±5 per cent). At the 2013 election, 49 electorates were as approximately close.[250]

The heavy concentration of negative responses in working class multicultural Western Sydney led to speculation about what were the underlying economic and demographic factors. The Guardian noted that the portion of persons holding religious beliefs in an electorate was one of the strongest factors, calculating a -0.8 correlation between religion and responding affirmatively. Islam, followed by Oriental Orthodox and Catholicism were the strongest predictors of negative responses. Affirmative responses were correlated to income and education, and to a lesser extent, being born in Australia.[251]

There was a higher percentage of responses to the survey from 18 and 19 year olds than any other age group under 45, despite concerns during the survey period that this group would be disenfranchised.[252]

Aftermath

Marriage Amendment Act

Several hours after the results of the survey were released, Senator Dean Smith introduced the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017 into the Australian Senate.[253] The bill amended the definition of "marriage" in the Marriage Act to recognise a "union of 2 people",[254] which would enable same-sex marriage.[253] The bill drafted by Liberal Senator James Paterson, which would have extended further protections and exemptions for people opposed to same-sex marriage was dropped, with the Senator and several conservative MPs instead deciding to offer amendments to the Smith bill during parliamentary debate.[255] There was some unresolved disagreement by politicians who advocated for a "No" result as to whether further religious protections should be added to the Smith bill as an amendment at this time or whether a later bill for this purpose should be considered.[256]

The bill passed the Senate by 43 votes to 12 on 29 November 2017, with none of the amendments providing further protections and exemptions being accepted.[257] Openly gay MP and same-sex marriage advocate Tim Wilson proposed in Parliament to his partner, Ryan Bolger, who was in the public gallery.[258] Bolger accepted Wilson's proposal. It was the first known engagement on the floor of the House of Representatives.[258] The bill passed the House of Representatives without amendment on 7 December 2017.[4] It received royal assent on 8 December 2017 and came into effect the following day.[259] Existing same-sex marriages performed outside Australia have been recognized from 9 December, while new marriages required one month's notice, and so began from 9 January 2018.[260][261] Several couples successfully applied for an exemption from the notice period,[262] and the first legal same-sex wedding under Australian law was held on 15 December 2017, with further weddings occurring the following day.[263][264]

Democratic representation

The survey revealed differences between the views of some MPs and the majority of their constituents on this issue. Several Labor MPs in Western Sydney electorates recommitted to voting in favour of same-sex marriage legislation, despite majority "No" votes among their constituents. Labor Senator Sam Dastyari acknowledged this issue, noting there was a "huge disconnect" of views on same-sex marriage within traditionally Labor-held seats in Western Sydney.[265][266] Similarly, several Liberal MPs and Senators said they would vote "No" irrespective of the result in their electorate or state.[267][268][269]

Reactions

Alex Greenwich of the "Yes" campaign stated the survey results represented a level of "unprecedented support and momentum [that] has exceeded the expectations, not just of this campaign, but any campaign in our history".[270] Spokesperson for the "No" campaign and the Coalition for Marriage, Lyle Shelton said it was a disappointing result, but he accepted and respected the verdict of the people. Tony Abbott said the Parliament should "respect the result".[271]

Speaking immediately after the survey results were released, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull called the outcome "overwhelming" and recommitted to passing same-sex marriage legislation in the Parliament before Christmas.[272] Opposition Leader Bill Shorten shared that commitment and called on conservative MPs in the government to respect the will of the people and not attempt any delaying tactics in the parliament.[273] The verdict announcement was watched and celebrated by tens of thousands of "Yes" supporters in capital cities. In Melbourne, several thousand people gathered outside the State Library of Victoria to watch the results before celebrations began in Melbourne's Lygon Street that evening.[274] The huge "Yes" vote in Victoria prompted Premier Daniel Andrews to label the result reflective of Victoria's reputation as "the most progressive state" in the nation.[275] A large crowd also descended on Prince Alfred Park in Sydney for the announcement, which included high-profile figures Magda Szubanski and Ian Thorpe in attendance.[276] Reflecting on the atmosphere in Sydney, local newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald claimed the results reflected "a momentous civil rights milestone" for Australia.[276] Smaller crowds also gathered in several locations in Canberra, Adelaide and Perth to celebrate the result.[277][278][279] In Canberra (capital city of the Australian Capital Territory, the jurisdiction with the highest "Yes" vote in the country), the results were celebrated festively into the night, as thousands of people forced the closure of Lonsdale Street in the city. Labor Party Senator Penny Wong's appearance onstage at the event "drew thunderous applause from a crowd of thousands".[280]

The results were welcomed by many representatives of Australia's business community. Among the highest profile of them was Qantas CEO Alan Joyce, who called it "an amazing outcome and we should all be very proud of this amazing country", an observation shared by leaders of corporate bodies Telstra and ANZ Bank.[281] Businesses related to the wedding industry, such as florists, bakers and others were poised to reap the benefit of what some projected to be a multi-billion dollar boost to the industry over the following 12 months.[282] The social media coverage of the results announcement was so immense that, with more than 4000 tweets sent every second during the peak of the day, the survey results trend was more than 10 times as popular as Australia's "race that stops the nation", the Melbourne Cup.[283]

In celebration of the "Yes" vote, a Sydney-based visual artist painted a large, "light-hearted mural"[284] on the wall of the Botany View Hotel, Newtown, depicting Tony Abbott with his hand down the pants of Cardinal George Pell.[285] The mural was later defaced and painted over in black paint. The visual artist said he planned to leave the defaced mural as it was, stating "when you're making public art, the reaction is important, the reaction is needed".[286]

Archbishop Denis Hart of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne issued a statement on behalf of the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference, saying the results did not change the church's understandings of marriage and noting the 4.8 million Australians who voted "No" should have their concerns recognised by "putting in place strong conscience and religious freedom protections".[287] These sentiments were shared by the leaders of the Anglican Church of Australia.[288] Reflecting on the heavily concentrated "No" vote prominent in Western Sydney electorates, Keysar Trad, former president of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils, labelled it "heartening" and praised the role of faith leaders in both the Muslim and Christian communities in the region.[289] Being born overseas has been noted to correlate with a "No" response and religious belief to correlate even more strongly.[290] Social progressives received criticism for allegedly ignoring the "No" vote among Islamic communities, though a Guardian blog argued that religion was connected with the "No" vote.[291][292]

World leaders to congratulate Australia for the result included Nicola Sturgeon (First Minister of Scotland), Justin Trudeau (Prime Minister of Canada) and Theresa May (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom).[293][294]

The survey ran more than $40 million under its projected budget of $122 million.[295] Greens leader Richard Di Natale wrote to the Prime Minister requesting that some of the unused funds be redirected to mental health and other support services for LGBT Australians hurt by the campaign.[239] The survey added $26.3 million in revenue to Australia Post.[296]

Mental health impact

A 2019 University of Sydney study found that the same-sex marriage debate led to elevated psychological distress for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people during the survey period, including increased levels of depression, anxiety and stress.[297][298] The research also found that same-sex attracted Australians benefitted from public displays of support from family and friends, which increased their resilience during the process.[298] Another 2019 study conducted for the Australia Institute similarly found that "the marriage equality debate represented an acute external minority stress event that had measurable negative impacts on mental health of LGBTIQ people and their allies".[299]

See also

Other same-sex marriage referendums

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Among respondents who voted already.
  2. ^ Among all respondents, whether they had voted already or not.
  3. ^ a b c Among respondents who have not yet voted.
  4. ^ 21% of respondents refused to answer the question or declared no intention to vote.
  5. ^ The Yes figure is a combination of people who say they have already voted yes (64.3%) and people who say they still intend to vote yes (6%). The No figure is a combination of people who say they have already voted no (15.5%) and people who say they still intend to vote no (5.7%). An additional 5.7% say that they do not intend to vote and 2.8% say they have not received a survey form.
  6. ^ 17% of respondents said they had not voted and 4% were "uncommitted"
  7. ^ 14% of respondents said they had not voted.
  8. ^ The undecided number included 5% who say they "may or may not" participate and 2% who are "uncommitted".
  9. ^ The poll asked respondents if they were "very likely, somewhat likely, somewhat unlikely or very unlikely" to participate in the survey, and did not give an option of being undecided.
  10. ^ The undecided number included 9% who say they "may or may not" participate and 3% who are "uncommitted".

