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Madsen machine gun

April 13, 2024

The Madsen is a light machine gun that Julius A. Rasmussen and Theodor Schouboe designed and proposed for adoption by Colonel Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen, the Danish Minister of War, and that the Royal Danish Army adopted in 1902. It was the world's first true light machine gun produced in quantity and Madsen was able to sell it in 12 calibres to over 34 countries. The gun saw extensive combat usage for over 100 years, with continued use in limited quantities worldwide into the 2010s.[5][6] The Madsen was produced by Compagnie Madsen A/S (later operating as Dansk Rekyl Riffel Syndikat A/S and then Dansk Industri Syndikat A/S).

Madsen machine gun
A Madsen light machine gun with spare magazine.
TypeLight machine gun
Place of originDenmark
Service history
In service1902–present
Used bySee Users
WarsRusso-Japanese War
Bambatha Rebellion
World War I
Russian Civil War
Mexican Revolution
Finnish Civil War
Warlord Era
Rif War
Constitutionalist Revolution[1]
Chaco War
Spanish Civil War
World War II
Indonesian National Revolution
Portuguese Colonial War
Football War
Militias-Comando Vermelho conflict[2]
Production history
DesignerJulius A. Rasmussen
Theodor Schouboe
Designed1896–1902
ManufacturerDansk Rekyl Riffel Syndikat A/S
Produced1902–1955
Specifications
Mass9.07 kg (20.00 lb)
Length1,143 mm (45.0 in)
Barrel length584 mm (23.0 in)
Cartridge8×58mmR Danish Krag[3]
7×57mm Mauser
6.5×55mm
6.5×53mmR
6.5×52mm Carcano
7.92×57mm Mauser
7.65×53mm Argentine
7.62×54mmR
8×50mmR Lebel
8×50mmR Mannlicher
Patrone 88
.303 British[4][page needed]
.30-06
7.62×51mm NATO
ActionMixed recoil-operated
Rate of fire450 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity870 m/s (2,854 ft/s) (6.5×55mm)
Feed system25, 30, and 40-round detachable box magazine
SightsRear V-notch and front post

Design details edit

 
Operating cycle of the Madsen

The design dates to 1880s, with the Danish Self Loading rifle M.1888 (Forsøgsrekylgevær; lit. 'trial recoil rifle'), being a precursor design. In 1883 Captain Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen (a Danish artillery officer), and Rustmester Rasmussen (a weapons technician at the Danish Arsenal), began working on a recoil-operated self-loading rifle; Madsen developed the idea and Rasmussen fabricated the actual weapons. The rifle used a non-removable stripper clip that used gravity to feed rounds to the action; when the gun was not in use one could fold the clip down to cover the opening. The rifle used the 8×58RD cartridge, first in black-powder and then in a much more powerful smokeless powder version. The design was not successful. An improved design in 1896 gave the rifle an enclosed, but still gravity-fed, magazine. This version saw some 50–60 rifles being produced, but they were only issued to the Danish navy for use by coastal fortifications troops.

Investors formed a company (the Dansk Riffel Syndikat; DRS), in 1898 to commercialise the rifle, and bought the patent rights from Madsen and Rasmussen in exchange for royalties on future production.[7] By this time Madsen had left the project to become Minister of War in Denmark.[8] In 1899 Lieutenant Jens Schouboe became the manager for the DRS, and a number of subsequent patents bear his name. Consequently, the Madsen rifle is sometimes referred to as the Schouboe rifle. In 1901 he patented the design for the Madsen machine gun. The original Madsen machine guns used black-powder cartridges that quickly jammed the action. However, once the design was tried with 6.5mm smokeless powder rounds it worked well.

The Madsen has a rather sophisticated and unique operating cycle. The machine gun uses a mixed recoil-operated locking system with a hinged bolt that is patterned after the lever-action Peabody Martini breechblock.[5] The recoil operation is part short and part long recoil. After firing a round to start the open bolt firing cycle, the initial recoil impulse drives the barrel, barrel extension, and bolt to the rear. A pin on the right side of the bolt moves backward in grooves in an operating cam plate mounted to the right side of the receiver. After 12.7 mm (0.5 in) of travel, the bolt is cammed upward, away from the breech (the "short" portion of the recoil system). The barrel and barrel extension continue to move rearward to a point slightly exceeding the combined overall length of the cartridge case and projectile (the long portion of the recoil system, responsible for the weapon's low rate of fire).

After the breech is exposed, an odd lever-type extractor/ejector, mounted under the barrel, pivots to the rear, extracts the empty case, and ejects it through the bottom of the receiver. The bolt's operating cam then forces the bolt face to pivot downward, aligning a cartridge feed groove in the left side of the bolt with the chamber. While the bolt and barrel are returning forward, a cartridge-rammer lever, mounted on the barrel extension, pivots forward, loading a fresh cartridge.

Operational use edit

Up to and including World War I edit

The Madsen was considered expensive to produce, but was known for its reliability. Thirty-four countries bought the gun, in a dozen different calibres, before and after World War I. They were used by all sides in the Mexican Revolution.[9]

In Britain, the Rexer Arms Company manufactured the Madsen without license from 1905.[10] The guns were known as the Rexer or DDRS[11] and exported worldwide.