References

  1. ^ a b (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2018. Refer to page 56 of the report.
  2. ^ a b c d e "About: Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 12 September 2017. from the original on 8 November 2017.
  3. ^ a b c "Results: Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 15 November 2017. from the original on 17 November 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Same-sex marriage bill passes House of Representatives, paving way for first gay weddings". ABC News. 7 December 2017.
  5. ^ Barlow, Karen (10 August 2017). "Marriage Equality Proponents Are Considering A Boycott Which Would Let The 'No' Case Win". Huffington Post Australia. from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  6. ^ The definition is found in Hyde v Hyde (1866) {L.R.} 1 P. & D. 130
  7. ^ "Marriage Amendment Act 2004". comlaw.gov.au.
  8. ^ Elphick, Liam. "Do same-sex couples really have the same rights as married couples?". SBS News. from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
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australian, marriage, postal, survey, national, survey, designed, gauge, support, legalising, same, marriage, australia, survey, held, postal, service, between, september, november, 2017, unlike, voting, elections, referendums, which, compulsory, australia, re. The Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey was a national survey designed to gauge support for legalising same sex marriage in Australia The survey was held via the postal service between 12 September and 7 November 2017 Unlike voting in elections and referendums which is compulsory in Australia responding to the survey was voluntary Australian Marriage Law Postal SurveyDuration12 September 7 November 2017 2017 09 12 2017 11 07 LocationAustraliaTypeSurveyBudget 122 million 80 5 million used 1 Organised byAustralian Bureau of StatisticsParticipantsAdults on the electoral rollOutcomeAustralian national electorate votes to support same sex marriageWebsiteabs gov au marriagesurveyAustralian Marriage Law Postal SurveyShould the law be changed to allow same sex couples to marry ResultsChoice Votes Yes 7 817 247 61 60 No 4 873 987 38 40 Valid votes 12 691 234 99 71 Invalid or blank votes 36 686 0 29 Total votes 12 727 920 100 00 Registered voters turnout 16 006 180 79 52 Survey outcomeParticipation rateResults by electorates and states territoriesA survey form instructions and a reply paid envelope were mailed out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS to every person on the federal electoral roll asking the question Should the law be changed to allow same sex couples to marry The ABS outlined processes to ensure eligible Australians lacking access to post could participate 2 The survey returned 7 817 247 61 6 Yes responses and 4 873 987 38 4 No responses An additional 36 686 0 3 responses were unclear and the total turnout was 12 727 920 79 5 3 Prior to the survey the Liberal National Coalition government had pledged to facilitate a private member s bill to legalise same sex marriage in the Parliament in the event of a Yes outcome This allowed parliamentary debate and a vote eventually leading to the legalisation of same sex marriage 4 Both the Coalition and the opposition Labor Party allowed their MPs a conscience vote on the relevant legislation Had the survey returned a majority No result the government said it would not allow a parliamentary debate or vote on legalising same sex marriage Many same sex marriage proponents were critical of the postal survey viewing it as a costly delaying tactic and an unnecessary hurdle to a conscience vote on same sex marriage in the parliament 5 The survey was subject to two legal challenges questioning the authority of the ABS to conduct the survey and the government s right to fund the cost of the survey from funds designated by law for urgent and unforeseen circumstances Both legal challenges failed the High Court of Australia found that the survey was lawful Adults on the electoral roll in Australia as of 24 August 2017 were eligible to participate By this date 98 000 new voters had added themselves to the roll which was a record high enrolment drive prior to a national vote Survey forms were distributed from 12 September 2017 with the ABS encouraging returns promptly preferably to be received before 27 October to ensure sufficient processing time The survey closed on 7 November 2017 and the results were released on 15 November 2017 The Marriage Amendment Definition and Religious Freedoms Act 2017 which legalised same sex marriage came into effect on 9 December 2017 Contents 1 Background 1 1 History 1 2 Key dates 2 Legal challenges 2 1 High Court ruling 3 Survey process 3 1 Weekly estimate of responses 4 Question 5 Legislation proposed 6 Support and opposition 6 1 Party positions in a parliamentary vote 6 2 Yes campaign 6 3 No campaign 6 4 Neutral 7 Public opinion 7 1 Voting intentions 7 2 Likelihood of voting in the survey 8 Activities during the campaign 8 1 Advocacy by territory and local governments 8 2 Debate over freedom of religion 8 3 Advertising and media 8 4 Discussion of impact on children 8 5 Counselling for those impacted and mental health 8 6 Vandalism and abuse 9 Result 9 1 National result 9 2 State and territory breakdown 9 3 Electorate breakdown 9 4 Demographic factors 10 Aftermath 10 1 Marriage Amendment Act 10 1 1 Democratic representation 10 2 Reactions 10 3 Mental health impact 11 See also 11 1 Other same sex marriage referendums 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksBackground EditHistory Edit See also History of same sex marriage in Australia Marriage in Australia is the constitutional province of the federal parliament Its original legal definition was established by common law as the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others voluntarily entered into for life 6 This definition was codified by the Marriage Amendment Act 2004 which inserted it verbatim into the Marriage Act 1961 7 At the time of the survey same sex unions in Australia were treated as de facto unions under federal law These unions provide couples with most though not all of the legal rights of marriage although those rights may be difficult to assert and are not always recognised in practice 8 9 Aside from the legal aspects de facto relationships do not have the same symbolic significance as marriage 10 Before the July 2016 federal election the Malcolm Turnbull led Coalition Government promised to hold a national vote on same sex marriage in the form of a compulsory attendance plebiscite 11 Opposition to this idea centred on its criticism as an expensive delaying tactic and that it was the duty of the parliament rather than a matter related to the Australian Constitution 12 While the Coalition won 76 of the 150 seats in the lower house in the 2016 election and managed to form a majority government by one seat they failed to pass the necessary legislation for a compulsory attendance referendum plebiscite The legislation passed the House of Representatives on 20 October 2016 by a vote of 76 67 but was rejected by the Senate on 7 November 2016 by a vote of 33 29 13 14 The idea of a postal plebiscite was originally proposed by Liberal MP Warren Entsch and later endorsed by government ministers Peter Dutton and Mathias Cormann 15 Dutton pointed out that a postal vote would not need legislation to operate 16 A staffer of Attorney General George Brandis came up with the idea of a survey as an alternative way to fulfil the government s commitment in mid July 17 In August 2017 following an attempt by five Liberal Party MPs to change party policy and have a free vote in the parliament on same sex marriage legislation 18 the government announced it would move for a voluntary postal survey to be held later that year 19 It stated that the postal vote would only occur in the event the government s compulsory referendum plebiscite legislation was again rejected by the Senate That occurred on 9 August 2017 when a government initiated motion in the Senate to debate the Plebiscite Same Sex Marriage Bill 2016 was tied at 31 31 resulting in the motion being defeated 20 Following the result in the Senate the government directed the Australian Statistician head of the Australian Bureau of Statistics to begin the process of surveying the views on same sex marriage of all Australians on the electoral roll 21 The government asserted that this proposal did not require legislative approval from the parliament arguing that the provisions of the Appropriations Act and the law governing the Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS enabled it to use the ABS for such a purpose 22 This was argued by the government to be similar to the process by which God Save the Queen was replaced by Advance Australia Fair as the Australian national anthem 23 The government announced the ABS would be assisted by having staff seconded from the Australian Electoral Commission AEC the organisation responsible for elections in Australia and managing the electoral roll 24 The cost of the survey to the Australian taxpayer was forecast to be 122 million however the total amount spent ended up being 80 5 million 1 19 This expense as well as the notion that the debate would activate ideological extremists and that normal electoral rules would not apply were criticised in Parliament 25 By 7 September the date the high court challenges against the survey were heard a total of 14 1 million had already been spent by the ABS on the postal survey 8 million on advertising for the survey 5 3 million on printing costs and 600 000 for staff 26 The AEC reported that about 68 000 enrolment transactions were completed on 10 August compared with an average of 4 000 per day 27 In the period 8 14 August over 16 000 people had enrolled and over 200 000 had updated their details 28 By 20 August over 36 000 had enrolled and over 434 000 had updated their enrolment details 29 By 22 August over 54 000 had enrolled 30 By 25 August the roll achieved a record high with over 16 million Australians on the roll an additional 90 000 people had joined with a further 165 000 transactions still to be processed 31 65 000 of these new voters are between the ages of 18 and 24 32 With 933 592 enrolment transactions completed by the AEC at the end of processing more than 98 000 people were added to the roll and the total number of Australians eligible to participate in the survey was 16 005 998 33 However after the results of the survey were released the ABS revealed that in fact 16 006 180 surveys were mailed out to eligible Australians 34 The Senate Finance and Public Administration References Committee opened a Public Inquiry into the arrangements around the postal survey on 14 August 35 with a submission made and evidence given by the ABS at hearings on 17 August Further hearings involving the ABS AEC Australia Post Department of Finance and Department of Human Services occurred on 7 September and 15 September 2017 The committee handed down the final report on 13 February 2018 The report recommended that the survey process should not be used again for matters of human rights encouraged the government to further fund mental health and LGBTIQ organisations to mitigate the impact of the postal survey and recommended that the Australian Electoral Commission increase its voter registration and education efforts in remote communities and work with Indigenous peak bodies to achieve greater participation 36 35 Key dates Edit Key dates relating to the survey were 37 38 24 August 2017 The final day for citizens to update or add their name and details to the electoral roll to receive a survey form 12 September 2017 Survey forms began to be mailed out to all Australian voters over a two week period 25 September 2017 The date all survey forms were expected to have arrived and eligible Australians could commence ordering replacement materials for those lost or spoilt The paperless options online form and IVR telephony survey option opened 20 October 2017 6 pm local time Requests for replacement material closed 27 October 2017 The date all eligible Australians were strongly encouraged to return their form by 7 November 2017 6 pm local time Responses received after this date were not processed 15 November 2017 10 am AEDT Statistics and quality and integrity report released to the publicThe results of the survey including participation rates were released at a national level at a state and territory level and at an electorate level 2 Legal challenges EditMain article Wilkie v Commonwealth Two legal challenges were lodged contesting the legality of the survey with the High Court of Australia both on the grounds of unlawful funding from legally specified funds and unlawful operation by the ABS The first was by same sex marriage advocates Shelley Argent national spokeswoman of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays and Felicity Marlowe member of Rainbow Families along with independent MP Andrew Wilkie They announced they would challenge the postal survey in the High Court on 9 August 2017 and seek a temporary injunction 39 40 The second challenge was by Australian Marriage Equality and Greens Senator Janet Rice 41 42 An additional complaint was lodged by a 17 year old boy with the Australian Human Rights Commission in August 2017 on the basis that the rules did not allow provisionally enrolled 16 and 17 year old Australians the right to participate in the survey 43 44 The complaint could have led to a federal court case to argue for the right of about 50 000 Australians aged 16 and 17 on the electoral roll to vote however the boy dropped his complaint on 22 September after a Greens amendment to the Marriage Law Survey Additional Safeguards Act 2017 was rejected by the Parliament earlier in the month 45 Legal counsel to the boy advised that the rejected amendment would make the age discrimination complaint much more difficult to argue because parliament had considered and rejected extending the vote to enrolled 16 and 17 year olds 45 High Court ruling Edit The High Court pronounced its orders in both cases on 7 September 2017 The court determined that the survey was lawful allowing it to proceed as scheduled 46 47 The challengers were ordered to pay costs 48 The High Court handed down its unanimous reasons on 28 September 2017 finding that 295 million had been appropriated by parliament and that whether the expenditure was unforeseen was a matter for the Minister s satisfaction and there was no error of law in either his reasoning or his conclusion The information to be collected was statistical information of matters prescribed in the Census and Statistics Regulation 2016 Cth As the court had considered and rejected the grounds of the application there was no need to decide whether the plaintiffs had standing 49 50 Survey process EditThe survey was conducted on a voluntary basis with no requirement on the part of the eligible Australian to mail back the survey form This led to concerns over a potentially low voter turnout response rate and the prospect of Indigenous Australians in remote communities being unable to complete a survey 51 52 Concern had been expressed regarding electors whose addresses were not visible on the electoral roll known as silent electors 53 disenfranchisement in remote communities 54 Australians overseas 55 prisoners 56 non English speakers 57 and young people 58 59 Early criticism was also levelled at issues of privacy with the recent census problems of 2016 being cited 60 The ABS advised that survey responses would be anonymous and protected under the secrecy provisions of the Census and Statistics Act 1905 61 Prior to the survey commencing former Privacy Commissioner Malcolm Crompton independently reviewed the ABS s privacy approaches and mitigations and announced he was suitably satisfied 62 The ABS also worked to address concerns with special strategies like paperless options telephony and online form and form drop off and pick up points in remote and capital city locations 63 Additionally the bureau noted that Australians could also authorise a trusted person to complete the survey on their behalf 2 While any person could be appointed a trusted person the Chief Minister of the ACT Andrew Barr offered to fulfil the role for any citizen 64 65 Auditors and an external observer process were established to assure the integrity of the process though the observers are subject to a lifetime confidentiality agreement 66 A quality and integrity report was published by the ABS alongside the release of the survey results 2 During the survey period online sellers were contacted by the ABS asking them to remove ads by people offering to sell their postal survey or answer The ABS advised that such an action would likely constitute an offence under the Census and Statistics Act 1905 the Commonwealth Criminal Code and the survey safeguards legislation passed by Parliament 67 68 The Digital Transformation Agency assisted the ABS with the paperless options for the survey though due to the compressed timescale of the survey concerns were anonymously raised by staff that the normal processes were not completed such as sufficient user testing 69 AWS was brought in on a tender process to assist in the security measures for the online survey 70 A telephone information hotline was established and received 206 828 calls between 14 August 2017 and 7 November 2017 71 Unlike elections or referendums there were no automatic special regulations relating to advertising requirements or prohibited content for the survey of the kind found in the Electoral Act 72 Consequently the Government and Opposition engaged in negotiations to introduce legislation designed to replicate these types of regulations as well as create measures to prevent vilification intimidation or threats to cause harm on the basis of the sexual orientation gender identity intersex status or the religious convictions of someone during the survey period 73 On 13 September the government introduced the Marriage Law Survey Additional Safeguards Bill 2017 for these purposes in the Senate 74 The bill passed the Senate after an amendment moved by Greens leader Richard Di Natale to allow 16 and 17 year olds the right to participate in the survey was defeated The bill immediately proceeded to and was passed by the House of Representatives 74 The bill received royal assent on 13 September and went into effect the following day 74 75 The Act s provisions automatically expired on 15 November 2017 75 Neither the Yes or No campaign received public funding in the survey as was envisioned for a compulsory attendance plebiscite 76 Prime Minister Turnbull also ruled out a ban on foreign donations for the survey 77 All Australians whose names are on the electoral roll or had applied to be put on the roll before 24 August 2017 were mailed a survey form and enrolled Australians living overseas along with those in certain special categories were entitled to complete a survey using paperless methods 78 79 The AEC made a statement that provisionally enrolled 16 and 17 year olds would not be posted a survey form 80 and an amended direction was later issued by the Government to the Australian Statistician making this clear 81 This direction was subject to a Human Rights Commission complaint by a 17 year old boy which was later withdrawn 82 45 More than 16 million letters were sent from 12 September over almost two weeks with all delivered by 25 September and silent electors packages were sent by the AEC and delivered by the end of September 83 84 After several Yes respondents posted images of their complete forms on social media the ABS cautioned participants to not photograph their form barcodes so as to prevent any fraudulent conduct Additionally survey forms could be invalidated in the event the