The Imperial Russian Army bought 1,250 Madsens for the cavalry and deployed them during the Russo-Japanese War. The Imperial Russian Air Service used Madsens to equip their Morane-Saulnier G and Morane-Saulnier L monoplanes, and as its open bolt firing cycle made it difficult to fire through a propeller, the Madsen's gun mounting had to fire over the propeller.[12] The German Army deployed the Madsen in 7.92 mm calibre in 1914, arming infantry companies, mountain troops and later storm troopers.

China would acquire about 150 Madsens by 1913, and begin manufacturing a domestic copy at Guangdong Arsenal in 1909.[13]

Inter-war era edit

 
Norwegian soldiers in 1928, one carrying a Madsen machine gun.

Among the fighting forces with the Madsen in their arsenals in the immediate aftermath of World War I were the Czechoslovak Legions in Russia, fighting the Bolsheviks in Siberia.[14] The Madsen also saw service in China during the Warlord era.[15] By 1935, China would acquire roughly 300 Madsen machine guns, with under 100 of these being used for Malmö Flygindustri, SIAI, and Caproni aircraft.[13]

Paraguay bought the Madsen in the 1920s and early 1930s as that country quietly girded for war with Bolivia over mutual claims to the Gran Chaco region, and it served in the Paraguayan army in the Chaco War (1932–1935). Almost 400 were on hand when the war began, and the Paraguayans bought more as the war progressed.[16] Bolivia also fielded Madsens of the same calibre as Paraguay (7.65×53 Mauser) during the conflict.[6]

The Argentine Army detachment that protected neutrality along the border with Paraguay and Bolivia during the Chaco War used the Madsen in combat operations at least once in 1933 in the course of an engagement on the southern bank of the Pilcomayo river against members of the Maká tribe commanded by deserters who had looted a farm in Argentine soil, killing some of its inhabitants.[17]

Brazil first acquired Madsen machine gun prior to the war.[18] When Brazil acquired some 23 CV-35 tankettes from Italy in the late 1930s, it armed a majority of the vehicles with twin-mounted 7 mm Madsens.[19] In 1943, the Army planned to produce their own Madsen machine guns at the Laminação Nacional de Metais factory.[20]

World War II edit

 
Native Dutch East Indies soldier with a Madsen karabijnmitrailleur

In China, 3,300 Madsens were ordered by March 1940 for use in the Second Sino-Japanese War.[13]

Madsen machine guns were still in use in April–June 1940 as the Norwegian Army's standard light machine gun in the Norwegian Campaign, 3,500 M/22s in 6.5×55 Krag being available for the defence of Norway. By 1940 each Norwegian infantry squad had one Madsen machine gun, the Norwegians having previously grouped their Madsen in separate machine gun squads.[21][22] Each Norwegian infantry battalion had a standard complement of 36 Madsens, in addition to nine M/29 heavy machine guns. However, many Norwegian soldiers did not like the Madsen as it had a tendency to jam after only a few rounds in this calibre, leading to it gaining the nickname Jomfru Madsen (transl. Virgin Madsen).[23] The Germans used captured Madsens for second line units throughout the war, and Danish production continued for the German armed forces in the 8×58mmR Danish Krag calibre until 1942. The Danish Army did not retire their last Madsen until 1955.

It was standard equipment (in 6.5 mm) with the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) during the inter-war period until the surrender to the Japanese in 1942. The barrel was shortened in the late 1920s which made it lighter and it was mounted in the Army Model of the Braat Overvalwagen APC.[24] The Imperial Japanese Army used some after capturing them during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, evidently during the Guadalcanal campaign.[25]

Post-war edit

Ireland had a total of 24 Madsen machine guns, all in .303 calibre. They armed the Irish army's Landsverk L60 light tanks, Leyland Armoured Cars, Landsverk L180 armoured cars, and Dodge Armoured Cars. In the 1950s .30 Browning machine guns replaced the Madsens still in Irish service.[4][page needed]

Portuguese Colonial War edit

 
A Madsen machine gun (left) in a training camp of the National Liberation Front of Angola, in Zaire, 1973.

The Portuguese Army used Madsen machine guns during the Portuguese Colonial War of the 1960s and 1970s. Madsens served as temporary armament for Auto-Metralhadora-Daimler 4 × 4 Mod.F/64 armoured cars, which were Daimler Dingos modified with the addition of a turret-like structure.[26]

Continued use in Brazil edit

The Brazilian Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State used Madsens into the 21st Century. Although some of the Brazilian guns were captured from drug traffickers and pressed into service, the majority of the Brazilian police Madsens came from the Brazilian Army; in the 1930s they were commonly used in the wars against banditry in Northeast (bandit groups named cangaceiros)[citation needed]; these guns were originally 7x57mm Spanish Mauser weapons, later re-chambered to fit 7.62 mm NATO. Official sources state that the Brazilian army retired the Madsen machine gun in 1996. It was reported that plans were in place to retire the last Madsen guns in service with the Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State starting in 2008.[27] As of 2018, the Madsen was still used by the police.[28] It was favored by police for its reliability and intimidating sound.[29]