question was rephrased by the participant or the barcode was obscured or removed 85 The ABS issued several examples of what constituted a valid and invalid response such as marking both boxes Yes and No or crossing out one of the words on the form 86 The ABS advised Australians who received extra survey forms addressed to the previous occupant who failed to update their electoral details to write on the front of the envelope return to sender and send it back 87 In Australia it is illegal to open mail addressed to another person 88 In the rare instance of multiple responses being received from an individual the ABS noted that only the last valid response could expect to be counted 89 On 25 September the ABS confirmed that all survey forms had been mailed to eligible voters and outlined the process for additional forms to be sent to people who did not receive lost or spoilt their form 90 The ABS also confirmed that a change of mind was not a valid reason for requesting a new form 91 Both the Yes and No campaigns provided 60 observers to the ABS counting process 92 who examined 606 991 survey results Fewer than 500 survey forms were reported as issues to the ABS during the survey 93 Weekly estimate of responses Edit On 28 September the ABS announced that it would release weekly national estimates of the total number of survey responses received beginning from 3 October 2017 and ending 7 November The primary input to the first three weekly estimates issued at the National level only was Australia Post s assessment of the number of containers of sorted envelopes rather than counts of individual forms Adjustments were made based on factors such as responses received through other channels and an allowance for forms that are damaged or invalid From the fourth estimate released on 24 October 2017 the ABS changed the estimation method to use the counts of processed forms This led to an increase in estimated turnout to 74 5 of the population up 7 0 on the previous week despite only 300 000 new responses or 1 9 of the total being received during that timeframe 94 Week 95 Estimated responses Estimated rate of response3 October 9 200 000 57 5 10 October 10 000 000 62 5 17 October 10 800 000 67 5 24 October 11 900 000 74 5 31 October 12 300 000 77 0 7 November 12 600 000 78 5 Question Edit Sample image of the survey form The survey form asked respondents Should the law be changed to allow same sex couples to marry The survey offered two one word responses yes or no 2 Legislation proposed EditThe government did not release a draft bill legalising same sex marriage prior to the survey which led to uncertainty over what form legislation would take in the event of a Yes verdict 96 The wording of an exposure draft of a same sex marriage bill from early 2017 released by the Attorney General s office proposed to amend the definition of marriage and replace the terms man and woman with the gender neutral phrase two people 97 The proposed wording two people 98 differed from the wording of the survey question which referred explicitly to same sex couples 99 100 Liberal Senator Dean Smith who drafted a same sex marriage bill in August 2017 argued his bill struck a fair balance in protecting the rights of same sex couples and the religious freedoms of celebrants 101 The bill allows current civil celebrants to become religious celebrants and refuse to perform same sex marriages and incorporates parts of the Sex Discrimination Act to allow religious organisations to refuse their services for same sex marriages 102 Smith s bill was formally backed by the Labor Party parliamentary caucus on 17 October 2017 103 However conservative MPs in the government responded by suggesting up to 100 amendments to the bill may be needed if the Yes vote carried 101 A rival bill was released on 13 November by Liberal Senator James Paterson a conservative supporter of same sex marriage 104 The bill contained various protections allowing the refusal of same sex weddings by anyone who holds a religious or conscientious belief against same sex marriage including private service providers such as florists and bakers 105 106 Prime Minister Turnbull reacted negatively to Paterson s bill saying the government would not countenance supporting a bill which discriminated against same sex weddings and that the bill would have virtually no prospect of getting through the Parliament 107 It was dropped by Senator Paterson within hours of the Yes vote being released 108 Support and opposition EditMain article Endorsements in the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey Party positions in a parliamentary vote Edit Each of the political parties represented in the Australian Parliament held formalised positions on same sex marriage and on the merits of the survey The Australian Labor Party formally supported the legalisation of same sex marriage though offered its MPs a conscience vote on same sex marriage legislation until 2019 109 The Liberal Party pledged to hold a national vote of some kind before any change to the law though the party had no official position on the survey question hence MPs including Cabinet members were to free to campaign for either side 110 111 All politicians were entitled to use their electoral printing and communications budgets in the campaign 112 Position Political parties RefYes Labor 113 Greens 114 Xenophon Team 115 Liberal Democrats 116 Hinch s Justice 117 No National 110 Conservatives 118 Katter s Australia 119 Subject to public vote Liberal 110 One Nation 120 Lambie Network 121 Conscience vote allowed for MPs Yes campaign Edit A Yes campaign rally in Melbourne in August 2017 The campaign for supporting voting in favour of same sex marriage in the survey received support from Labor 122 the Liberals for yes campaign 123 and four minor political parties represented in the Federal parliament and from prominent lobby groups including Australian Marriage Equality and GetUp 124 125 No campaign Edit The campaign advocating voting against changing the marriage laws in the survey was supported by the Nationals 110 and three minor parties represented in the Federal parliament Several groups opposed to same sex marriage including the Australian Christian Lobby and the Marriage Alliance formed the Coalition for Marriage to co ordinate the No campaign 126 127 128 Neutral Edit The Liberal Party of Australia did not hold a position either way in the survey 110 Public opinion EditMain article Public opinion of same sex marriage in Australia Opinion polls in Australia over several years in the lead up to the survey indicated a comfortable majority of Australians supported same sex marriage 129 130 131 132 A Guardian Essential poll conducted just prior to the announcement of the postal survey indicated that 43 approved of a postal vote and 38 disapproved 133 whereas a week later 39 approved of the postal survey and 47 disapproved of it 134 A small boycott movement existed although most same sex marriage campaigners who were against a national vote on same sex marriage urged participation in the postal survey 135 Some informal responses to the survey were intended as a protest vote 136 Voting intentions Edit Date Firm Yes No Undecided Sample size Notes9 12 November 2017 Newspoll 137 63 37 1 625 N 1 3 6 November 2017 Essential 138 139 64 31 5 1 792 N 1 26 30 October 2017 Galaxy Research 140 141 66 34 1 000 N 1 26 29 October 2017 EMRS 142 64 28 1 00026 29 October 2017 Newspoll 143 144 62 35 3 1 623 N 1 59 35 6 N 2 12 22 October 2017 Essential 145 146 60 34 5 1 859 N 1 39 33 28 N 3 12 16 October 2017 YouGov 147 148 61 35 3 1 067 N 1 54 28 18 N 3 12 15 October 2017 Newspoll 149 56 37 7 1 5836 8 October 2017 Roy Morgan Research 150 61 5 17 5 1 554 N 4 2 October 2017 ReachTEL 151 152 70 3 21 1 4 888 N 5 28 September 1 October 2017 Essential 153 154 64 30 6 1 841 N 1 50 36 14 N 3 22 25 September 2017 Essential 155 156 58 33 9 1 80321 24 September 2017 Newspoll 157 57 34 9 1 69515 18 September 2017 Essential 158 159 55 34 11 1 80814 18 September 2017 YouGov 160 161 59 33 9 1 0566 9 September 2017 Ipsos 162 70 1 40028 August 6 September 2017 Newgate Research 163 58 4 31 4 10 2 8001 4 September 2017 Essential 164 165 59 31 11 1 78417 22 August 2017 Essential 166 167 57 32 11 1 81717 21 August 2017 YouGov 168 169 59 33 8 1 01217 20 August 2017 Newspoll 170 171 63 30 7 1 675Likelihood of voting in the survey Edit Date Firm Voted already Definitely will Probably will Probably won t Definitely won t Undecided Sample size Notes9 12 November 2017 Newspoll 137 79 1 625 N 6 3 6 November 2017 Essential 138 139 86 1 792 N 7 26 29 October 2017 Newspoll 143 76 10 5 2 2 3 1 62312 22 October 2017 Essential 145 146 75 8 4 3 3 4 1 85912 16 October 2017 YouGov 147 148 67 13 7 3 6 5 1 06712 15 October 2017 Newspoll 149 65 19 6 2 3 5 1 5832 October 2017 ReachTEL 151 79 4 8882 October 2017 Newgate Research 172 77 28 September 1 October 2017 Essential 153 154 47 33 6 3 3 5 1 84122 25 September 2017 Essential 155 156 36 45 8 1 2 5 1 80321 24 September 2017 Newspoll 157 15 67 7 2 2 7 1 695 N 8 15 18 September 2017 Essential 158 159 9 62 12 2 3 8 1 8086 9 September 2017 Ipsos 162 65 1 4001 4 September 2017 Essential 164 165 62 16 4 3 10 1 78423 August 2017 ReachTEL 173 78 7 10 4 1 7 2 2 382 N 9 17 22 August 2017 Essential 166 63 18 4 6 9 1 81717 21 August 2017 YouGov 168 56 17 1 01217 20 August 2017 Newspoll 170 67 15 4 3 11 1 675 N 10 Activities during the campaign EditAdvocacy by territory and local governments Edit A Canberra bus with rainbow wrap advertising as support from the ACT Government for the city s LGBTIQ community during the survey period 174 Sydney Town Hall illuminated in pride colours and flying a rainbow flag in support of the Yes vote The Government of the Australian Capital Territory and several local governments such as the City of Sydney took official positions supporting the Yes campaign 175 176 Public servants in the ACT were warned against campaigning in the survey while in official uniform 177 178 The move to offer official support was criticised by the Liberal Party opposition in the ACT and similar criticisms lead to the City of Darebin backing down on plans to restrict No campaigners from using council facilities 179 180 Debate over freedom of religion Edit Several figures and institutions supporting a No vote raised the issue of religious freedom during the survey period Former Prime Minister John Howard rejected the assurances of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and requested that the government explicitly detail proposed religious freedom provisions to potentially be included in same sex marriage legislation 181 182 183 Likewise several leaders in the Catholic Church raised freedom of religion concerns citing the case of a Tasmanian archbishop who was requested to appear at an anti discrimination commission after having disseminated material supporting a Christian view of marriage 184 The veracity of the concerns over religious freedom was disputed heavily in the community Some groups such as the National Catholic Education Commission said they were unsure if Catholic schools could continue to teach the Catholic view of marriage in the event same sex marriage was legalised however academics Marion Maddox and Carol Johnson challenged this by arguing that religious organisations would continue to be able to access exemptions from anti discrimination laws and consequently remain free to refuse same sex marriage if it is eventually introduced 185 186 The divisions extended to the governing Liberal Party whose president rejected claims that religious freedom could be under threat in direct contradiction to the party s vice president who said that same sex marriage would have consequences for freedom of speech religion and association 187 188 Both Prime Minister Turnbull and Bill Shorten leader of the Opposition spoke in favour of religious freedom protections with Turnbull stating he was an even stronger believer in freedom of religion than same sex marriage 189 Shorten said the Labor Party would make sure that concerns about religious freedom are met with and dealt with and are treated with respect 190 The prospect of additional religious freedom exemptions being added to existing Australian anti discrimination law troubled some Yes advocates who feared such provisions could allow service providers to discriminate on any basis not just limited to couples sex Tiernan Brady described the campaign for religious freedom exemptions as a blatant attempt to unravel existing anti discrimination laws which serve everyone in Australia well not just LGBTI people 191 In response to a Newspoll question on the subject Do you think parliament should provide guarantees in law for freedom of conscience belief and religion if it legislates for same sex marriage 62 responded Yes 18 responded No and 20 said they were uncommitted 170 A poll conducted by Galaxy later in the survey found 78 of respondents said Yes in response to the question If the majority vote yes in the postal survey should same sex couples be treated the same under the law compared with other couples 192 An inquiry into religious freedoms headed by Philip Ruddock was announced in November 2017 This has been interpreted as a way to allow the speedy passage of the Dean Smith bill and postpone discussions of religious freedom 193 It completed a report on 18 May 2018 194 which was not publicly released until 13 December 2018 195 although the recommendations were leaked to Fairfax Media in October 2018 196 The government responded by proposing a religious discrimination act 195 Advertising and media Edit A shop wall in Redfern New South Wales with the signage Yes painted in the colours of the LGBT flag designed to demonstrate the support for the survey Advertising by both sides was extensive for much of the survey period The first television ad for the No campaign revealed shortly after the campaign began featured three women and focused on the Safe Schools education program 197 The Yes campaign promptly aired a rebuttal by Dr Kerryn Phelps 198 A No supporter funded the skywritten message Vote No over Sydney in September which was defended by Turnbull as an expression of free speech 199 In Melbourne a giant NO was written in the sky in response to the survey 200 Subsequent Yes ads focused heavily on a concerted get out the vote effort and featured high profile figures such as Ian Thorpe and others posting their surveys as well as a themed ad screened during the finale of popular television show The Bachelor 201 202 The Yes campaign were also responsible for a widespread SMS message to many Australian mobile phones which lead to some complaints over how people s numbers were obtained however the campaign advised the numbers were generated through random dialling technology previously used in elections 203 Both of the No campaign s next most prominent advertisements concentrated mostly on the notion of gender theory in school curriculum one such ad focusing on the book The Gender Fairy and featuring two of the mothers from the original advertisement 204 205 The other advertisement included archive footage of one of the founders of the Safe Schools program and included material alleged to have been available for viewing by year seven students which was subsequently deemed inappropriate for unrestricted viewing by the Australian Commercial Television Code of Practice 206 207 As of mid September prominent No campaigner Lyle Shelton was mentioned across news outlets more times than the leading three Yes campaigners Alex Greenwich Tiernan Brady and Sally Rugg combined 208 Rainbow flag patterned stickers on mail boxes asking for no anti equality or hate mail Similar stickers were promoted as a way to show support for same sex marriage and reduce the amount of unwanted materials received 209 Legislation in effect for the duration of the survey made it illegal to vilify intimidate threaten or harm on the basis of sexual orientation gender identity intersex status or religion with a fine of up to 12 600 for breaches 210 Furthermore all campaign material was required to be properly authorised 211 By 26 September marketing services group Ebiquity estimated that the lead No group Coalition for Marriage had spent about 3 975 872 on advertising a figure higher than their estimate for the two lead Yes groups Australian Marriage Equality and the Equality Campaign about 2 920 740 212 Two donations of note were made in the course of the survey 1 million was personally donated by Qantas CEO Alan Joyce to the Yes campaign and 1 million was donated by the Anglican Diocese of Sydney to the No campaign 213 214 Former Prime Minister Tony Abbott said in November that the No campaign had 20 000 donors who donated around 6 million to the campaign 215 At the 2017 NRL Grand Final American rapper Macklemore was booked to perform several songs including Same Love 216 The song topped the Australian charts in 2013 and was regarded as an anthem for same sex marriage advocates during the campaign in Macklemore s home state of Washington In the days leading up to the grand final the single returned to the top of the Australian iTunes charts 217 Several prominent conservative politicians voiced strong opposition to the scheduled performance of Same Love given its high profile support for the Yes campaign during the voting period of the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey 218 219 Macklemore acknowledged the controversy several days before the final but vowed to go harder as a result 220 A nationwide study of lesbian gay and bisexual mental health found that increased exposure to negative anti LGBT media messages during the postal survey was related to increased levels of depressions anxiety and stress 221 Discussion of impact on children Edit The rights and welfare of children particularly as it related to same sex parenting was occasionally discussed publicly through the survey Organisations such as the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference the Presbyterian Church of Australia and the Australian National Imams Council all advocated strongly for nuclear family structures during the survey 184 222 223 A fact check article published in The Conversation which was based on a review of the literature on outcomes for children of same sex parents showed equal or better outcomes for children raised by parents of the same gender 224 Likewise a review published late in the survey period by the Medical Journal of Australia agreed with The Conversation s findings but noted that the effects of being exposed to stigma and discrimination could lead to poorer public health outcomes for the children in same sex parented families 225 Counselling for those impacted and mental health Edit A number of helplines counselling services and mental health strategies were made available to LGBTIQ people by several organisations including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 226 Similar services were available for Defence 227 Victorian local councils 228 and health services such as Alfred Health 229 State governments in Western Australia Victoria and Queensland all allocated additional funds ranging from 60 000 to 500 000 to LGBTIQ mental health services 230 231 232 Other groups such as Slater and Gordon the Australian Psychological Society and Minus 18 unveiled material and mechanisms designed to offer support and relief for those affected by the debate such as parents of young children and LGBTIQ teenagers who experienced difficulties dealing with the public discussion 233 234 235 The survey period was associated with increases in the number of LGBTIQ people requesting assistance for mental health issues Reach Out Australia which lead the pro same sex marriage campaign by five mental health services reported increases variously at 20 236 30 237 and 40 238 239 per cent in clients during