Users edit

 
A map with users of the Madsen machine gun former users in red

See also edit

References edit

Citations
  1. ^ Cotta, Francis Albert as trincheiras da mantiqueira: os embates da Brigada Sul na Revolução Constitucionalista
  2. ^ "Recent images of Rio's drug war". 4 October 2017.
  3. ^ Arma-Dania.
  4. ^ a b c Martin 2002.
  5. ^ a b c Kokalis 2001, pp. 15–16.
  6. ^ a b c d de Quesada 2011, p. 24.
  7. ^ Nielsen 2008, pp. 57–58.
  8. ^ Nielsen 2008, p. 58.
  9. ^ a b Jowett 2018, p. 44.
  10. ^ Marley 2014, p. 332.
  11. ^ Ballou 2008.
  12. ^ a b Kulikov 2013, pp. 13, 82.
  13. ^ a b c Bin.
  14. ^ a b Bullock 2009, p. 22.
  15. ^ a b Jowett 2013, pp. 128–129.
  16. ^ English 2007.
  17. ^ Golpe 1970, pp. 186–190.
  18. ^ Hilton 1982, p. 634.
  19. ^ Kirk 2003.
  20. ^ Hilton 1982, p. 661.
  21. ^ a b Holm 1987, p. 26.
  22. ^ Aalberg 2000, p. 10.
  23. ^ Jaklin 2006, p. 32.
  24. ^ a b Lohnstein 2018, p. 21.
  25. ^ YouTube 2023.
  26. ^ a b Abbott 2005, p. 7.
  27. ^ strategypage 2008.
  28. ^ YouTube 2018.
  29. ^ Dreyfus et al. 2008, p. 83.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Smith 1969, p. 342.
  31. ^ "Madsen M1924 Light Machine Gun Hungarian Weapons". www.hungariae.com. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  32. ^ Gander & Hogg 1995.
  33. ^ a b c d e Willbanks 2004.
  34. ^ Jaeger Platoon.
  35. ^ Vauvillier 2018, p. 32.
  36. ^ Barbaize.
  37. ^ Lugosi 2008, p. 382.
  38. ^ Warner, Phillip. Japanese Army of World War II. Osprey Publishing. p. 18.
  39. ^ Dambītis, Kārlis (2016). Latvijas armijas artilērija 1919.-1940.g.: Vieta bruņotajos spēkos, struktūra un uzdevumi [Artillery of the Latvian Army (1918–1940): structure, tasks and place in the Armed forces] (PhD thesis). University of Latvia. p. 225.
  40. ^ de Quesada 2015, p. 38.
  41. ^ Paterson 2006.
Bibliography
  • Aalberg, Geir (May–June 2000). "REFERENCE NOTES FOR SW" (PDF). View from the Trenches (31). Leicester. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  • Abbott, Peter (2005). Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–1974. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-85045-843-5.
  • Ballou, James L. (October 2008). "The Madsen Machine Gun Story". Small Arms Review. Vol. 12, no. 1.
  • Barbaize, Michel. "Les goums mixtes marocains et leurs armements. 1908–1956". Association La Koumia (in French). Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  • Bin, Shih. China's Small Arms of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) (2021 ed.). pp. 163–166. ISBN 979-8473557848.
  • Bullock, David (2009) [2007]. The Czech Legion 1914–1920. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-236-3.
  • de Quesada, Alejandro (2011). The Chaco War 1932–35 South America's greatest modern conflict. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-416-1.
  • de Quesada, Alejandro (20 January 2015). The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces. Men-at-Arms 498. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782007852.
  • Dreyfus, Pablo; Guedes, Luis Eduardo; Lessing, Ben; Bandeira, Antônio Rangel; Nascimento, Marcelo de Sousa; River, Patricia Silveira (2008). Small Arms in Rio de Janeiro: The Guns, the Buyback, and the Victims. Switzerland: Small Arms Survey. ISBN 978-2-8288-0102-1. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  • English, Adrian J. (31 January 2007). . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  • Gander, Terry J.; Hogg, Ian V. (May 1995). Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995/1996 (21st ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-1241-0.
  • Golpe, Néstor (1970). Calvario y muerte: revisión histórica militar; narraciones fortineras, 1917-1938 (in Spanish). Artes Gráficas "Armada Argentina".
  • Holm, Terje H. (1987). 1940 – igjen? (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norwegian Armed Forces Museum. ISBN 82-991167-2-4.
  • Hilton, Stanley E. (November 1982). "The Armed Forces and Industrialists in Modern Brazil: The Drive for Military Autonomy (1889-1954)". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 62 (4). Duke University Press: 629–673. doi:10.1215/00182168-62.4.629.
  • Jaklin, Asbjørn (2006). Nordfronten – Hitlers skjebneområde (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal. ISBN 978-82-05-34537-9.
  • Jowett, Philip (20 November 2013). China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949. General Military. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781782004073.
  • Jowett, Philip (28 June 2018). Latin American Wars 1900–1941: "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions. Men-at-Arms 519. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472826282.
  • Kirk, William A. Jr. (12 March 2003). . Tanks! Armoured Warfare Prior to 1946. Florida State University. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  • Kokalis, Peter (2001). Weapons Tests and Evaluations: The Best of Soldier Of Fortune. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1581601220.
  • Kulikov, Victor (2013). Russian Aces of World War 1. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-060-9.
  • Lohnstein, Marc (23 August 2018). Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936–42. Men-at-Arms 521. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472833754.
  • Lugosi, József (2008). "Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008". In Lugosi, József; Markó, György (eds.). Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-327-461-3.
  • Marley, David F. (2014). "Rexer light machine gun". Mexico at War: From the Struggle for Independence to the 21st-Century Drug Wars. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610694285 – via Google Books.
  • Martin, Karl (2002). Irish Army Vehicles: Transport and Armour Since 1922. Cahill Printers Ltd. ISBN 978-0954341305.
  • Nielsen, Bjørn A. (2008). Skøtt, Ole (ed.). "Den danske hærs rekylgeværer: System V.H.O. Madsen og J.A.N. Rasmussen". Vaabenhistoriske Aarsbøger (in Danish). 53. Devantier. ISSN 0108-707X.
  • Paterson, Hamish (June 2006). "The Natal Rebellion 1906: Some Military Perspectives". Military History Journal. 13 (5). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  • Smith, Joseph E. (1969). Small Arms of the World (11th ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. ISBN 9780811715669.
  • Vauvillier, François (July 2018). "Le nouvel armement en 7,5mm". Guerre, Blindés et Matériel (in French).
  • Willbanks, James H. (2004). Weapons and warfare – an illustrated history of their impact. ISBN 1-85109-480-6.
  • "FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: LIGHT MACHINEGUNS PART 2". jaegerplatoon.net. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  • "Weapons: Century Old LMGs Retire". jstrategypage.com. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  • . arma-dania.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  • Police rifles break down in the middle of the confrontation. Factual RJ (video). 8 February 2018. Event occurs at 10:00. Retrieved 5 January 2021 – via YouTube.
  • Fascinating Finds in a Guadalcanal Relic Museum. Factual RJ (video). 16 June 2023. Event occurs at 10:57. Retrieved 11 November 2023 – via YouTube.