the survey period and crisis support service Lifeline noted a spike in calls about the impact of the survey 240 Mental health surveys conducted during this period showed that increased exposure to the no campaign was related to increased levels of depression anxiety and stress amongst same sex attracted Australians 221 Shorten wrote to Turnbull about increasing the funding for mental health services during the survey from the federal budget but did not receive a response 241 Vandalism and abuse Edit The survey was accompanied by a variety of acts of vandalism and abuse by both parties In September a banner reading Burn Churches Not Queers was unfurled at a Coalition for Marriage meeting 242 and in October several churches in Victoria and New South Wales were graffitied with messages criticising No voters 243 244 245 Similarly a passenger train on the Sydney Trains network was vandalised with messages encouraging No votes including foul language and the Nazi swastika 246 The ABC created a digital news service designed to track incidents of violence and abuse throughout the survey with both Yes and No voters organisations being targeted on occasions 247 Result EditNational result Edit Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey 3 Choice Votes Yes 7 817 247 61 6No 4 873 987 38 4Valid votes 12 691 234 99 7Invalid or blank votes 36 686 0 3Total votes 12 727 920 100 00Registered voters turnout 16 006 180 79 5National survey results excluding invalid votes Yes7 817 247 61 6 No4 873 987 38 4 50 State and territory breakdown Edit The Australian Capital Territory recorded the strongest Yes vote at 74 while New South Wales had the lowest level of support at 57 8 248 All other jurisdictions had above 60 support with Victoria the leading state on 64 9 support 248 Breakdown of voting by state and territory 3 State Territory Yes No Invalid Participationrate Votes Votes New South Wales 2 374 362 57 8 1 736 838 42 2 11 036 79 5Victoria 2 145 629 64 9 1 161 098 35 1 11 028 81 7Queensland 1 487 060 60 7 961 015 39 3 7 088 77 9Western Australia 801 575 63 7 455 924 36 3 3 188 78 4South Australia 592 528 62 5 356 247 37 5 2 778 79 7Tasmania 191 948 63 6 109 655 36 4 805 79 7Australian Capital Territory 175 459 74 0 61 520 26 0 534 82 5Northern Territory 48 686 60 6 31 690 39 4 229 58 4Total for country 7 817 247 61 6 4 873 987 38 4 36 686 79 5Electorate breakdown Edit Breakdown of voting by electorate 249 Electorate Yes Yes votes No No votes Formal total Participation rate State territoryAdelaide 70 10 62 769 29 90 26 771 89 540 81 42 South AustraliaAston 61 97 48 455 38 03 29 730 78 185 81 62 VictoriaBallarat 70 54 65 613 29 46 27 405 93 018 81 69 VictoriaBanks 44 88 37 736 55 12 46 343 84 079 80 12 New South WalesBarker 52 26 42 498 47 74 38 827 81 325 77 05 South AustraliaBarton 43 64 37 153 56 36 47 984 85 137 78 05 New South WalesBass 61 69 36 249 38 31 22 510 58 759 79 18 TasmaniaBatman 71 16 66 383 28 84 26 906 93 289 83 94 VictoriaBendigo 68 73 63 412 31 27 28 852 92 264 82 71 VictoriaBennelong 49 84 42 943 50 16 43 215 86 158 81 22 New South WalesBerowra 54 56 48 471 45 44 40 369 88 840 84 74 New South WalesBlair 60 02 47 194 39 98 31 433 78 627 76 69 QueenslandBlaxland 26 05 20 406 73 95 57 926 78 332 75 22 New South WalesBonner 62 05 52 139 37 95 31 891 84 030 82 41 QueenslandBoothby 68 51 62 139 31 49 28 556 90 695 84 31 South AustraliaBowman 62 13 53 529 37 87 32 627 86 156 81 44 QueenslandBraddon 54 03 30 054 45 97 25 573 55 627 75 98 TasmaniaBradfield 60 58 53 681 39 42 34 927 88 608 83 73 New South WalesBrand 67 09 51 953 32 91 25 481 77 434 76 04 Western AustraliaBrisbane 79 51 72 812 20 49 18 762 91 574 81 62 QueenslandBruce 46 91 34 644 53 09 39 203 73 847 77 71 VictoriaBurt 56 97 44 058 43 03 33 275 77 333 76 21 Western AustraliaCalare 60 19 54 091 39 81 35 779 89 870 78 06 New South WalesCalwell 43 16 37 839 56 84 49 823 87 662 78 86 VictoriaCanberra 74 07 89 590 25 93 31 361 120 951 83 25 Australian Capital TerritoryCanning 60 23 48 486 39 77 32 019 80 505 78 46 Western AustraliaCapricornia 54 06 39 917 45 94 33 917 73 834 74 84 QueenslandCasey 68 06 59 959 31 94 28 144 88 103 84 03 VictoriaChifley 41 31 32 871 58 69 46 702 79 573 73 91 New South WalesChisholm 61 59 49 448 38 41 30 844 80 292 82 42 VictoriaCook 55 04 47 505 44 96 38 804 86 309 82 22 New South WalesCorangamite 71 56 69 723 28 44 27 708 97 431 85 09 VictoriaCorio 67 72 62 658 32 28 29 865 92 523 83 57 VictoriaCowan 58 82 44 388 41 18 31 075 75 463 78 01 Western AustraliaCowper 60 01 57 493 39 99 38 317 95 810 79 23 New South WalesCunningham 65 67 60 906 34 33 31 840 92 746 81 86 New South WalesCurtin 72 22 59 638 27 78 22 943 82 581 84 05 Western AustraliaDawson 55 15 42 539 44 85 34 599 77 138 74 16 QueenslandDeakin 65 69 55 464 34 31 28 973 84 437 84 63 VictoriaDenison 73 78 45 005 26 22 15 992 60 997 82 37 TasmaniaDickson 65 16 54 206 34 84 28 988 83 194 81 82 QueenslandDobell 65 75 59 475 34 25 30 987 90 462 78 89 New South WalesDunkley 71 97 62 840 28 03 24 471 87 311 81 93 VictoriaDurack 59 16 39 304 40 84 27 128 66 432 67 95 Western AustraliaEden Monaro 64 92 57 223 35 08 30 926 88 149 79 97 New South WalesFadden 61 81 52 154 38 19 32 218 84 372 76 33 QueenslandFairfax 64 32 58 510 35 68 32 451 90 961 81 05 QueenslandFarrer 55 21 48 432 44 79 39 297 87 729 77 42 New South WalesFenner 74 01 85 869 25 99 30 159 116 028 81 61 Australian Capital TerritoryFisher 62 83 52 023 37 17 30 783 82 806 80 89 QueenslandFlinders 69 99 68 291 30 01 29 275 97 566 82 06 VictoriaFlynn 51 48 39 020 48 52 36 783 75 803 75 62 QueenslandForde 60 55 46 937 39 45 30 585 77 522 76 10 QueenslandForrest 63 80 51 612 36 20 29 285 80 897 78 86 Western AustraliaFowler 36 34 27 847 63 66 48 782 76 629 72 43 New South WalesFranklin 68 77 44 746 31 23 20 322 65 068 82 74 TasmaniaFremantle 70 09 57 541 29 91 24 559 82 100 80 55 Western AustraliaGellibrand 68 10 62 045 31 90 29 065 91 110 82 21 VictoriaGilmore 61 98 59 322 38 02 36 386 95 708 80 60 New South WalesGippsland 60 16 51 196 39 84 33 910 85 106 80 75 VictoriaGoldstein 76 30 69 726 23 70 21 663 91 389 86 05 VictoriaGorton 53 34 49 834 46 66 43 587 93 421 77 34 VictoriaGrayndler 79 89 73 208 20 11 18 429 91 637 85 10 New South WalesGreenway 46 36 38 016 53 64 43 980 81 996 76 50 New South WalesGrey 53 31 40 811 46 69 35 750 76 561 75 21 South AustraliaGriffith 76 60 69 171 23 40 21 132 90 303 81 80 QueenslandGroom 49 16 40 536 50 84 41 915 82 451 79 97 QueenslandHasluck 62 41 47 880 37 59 28 836 76 716 79 72 Western AustraliaHerbert 62 85 48 110 37 15 28 441 76 551 72 13 QueenslandHiggins 78 34 70 059 21 66 19 375 89 434 84 36 VictoriaHindmarsh 63 29 57 947 36 71 33 613 91 560 81 72 South AustraliaHinkler 50 69 40 649 49 31 39 548 80 197 78 21 QueenslandHolt 50 68 47 147 49 32 45 875 93 022 76 75 VictoriaHotham 59 60 47 986 40 40 32 524 80 510 80 37 VictoriaHughes 58 41 51 337 41 59 36 558 87 895 83 79 New South WalesHume 58 57 51 284 41 43 36 271 87 555 78 91 New South WalesHunter 64 38 59 137 35 62 32 723 91 860 78 48 New South WalesIndi 63 09 54 563 36 91 31 925 86 488 82 09 VictoriaIsaacs 65 33 56 645 34 67 30 063 86 708 80 78 VictoriaJagajaga 73 51 65 098 26 49 23 453 88 551 85 25 VictoriaKennedy 46 74 33 160 53 26 37 784 70 944 70 50 QueenslandKingsford Smith 64 11 56 297 35 89 31 510 87 807 79 72 New South WalesKingston 68 10 58 863 31 90 27 567 86 430 80 67 South AustraliaKooyong 73 67 63 592 26 33 22 729 86 321 85 95 VictoriaLa Trobe 67 45 61 807 32 55 29 826 91 633 82 87 VictoriaLalor 56 78 57 062 43 22 43 429 100 491 77 00 VictoriaLeichhardt 63 37 47 750 36 63 27 606 75 356 67 84 QueenslandLilley 67 66 59 991 32 34 28 671 88 662 81 44 QueenslandLindsay 56 17 49 071 43 83 38 295 87 366 76 47 New South WalesLingiari 54 48 19 026 45 52 15 898 34 924 50 13 Northern TerritoryLongman 60 43 51 268 39 57 33 576 84 844 77 82 QueenslandLyne 55 31 51 416 44 69 41 539 92 955 81 32 New South WalesLyons 58 70 35 894 41 30 25 258 61 152 78 09 TasmaniaMacarthur 52 05 43 323 47 95 39 907 83 230 75 37 New South WalesMackellar 68 01 62 350 31 99 29 330 91 680 84 00 New South WalesMacquarie 63 87 56 180 36 13 31 778 87 958 82 67 New South WalesMakin 60 44 51 547 39 56 33 743 85 290 79 55 South AustraliaMallee 54 28 42 495 45 72 35 795 78 290 78 76 VictoriaMaranoa 43 91 35 475 56 09 45 308 80 783 78 25 QueenslandMaribyrnong 59 87 53 208 40 13 35 658 88 866 78 97 VictoriaMayo 64 74 57 361 35 26 31 247 88 608 83 75 South AustraliaMcEwen 65 39 73 705 34 61 39 007 112 712 80 75 VictoriaMcMahon 35 07 29 146 64 93 53 967 83 113 77 85 New South WalesMcMillan 62 75 61 479 37 25 36 500 97 979 81 45 VictoriaMcPherson 65 48 54 034 34 52 28 486 82 520 78 09 QueenslandMelbourne 83 69 81 287 16 31 15 839 97 126 82 84 VictoriaMelbourne Ports 81 97 70 589 18 03 15 523 86 112 82 16 VictoriaMenzies 56 95 47 137 43 05 35 626 82 763 84 06 VictoriaMitchell 49 10 42 112 50 90 43 652 85 764 81 56 New South WalesMoncrieff 63 78 50 566 36 22 28 717 79 283 75 91 QueenslandMoore 67 99 56 690 32 01 26 690 83 380 83 17 Western AustraliaMoreton 60 92 47 418 39 08 30 413 77 831 79 59 QueenslandMurray 57 62 48 205 42 38 35 452 83 657 79 58 VictoriaNew England 52 52 44 608 47 48 40 324 84 932 76 91 New South WalesNewcastle 74 78 71 158 25 22 23 999 95 157 82 69 New South WalesNorth Sydney 71 79 64 813 28 21 25 473 90 286 83 76 New South WalesO Connor 56 17 43 554 43 83 33 987 77 541 75 73 Western AustraliaOxley 60 33 44 655 39 67 29 365 74 020 76 08 QueenslandPage 59 72 55 943 40 28 37 727 93 670 78 56 New South WalesParkes 52 74 41 408 47 26 37 108 78 516 72 56 New South WalesParramatta 38 38 29 299 61 62 47 038 76 337 74 82 New South WalesPaterson 65 52 60 915 34 48 32 059 92 974 79 35 New South WalesPearce 63 89 54 305 36 11 30 699 85 004 76 35 Western AustraliaPerth 71 46 57 510 28 54 22 967 80 477 80 55 Western AustraliaPetrie 61 64 53 144 38 36 33 067 86 211 78 75 QueenslandPort Adelaide 61 30 53 649 38 70 33 869 87 518 76 