Further reading edit

  • The Madsen Machine Rifle (PDF). Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Recoil Rifle Syndicate.
  • (in Russian) Семён Федосеев, "Российская карьера ружья-пулемёта «Мадсен»", Мастерружьё, 2010 issue 2 pp. 48–57, issue 3 pp. 58–64, and issue 6 pp. 42–51 (No. 155, 156 & 159). HTML version of the article: part 1, part 2, part 3

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Madsen machine gun.
  • Deactivated Guns on the Madsen. Retrieved 20 April 2007
  • Madsen Light Machine Gun. Retrieved 20 April 2007
  • . Retrieved 20 April 2007
  • Forgotten Weapons – Madsen Semiauto LMG
  • Animation showing the inner workings of the Madsen LMG

April 13, 2024
madsen, machine, madsen, light, machine, that, julius, rasmussen, theodor, schouboe, designed, proposed, adoption, colonel, vilhelm, herman, oluf, madsen, danish, minister, that, royal, danish, army, adopted, 1902, world, first, true, light, machine, produced,. The Madsen is a light machine gun that Julius A Rasmussen and Theodor Schouboe designed and proposed for adoption by Colonel Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen the Danish Minister of War and that the Royal Danish Army adopted in 1902 It was the world s first true light machine gun produced in quantity and Madsen was able to sell it in 12 calibres to over 34 countries The gun saw extensive combat usage for over 100 years with continued use in limited quantities worldwide into the 2010s 5 6 The Madsen was produced by Compagnie Madsen A S later operating as Dansk Rekyl Riffel Syndikat A S and then Dansk Industri Syndikat A S Madsen machine gunA Madsen light machine gun with spare magazine TypeLight machine gunPlace of originDenmarkService historyIn service1902 presentUsed bySee UsersWarsRusso Japanese WarBambatha RebellionWorld War IRussian Civil WarMexican RevolutionFinnish Civil WarWarlord EraRif WarConstitutionalist Revolution 1 Chaco WarSpanish Civil WarWorld War IIIndonesian National RevolutionPortuguese Colonial WarFootball WarMilitias Comando Vermelho conflict 2 Production historyDesignerJulius A RasmussenTheodor SchouboeDesigned1896 1902ManufacturerDansk Rekyl Riffel Syndikat A SProduced1902 1955SpecificationsMass9 07 kg 20 00 lb Length1 143 mm 45 0 in Barrel length584 mm 23 0 in Cartridge8 58mmR Danish Krag 3 7 57mm Mauser 6 5 55mm 6 5 53mmR 6 5 52mm Carcano 7 92 57mm Mauser 7 65 53mm Argentine 7 62 54mmR 8 50mmR Lebel 8 50mmR Mannlicher Patrone 88 303 British 4 page needed 30 06 7 62 51mm NATOActionMixed recoil operatedRate of fire450 rounds minMuzzle velocity870 m s 2 854 ft s 6 5 55mm Feed system25 30 and 40 round detachable box magazineSightsRear V notch and front post Contents 1 Design details 2 Operational use 2 1 Up to and including World War I 2 2 Inter war era 2 3 World War II 2 4 Post war 2 4 1 Portuguese Colonial War 2 4 2 Continued use in Brazil 3 Users 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDesign details editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Madsen machine gun news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Operating cycle of the MadsenThe design dates to 1880s with the Danish Self Loading rifle M 1888 Forsogsrekylgevaer lit trial recoil rifle being a precursor design In 1883 Captain Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen a Danish artillery officer and Rustmester Rasmussen a weapons technician at the Danish Arsenal began working on a recoil operated self loading rifle Madsen developed the idea and Rasmussen fabricated the actual weapons The rifle used a non removable stripper clip that used gravity to feed rounds to the action when the gun was not in use one could fold the clip down to cover the opening The rifle used the 8 58RD cartridge first in black powder and then in a much more powerful smokeless powder version The design was not successful An improved design in 1896 gave the rifle an enclosed but still gravity fed magazine This version saw some 50 60 rifles being produced but they were only issued to the Danish navy for use by coastal fortifications troops Investors formed a company the Dansk Riffel Syndikat DRS in 1898 to commercialise the rifle and bought the patent rights from Madsen and Rasmussen in exchange for royalties on future production 7 By this time Madsen had left the project to become Minister of War in Denmark 8 In 1899 Lieutenant Jens Schouboe became the manager for the DRS and a number of subsequent patents bear his name Consequently the Madsen rifle is sometimes referred to as the Schouboe rifle In 1901 he patented the design for the Madsen machine gun The original Madsen machine guns used black powder cartridges that quickly jammed the action However once the design was tried with 6 5mm smokeless powder rounds it worked well The Madsen has a rather sophisticated and unique operating cycle The machine gun uses a mixed recoil operated locking system with a hinged bolt that is patterned after the lever action Peabody Martini breechblock 5 The recoil operation is part short and part long recoil After firing a round to start the open bolt firing cycle the initial recoil impulse drives the barrel barrel extension and bolt to the rear A pin on the right side of the bolt moves backward in grooves in an operating cam plate mounted to the right side of the receiver After 12 7 mm 0 5 in of travel the bolt is cammed upward away from the breech the short portion of the recoil system The barrel and barrel extension continue to move rearward to a point slightly exceeding the combined overall length of the cartridge case and projectile the long portion of the recoil system responsible for the weapon s low rate of fire After the breech is exposed an odd lever type extractor ejector mounted under the barrel pivots to the rear extracts the empty case and ejects it through the bottom of the receiver The bolt s operating cam then forces the bolt face to pivot downward aligning a cartridge feed groove in the left side of the bolt with the chamber While the bolt and barrel are returning forward a cartridge rammer lever mounted on the barrel extension pivots forward loading a fresh cartridge Operational use editUp to and including World War I edit The Madsen was considered expensive to produce but was known for its reliability Thirty four countries bought the gun in a dozen different calibres before and after World War I They were used by all sides in the Mexican Revolution 9 In Britain the Rexer Arms Company manufactured the Madsen without license from 1905 10 The guns were known as the Rexer or DDRS 11 and exported worldwide The Imperial Russian Army bought 1 250 Madsens for the cavalry and deployed them during the Russo Japanese War The Imperial Russian Air Service used Madsens to equip their Morane Saulnier G and Morane Saulnier L monoplanes and as its open bolt firing cycle made it difficult to fire through a propeller the Madsen s gun mounting had to fire over the propeller 12 The German Army deployed the Madsen in 7 92 mm calibre in 1914 arming infantry companies mountain troops and later storm troopers China would acquire about 150 Madsens by 1913 and begin manufacturing a domestic copy at Guangdong Arsenal in 1909 13 Inter war era edit nbsp Norwegian soldiers in 1928 one carrying a Madsen machine gun Among the fighting forces with the Madsen in their arsenals in the immediate aftermath of World War I were the Czechoslovak Legions in Russia fighting the Bolsheviks in Siberia 14 The Madsen also saw service in China during the Warlord era 15 By 1935 China would acquire roughly 300 Madsen machine guns with under 100 of these being used for Malmo Flygindustri SIAI and Caproni aircraft 13 Paraguay bought the Madsen in the 1920s and early 1930s as that country quietly girded for war with Bolivia over mutual claims to the Gran Chaco region and it served in the Paraguayan army in the Chaco War 1932 1935 Almost 400 were on hand when the war began and the Paraguayans bought more as the war progressed 16 Bolivia also fielded Madsens of the same calibre as Paraguay 7 65 53 Mauser during the conflict 6 The Argentine Army detachment that protected neutrality along the border with Paraguay and Bolivia during the Chaco War used the Madsen in combat operations at least once in 1933 in the course of an engagement on the southern bank of the Pilcomayo river against members of the Maka tribe commanded by deserters who had looted a farm in Argentine soil killing some of its inhabitants 17 Brazil first acquired Madsen machine gun prior to the war 18 When Brazil acquired some 23 CV 35 tankettes from Italy in the late 1930s it armed a majority of the vehicles with twin mounted 7 mm Madsens 19 In 1943 the Army planned to produce their own Madsen machine guns at the Laminacao Nacional de Metais factory 20 World War II edit nbsp