31 South AustraliaRankin 54 56 41 570 45 44 34 621 76 191 74 53 QueenslandReid 52 73 43 567 47 27 39 061 82 628 77 69 New South WalesRichmond 67 87 62 591 32 13 29 625 92 216 80 28 New South WalesRiverina 54 63 47 333 45 37 39 308 86 641 77 22 New South WalesRobertson 65 72 58 689 34 28 30 614 89 303 81 42 New South WalesRyan 72 66 64 967 27 34 24 451 89 418 84 67 QueenslandScullin 53 37 48 245 46 63 42 147 90 392 79 91 VictoriaShortland 67 67 62 455 32 33 29 836 92 291 82 47 New South WalesSolomon 65 26 29 660 34 74 15 792 45 452 66 81 Northern TerritoryStirling 61 11 47 225 38 89 30 060 77 285 78 40 Western AustraliaSturt 61 57 52 308 38 43 32 655 84 963 81 45 South AustraliaSwan 64 66 49 093 35 34 26 830 75 923 77 69 Western AustraliaSydney 83 67 76 144 16 33 14 860 91 004 80 49 New South WalesTangney 61 63 48 338 38 37 30 090 78 428 84 04 Western AustraliaWakefield 61 00 52 636 39 00 33 649 86 285 75 69 South AustraliaWannon 61 01 49 340 38 99 31 529 80 869 81 39 VictoriaWarringah 75 01 64 999 24 99 21 660 86 659 83 93 New South WalesWatson 30 36 24 915 69 64 57 160 82 075 76 96 New South WalesWentworth 80 85 69 279 19 15 16 410 85 689 82 57 New South WalesWerriwa 36 26 30 252 63 74 53 174 83 426 74 08 New South WalesWhitlam 62 27 57 562 37 73 34 879 92 441 80 08 New South WalesWide Bay 55 65 46 507 44 35 37 065 83 572 79 49 QueenslandWills 69 95 68 450 30 05 29 399 97 849 82 95 VictoriaWright 56 81 47 109 43 19 35 812 82 921 78 98 QueenslandDemographic factors Edit Australia s 150 electorates plotted between survey responses and selected demographic characteristics derived from 2016 Australian census A majority of survey participants returned affirmative responses in 133 electorates The 17 electorates with majority negative responses were predominantly in Western Sydney 12 electorates as well as rural Queensland three electorates and outer suburban Melbourne two electorates Defying a national trend in New South Wales country participants were more likely to vote yes than their city counterparts 249 Most electorates either swung heavily in favour or against same sex marriage There were only 25 electorates in which the result was between 45 and 55 per cent In contrast 41 electorates at the 2016 Australian federal election had two party preferred results within the same degree of margin 5 per cent At the 2013 election 49 electorates were as approximately close 250 The heavy concentration of negative responses in working class multicultural Western Sydney led to speculation about what were the underlying economic and demographic factors The Guardian noted that the portion of persons holding religious beliefs in an electorate was one of the strongest factors calculating a 0 8 correlation between religion and responding affirmatively Islam followed by Oriental Orthodox and Catholicism were the strongest predictors of negative responses Affirmative responses were correlated to income and education and to a lesser extent being born in Australia 251 There was a higher percentage of responses to the survey from 18 and 19 year olds than any other age group under 45 despite concerns during the survey period that this group would be disenfranchised 252 Aftermath EditMarriage Amendment Act Edit Main article Marriage Amendment Definition and Religious Freedoms Act 2017 Several hours after the results of the survey were released Senator Dean Smith introduced the Marriage Amendment Definition and Religious Freedoms Bill 2017 into the Australian Senate 253 The bill amended the definition of marriage in the Marriage Act to recognise a union of 2 people 254 which would enable same sex marriage 253 The bill drafted by Liberal Senator James Paterson which would have extended further protections and exemptions for people opposed to same sex marriage was dropped with the Senator and several conservative MPs instead deciding to offer amendments to the Smith bill during parliamentary debate 255 There was some unresolved disagreement by politicians who advocated for a No result as to whether further religious protections should be added to the Smith bill as an amendment at this time or whether a later bill for this purpose should be considered 256 The bill passed the Senate by 43 votes to 12 on 29 November 2017 with none of the amendments providing further protections and exemptions being accepted 257 Openly gay MP and same sex marriage advocate Tim Wilson proposed in Parliament to his partner Ryan Bolger who was in the public gallery 258 Bolger accepted Wilson s proposal It was the first known engagement on the floor of the House of Representatives 258 The bill passed the House of Representatives without amendment on 7 December 2017 4 It received royal assent on 8 December 2017 and came into effect the following day 259 Existing same sex marriages performed outside Australia have been recognized from 9 December while new marriages required one month s notice and so began from 9 January 2018 260 261 Several couples successfully applied for an exemption from the notice period 262 and the first legal same sex wedding under Australian law was held on 15 December 2017 with further weddings occurring the following day 263 264 Democratic representation Edit The survey revealed differences between the views of some MPs and the majority of their constituents on this issue Several Labor MPs in Western Sydney electorates recommitted to voting in favour of same sex marriage legislation despite majority No votes among their constituents Labor Senator Sam Dastyari acknowledged this issue noting there was a huge disconnect of views on same sex marriage within traditionally Labor held seats in Western Sydney 265 266 Similarly several Liberal MPs and Senators said they would vote No irrespective of the result in their electorate or state 267 268 269 Reactions Edit Alex Greenwich of the Yes campaign stated the survey results represented a level of unprecedented support and momentum that has exceeded the expectations not just of this campaign but any campaign in our history 270 Spokesperson for the No campaign and the Coalition for Marriage Lyle Shelton said it was a disappointing result but he accepted and respected the verdict of the people Tony Abbott said the Parliament should respect the result 271 Speaking immediately after the survey results were released Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull called the outcome overwhelming and recommitted to passing same sex marriage legislation in the Parliament before Christmas 272 Opposition Leader Bill Shorten shared that commitment and called on conservative MPs in the government to respect the will of the people and not attempt any delaying tactics in the parliament 273 The verdict announcement was watched and celebrated by tens of thousands of Yes supporters in capital cities In Melbourne several thousand people gathered outside the State Library of Victoria to watch the results before celebrations began in Melbourne s Lygon Street that evening 274 The huge Yes vote in Victoria prompted Premier Daniel Andrews to label the result reflective of Victoria s reputation as the most progressive state in the nation 275 A large crowd also descended on Prince Alfred Park in Sydney for the announcement which included high profile figures Magda Szubanski and Ian Thorpe in attendance 276 Reflecting on the atmosphere in Sydney local newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald claimed the results reflected a momentous civil rights milestone for Australia 276 Smaller crowds also gathered in several locations in Canberra Adelaide and Perth to celebrate the result 277 278 279 In Canberra capital city of the Australian Capital Territory the jurisdiction with the highest Yes vote in the country the results were celebrated festively into the night as thousands of people forced the closure of Lonsdale Street in the city Labor Party Senator Penny Wong s appearance onstage at the event drew thunderous applause from a crowd of thousands 280 The results were welcomed by many representatives of Australia s business community Among the highest profile of them was Qantas CEO Alan Joyce who called it an amazing outcome and we should all be very proud of this amazing country an observation shared by leaders of corporate bodies Telstra and ANZ Bank 281 Businesses related to the wedding industry such as florists bakers and others were poised to reap the benefit of what some projected to be a multi billion dollar boost to the industry over the following 12 months 282 The social media coverage of the results announcement was so immense that with more than 4000 tweets sent every second during the peak of the day the survey results trend was more than 10 times as popular as Australia s race that stops the nation the Melbourne Cup 283 In celebration of the Yes vote a Sydney based visual artist painted a large light hearted mural 284 on the wall of the Botany View Hotel Newtown depicting Tony Abbott with his hand down the pants of Cardinal George Pell 285 The mural was later defaced and painted over in black paint The visual artist said he planned to leave the defaced mural as it was stating when you re making public art the reaction is important the reaction is needed 286 Archbishop Denis Hart of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne issued a statement on behalf of the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference saying the results did not change the church s understandings of marriage and noting the 4 8 million Australians who voted No should have their concerns recognised by putting in place strong conscience and religious freedom protections 287 These sentiments were shared by the leaders of the Anglican Church of Australia 288 Reflecting on the heavily concentrated No vote prominent in Western Sydney electorates Keysar Trad former president of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils labelled it heartening and praised the role of faith leaders in both the Muslim and Christian communities in the region 289 Being born overseas has been noted to correlate with a No response and religious belief to correlate even more strongly 290 Social progressives received criticism for allegedly ignoring the No vote among Islamic communities though a Guardian blog argued that religion was connected with the No vote 291 292 World leaders to congratulate Australia for the result included Nicola Sturgeon First Minister of Scotland Justin Trudeau Prime Minister of Canada and Theresa May Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 293 294 The survey ran more than 40 million under its projected budget of 122 million 295 Greens leader Richard Di Natale wrote to the Prime Minister requesting that some of the unused funds be redirected to mental health and other support services for LGBT Australians hurt by the campaign 239 The survey added 26 3 million in revenue to Australia Post 296 Mental health impact Edit A 2019 University of Sydney study found that the same sex marriage debate led to elevated psychological distress for lesbian gay and bisexual people during the survey period including increased levels of depression anxiety and stress 297 298 The research also found that same sex attracted Australians benefitted from public displays of support from family and friends which increased their resilience during the process 298 Another 2019 study conducted for the Australia Institute similarly found that the marriage equality debate represented an acute external minority stress event that had measurable negative impacts on mental health of LGBTIQ people and their allies 299 See also Edit Australia portal LGBT portal Society portalLGBT rights in AustraliaOther same sex marriage referendums Edit 2016 Bermudian same sex union and marriage referendum 2013 Croatian constitutional referendum Irish same sex marriage referendum 2015 2015 Slovak same sex marriage referendum 2015 Slovenian same sex marriage referendum 2021 Swiss same sex marriage referendum 2022 Cuban Family Code referendum United States Maine 2009 Maine same sex marriage referendum 2012 Maine same sex marriage referendum 2012 Maryland same sex marriage referendum 2012 Washington same sex marriage referendumNotes Edit a b c d e f g Among respondents who voted already Among all respondents whether they had voted already or not a b c Among respondents who have not yet voted 21 of respondents refused to answer the question or declared no intention to vote The Yes figure is a combination of people who say they have already voted yes 64 3 and people who say they still intend to vote yes 6 The No figure is a combination of people who say they have already voted no 15 5 and people who say they still intend to vote no 5 7 An additional 5 7 say that they do not intend to vote and 2 8 say they have not received a survey form 17 of respondents said they had not voted and 4 were uncommitted 14 of respondents said they had not voted The undecided number included 5 who say they may or may not participate and 2 who are uncommitted The poll asked respondents if they were very likely somewhat likely somewhat unlikely or very unlikely to participate in the survey and did not give an option of being undecided The undecided number included 9 who say they may or may not participate and 3 who are uncommitted References Edit a b Report on the conduct of the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey PDF Australian Bureau of Statistics 30 January 2018 Archived from the original PDF on 1 February 2018 Refer to page 56 of the report a b c d e About Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey Australian Bureau of Statistics 12 September 2017 Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 a b c Results Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey Australian Bureau of Statistics 15 November 2017 Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 a b Same sex marriage bill passes House of Representatives paving way for first gay weddings ABC News 7 December 2017 Barlow Karen 10 August 2017 Marriage Equality Proponents Are Considering A Boycott Which Would Let The No Case Win Huffington Post Australia Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 Retrieved 12 September 2017 The definition is found in Hyde v Hyde 1866 L R 1 P amp D 130 Marriage Amendment Act 2004 comlaw gov au Elphick Liam Do same sex couples really have the same rights as married couples SBS News Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 Retrieved 15 September 2017 Fact check Do same sex couples in a settled domestic relationship have the same rights as married couples Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3 October 2017 Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 Retrieved 7 October 2017 Advisory report on the Marriage Equality Amendment Bill 2012 and Marriage Amendment Bill 2012 Chapter 3 Values in Australian society Parliament of Australia 18 June 2012 Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 Retrieved 16 September 2017 Michael Koziol 3 July 2016 Election 2016 Same sex marriage plebiscite hanging by a thread Fairfax Media The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 Senior Australian MP calls for gay marriage referendum BBC News 25 August 2015 Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 Retrieved 30 September 2017 Lane Sainty 20 October 2016 The Marriage Equality Plebiscite Bill Has Passed The House Of Representatives BuzzFeed News Archived from the original on 12 February 2017 Marriage equality plebiscite bill voted down in Senate Guardian 7 November 2016 Archived from the original on 7 November 2016 Knott Matthew 22 March 2017 Peter Dutton working behind the scenes to legislate same sex marriage before CEO spray The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 19 May 2017 Retrieved 31 August 2017 Knott Matthew 23 March 2017 Same sex marriage Peter Dutton confirms push for a postal vote plebiscite The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 5 September 2017 Retrieved 5 September 2017 Koziol Michael 17 November 2017 The young staffer who saved the postal survey and gave Australia marriage equality The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 11 March 2018 Spagnolo Joe 6 August 2017 Same sex marriage WA Liberal senator Dean Smith to defy Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull with bill Perth Now Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 Retrieved 6 August 2017 a b Same sex marriage Malcolm Turnbull sets date for 122m postal vote as doomed plebiscite heads to the Senate ABC News 8 August 2017 Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 Same sex marriage High Court challenge to be lodged against postal vote SBS News 9 August 2017 Census and Statistics Statistical Information Direction 2017 Federal Register of Legislation 9 August 2017 Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 Explanatory Statement Census and Statistics Statistical Information Direction 2017 Federal Register of Legislation 9 August 2017 Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 What is the High Court challenge to the same sex marriage postal poll all about ABC News 13 August 2017 Archived from the original on 13 August 2017 Retrieved 13 August 2017 Press Conference with Senator the Hon Mathias Cormann Acting Special Minister of State Prime Minister of Australia Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 Retrieved 10 August 2017 Louise Yaxley 11 August 2017 Same sex marriage Labor to hold PM responsible for every hurtful bit of filth debate will unleash ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 Retrieved 26 August 2017 Koziol Michael 7 September 2017 Turnbull government discussing ways to hold postal survey even if it is rejected by High Court The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 7 September 2017 Retrieved 7 September 2017 AEC s online enrolment check facility online and available Australian Electoral Commission Archived from the original on 14 August 2017 The electoral roll increased by 16 990 between 8 amp 14 August 215 863 enrolment update transactions also processed in this timeframe auspol AusElectoralCom Twitter com 14 August 2017 Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 Retrieved 15 August 2017 The electoral roll increased by 36 769 between 8 amp 20 August 434 026 enrolment update transactions also processed in this timeframe auspol AusElectoralCom Twitter com 20 August 2017 Archived from the original on 21 August 2017 Retrieved 21 August 2017 The electoral roll has increased by 54 545 between 8 amp 22 August 577 879 total enrolment transactions processed in this timeframe auspol AusElectoralCom 22 August 2017 Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 Retrieved 23 August 2017 16 million Australians enrolled the largest roll since federation Australian Electoral Commission Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 Retrieved 25 August 2017 Education Minister gives No campaigners dressing down for linking SSM to Safe Schools ABC News 30 August 2017 Archived from the original on 30 August 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 Enrolment processing for the marriage survey completed Australian Electoral Commission AEC Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2017 Infographic Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey Results PDF Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey 15 November 2017 Archived PDF from the original on 15 November 2017 a b Senate Standing Committees on Finance and Public Administration Arrangements for the postal survey www aph gov au Archived from the original on 16 February 2018 Report on the postal survey PDF Parliament of Australia 13 February 2018 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Today Retrieved 13 November 2017 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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