Native Dutch East Indies soldier with a Madsen karabijnmitrailleurIn China 3 300 Madsens were ordered by March 1940 for use in the Second Sino Japanese War 13 Madsen machine guns were still in use in April June 1940 as the Norwegian Army s standard light machine gun in the Norwegian Campaign 3 500 M 22s in 6 5 55 Krag being available for the defence of Norway By 1940 each Norwegian infantry squad had one Madsen machine gun the Norwegians having previously grouped their Madsen in separate machine gun squads 21 22 Each Norwegian infantry battalion had a standard complement of 36 Madsens in addition to nine M 29 heavy machine guns However many Norwegian soldiers did not like the Madsen as it had a tendency to jam after only a few rounds in this calibre leading to it gaining the nickname Jomfru Madsen transl Virgin Madsen 23 The Germans used captured Madsens for second line units throughout the war and Danish production continued for the German armed forces in the 8 58mmR Danish Krag calibre until 1942 The Danish Army did not retire their last Madsen until 1955 It was standard equipment in 6 5 mm with the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army KNIL during the inter war period until the surrender to the Japanese in 1942 The barrel was shortened in the late 1920s which made it lighter and it was mounted in the Army Model of the Braat Overvalwagen APC 24 The Imperial Japanese Army used some after capturing them during the Dutch East Indies Campaign evidently during the Guadalcanal campaign 25 Post war edit Ireland had a total of 24 Madsen machine guns all in 303 calibre They armed the Irish army s Landsverk L60 light tanks Leyland Armoured Cars Landsverk L180 armoured cars and Dodge Armoured Cars In the 1950s 30 Browning machine guns replaced the Madsens still in Irish service 4 page needed Portuguese Colonial War edit nbsp A Madsen machine gun left in a training camp of the National Liberation Front of Angola in Zaire 1973 The Portuguese Army used Madsen machine guns during the Portuguese Colonial War of the 1960s and 1970s Madsens served as temporary armament for Auto Metralhadora Daimler 4 4 Mod F 64 armoured cars which were Daimler Dingos modified with the addition of a turret like structure 26 Continued use in Brazil edit The Brazilian Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State used Madsens into the 21st Century Although some of the Brazilian guns were captured from drug traffickers and pressed into service the majority of the Brazilian police Madsens came from the Brazilian Army in the 1930s they were commonly used in the wars against banditry in Northeast bandit groups named cangaceiros citation needed these guns were originally 7x57mm Spanish Mauser weapons later re chambered to fit 7 62 mm NATO Official sources state that the Brazilian army retired the Madsen machine gun in 1996 It was reported that plans were in place to retire the last Madsen guns in service with the Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State starting in 2008 27 As of 2018 the Madsen was still used by the police 28 It was favored by police for its reliability and intimidating sound 29 Users edit nbsp A map with users of the Madsen machine gun former users in red nbsp Argentina Models of 1910 1925 1926 1931 and 1935 mostly in 7 65 53mm Mauser 30 nbsp Austria citation needed nbsp Austria Hungary 632 bought from Denmark in 1914 31 nbsp Bolivia 6 Model of 1925 in 7 65 Mauser 30 nbsp Brazil 32 page needed Models of 1908 1913 1916 1925 1928 1932 1934 1935 and 1936 in 7 57mm Mauser and Model 1946 in 30 06 30 nbsp Bulgaria 33 page needed Models of 1915 and 1927 in 8 50mmR Mannlicher 30 nbsp Colombia citation needed nbsp Czechoslovakia 14 M1922 and M1923 in 7 92 Mauser 30 Czechoslovak Legions nbsp Chile Models of 1923 1925 1926 1928 and 1940 most in 7mm Mauser Model 1946 in caliber 30 06 30 nbsp Republic of China Madsen M1916 Rexer 15 M1930 and M1937 variants all in 7 92 Mauser 30 nbsp Qing Empire M1904 nbsp Denmark M1904 M1916 M1919 M1924 M1939 in 8 58mmR and M1948 in 30 06 30 nbsp El Salvador 5 M1934 in 7mm Mauser and M1951 in 30 06 30 nbsp Estonia M1925 and M1937 in 303 British 30 Bought Finnish surplus Madsens in 1937 nbsp Ethiopia M1907 M1910 M1934 and M1935 in 7 92 Mauser 30 nbsp Finland M1910 M1920 M1921 and M1923 in 7 62 54mmR 30 The M1920 was designated as 7 62 pk 20 A few Madsens were used in the Finnish Civil War and adopted in larger quantities by the army in 1926 retired and sold to Estonia in 1937 34 nbsp France 33 page needed 35 Models 1915 1919 1922 and 1924 in 8mm Lebel 30 nbsp French Morocco 36 nbsp German Empire nbsp Nazi Germany Models of 1941 and 1942 in 7 92mm 30 nbsp Honduras Models of 1937 and 1939 in 7mm 30 nbsp Hungary 37 nbsp Indonesia M1950 in 30 06 30 nbsp Ireland 4 page needed nbsp Italy 33 page needed Models of 1908 1910 1925 and 1930 in 6 5 52mm Carcano 30 nbsp Empire of Japan Captured from the Dutch East Indies 38 nbsp Latvia 3 pieces in stock of the Latvian Army by April 1936 39 nbsp Lithuania 33 page needed Model of 1923 in 7 92mm 30 nbsp Mexico 9 Models 1911 and 1934 in 7mm 30 nbsp Norway 21 Models of 1914 and 1918 in 6 5 55mm Swedish 30 nbsp Netherlands Models of 1919 1923 1926 1927 1934 1938 and 1939 in 6 5 53mmR 30 The model of 1915 was used by the KNIL as geweermitrailleur and karabijnmitrailleur for a shortened version modified in 1926 1927 24 nbsp Pakistan M1947 in 303 30 nbsp Paraguay M1916 in 7 65mm 30 6 nbsp Peru M1929 in 7 65mm 30 nbsp Poland Models of 1914 1918 1930 and 1936 nbsp Portugal 26 Models of 1930 1936 and 1952 in 303 and models of 1936 1940 and 1947 in 7 92mm 30 nbsp Russian Empire 12 Model 1904 and Model 1915 in 7 62 54mmR 30 nbsp Sao Paulo nbsp Spain M1907 and M1922 in 7mm 30 nbsp Spanish Republic 40 nbsp Sweden M1906 M1914 and M1921 in 6 5 55mm 30 nbsp Thailand Models of 1925 1930 1934 1939 1947 and 1949 in 8mm Siamese and Model 1951 in 30 06 30 nbsp Turkey M1925 1926 1935 and 1937 in 7 92mm 30 nbsp United Kingdom Models of 1915 1919 1929 1931 and 1939 in 303 British 30 nbsp Colony of Natal 27 Rexer machine guns were used during the Bambatha Rebellion 41 nbsp Uruguay M1937 in 7mm 30 nbsp Kingdom of Yugoslavia 33 page needed various models in 7 92 30 See also editBren Gun FM 24 29 Lahti Saloranta M 26 M1895 Colt Browning machine gun ZB vz 26 Chauchat M1918 BARReferences editCitations Cotta Francis Albert as trincheiras da mantiqueira os embates da Brigada Sul na Revolucao Constitucionalista Recent images of Rio s drug war 4 October 2017 Arma Dania a b c Martin 2002 a b c Kokalis 2001 pp 15 16 a b c d de Quesada 2011 p 24 Nielsen 2008 pp 57 58 Nielsen 2008 p 58 a b Jowett 2018 p 44 Marley 2014 p 332 Ballou 2008 a b Kulikov 2013 pp 13 82 a b c Bin a b Bullock 2009 p 22 a b Jowett 2013 pp 128 129 English 2007 Golpe 1970 pp 186 190 Hilton 1982 p 634 Kirk 2003 Hilton 1982 p 661 a b Holm 1987 p 26 Aalberg 2000 p 10 Jaklin 2006 p 32 a b Lohnstein 2018 p 21 YouTube 2023 a b Abbott 2005 p 7 strategypage 2008 YouTube 2018 Dreyfus et al 2008 p 83 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Smith 1969 p 342 Madsen M1924 Light Machine Gun Hungarian Weapons www hungariae com Retrieved 19 November 2022 Gander amp Hogg 1995 a b c d e Willbanks 2004 Jaeger Platoon Vauvillier 2018 p 32 Barbaize Lugosi 2008 p 382 Warner Phillip Japanese Army of World War II Osprey Publishing p 18 Dambitis Karlis 2016 Latvijas armijas artilerija 1919 1940 g Vieta brunotajos spekos struktura un uzdevumi Artillery of the Latvian Army 1918 1940 structure tasks and place in the Armed forces PhD thesis University of Latvia p 225 de Quesada 2015 p 38 Paterson 2006 BibliographyAalberg Geir May June 2000 REFERENCE NOTES FOR SW PDF View from the Trenches 31 Leicester Retrieved 25 May 2021 Abbott Peter 2005 Modern African Wars 2 Angola and Mozambique 1961 1974 Oxford Osprey Publishing p 7 ISBN 978 0 85045 843 5 Ballou James L October 2008 The Madsen Machine Gun Story Small Arms Review Vol 12 no 1 Barbaize Michel Les goums mixtes marocains et leurs armements 1908 1956 Association La Koumia in French Retrieved 4 July 2018 Bin Shih China s Small Arms of the 2nd Sino Japanese War 1937 1945 2021 ed pp 163 166 ISBN 979 8473557848 Bullock David 2009 2007 The Czech Legion 1914 1920 Oxford Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 84603 236 3 de Quesada Alejandro 2011 The Chaco War 1932 35 South America s greatest modern conflict Oxford Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 84908 416 1 de Quesada Alejandro 20 January 2015 The Spanish Civil War 1936 39 2 Republican Forces Men at Arms 498 Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1782007852 Dreyfus Pablo Guedes Luis Eduardo Lessing Ben Bandeira Antonio Rangel Nascimento Marcelo de Sousa River Patricia Silveira 2008 Small Arms in Rio de Janeiro The Guns the Buyback and the Victims Switzerland Small Arms Survey ISBN 978 2 8288 0102 1 Retrieved 5 January 2021 English Adrian J 31 January 2007 An Outline History of the Paraguayan Army Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Gander Terry J Hogg Ian V May 1995 Jane s Infantry Weapons 1995 1996 21st ed Jane s Information Group ISBN 978 0 7106 1241 0 Golpe Nestor 1970 Calvario y muerte revision historica militar narraciones fortineras 1917 1938 in Spanish Artes Graficas Armada Argentina Holm Terje H 1987 1940 igjen in Norwegian Oslo Norwegian Armed Forces Museum ISBN 82 991167 2 4 Hilton Stanley E November 1982 The Armed Forces and Industrialists in Modern Brazil The Drive for Military Autonomy 1889 1954 The Hispanic American Historical Review 62 4 Duke University Press 629 673 doi 10 1215 00182168 62 4 629 Jaklin Asbjorn 2006 Nordfronten Hitlers skjebneomrade in Norwegian Oslo Gyldendal ISBN 978 82 05 34537 9 Jowett Philip 20 November 2013 China s Wars Rousing the Dragon 1894 1949 General Military Osprey Publishing ISBN 9781782004073 Jowett Philip 28 June 2018 Latin American Wars 1900 1941 Banana Wars Border Wars amp Revolutions Men at Arms 519 Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1472826282 Kirk William A Jr 12 March 2003 Brazil Tanks Armoured Warfare Prior to 1946 Florida State University Archived from the original on 27 February 2009 Retrieved 21 June 2009 Kokalis Peter 2001 Weapons Tests and Evaluations The Best of Soldier Of Fortune Paladin Press ISBN 978 1581601220 Kulikov Victor 2013 Russian Aces of World War 1 Oxford Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 78096 060 9 Lohnstein Marc 23 August 2018 Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936 42 Men at Arms 521 Osprey Publishing ISBN 9781472833754 Lugosi Jozsef 2008 Gyalogsagi fegyverek 1868 2008 In Lugosi Jozsef Marko Gyorgy eds Hazank dicsosegere 160 eves a Magyar Honvedseg in Hungarian Budapest Zrinyi Kiado ISBN 978 963 327 461 3 Marley David F 2014 Rexer light machine gun Mexico at War From the Struggle for Independence to the 21st Century Drug Wars ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1610694285 via Google Books Martin Karl 2002 Irish Army Vehicles Transport and Armour Since 1922 Cahill Printers Ltd ISBN 978 0954341305 Nielsen Bjorn A 2008 Skott Ole ed Den danske haers rekylgevaerer System V H O Madsen og J A N Rasmussen Vaabenhistoriske Aarsboger in Danish 53 Devantier ISSN 0108 707X Paterson Hamish June 2006 The Natal Rebellion 1906 Some Military Perspectives Military History Journal 13 5 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Smith Joseph E 1969 Small Arms of the World 11th ed Harrisburg Pennsylvania The Stackpole Company ISBN 9780811715669 Vauvillier Francois July 2018 Le nouvel armement en 7 5mm Guerre Blindes et Materiel in French Willbanks James H 2004 Weapons and warfare an illustrated history of their impact ISBN 1 85109 480 6 FINNISH ARMY 1918 1945 LIGHT MACHINEGUNS PART 2 jaegerplatoon net Retrieved 11 November 2014 Weapons Century Old LMGs Retire jstrategypage com 7 April 2008 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Automatvaben arma dania dk in Danish Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Police rifles break down in the middle of the confrontation Factual RJ video 8 February 2018 Event occurs at 10 00 Retrieved 5 January 2021 via YouTube Fascinating Finds in a Guadalcanal Relic Museum Factual RJ video 16 June 2023 Event occurs at 10 57 Retrieved 11 November 2023 via YouTube Further reading editThe Madsen Machine Rifle PDF Copenhagen Denmark Danish Recoil Rifle Syndicate in Russian Semyon Fedoseev Rossijskaya karera ruzhya pulemyota Madsen Masterruzhyo 2010 issue 2 pp 48 57 issue 3 pp 58 64 and issue 6 pp 42 51 No 155 156 amp 159 HTML version of the article part 1 part 2 part 3External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Madsen machine gun Deactivated Guns on the Madsen Retrieved 20 April 2007 Madsen Light Machine Gun Retrieved 20 April 2007 The Madsen Light Machine Gun on the Eastern and Western Front 1914 17 Retrieved 20 April 2007 High resolution photo from Tojhusmuseet Copenhagen Forgotten Weapons Madsen Semiauto LMG Animation showing the inner workings of the Madsen LMG Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Madsen machine gun amp oldid 1215678825, wikipedia, wiki, book, 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