Madagascar spiny forests
The Madagascar spiny forests (also known as the Madagascar spiny thickets) is an ecoregion in the southwest of Madagascar. The vegetation type is found on poor substrates with low, erratic winter rainfall. The ecoregion contains an outstanding proportion of endemic plant species and is listed as one of the 200 most important ecological regions in the world; one of the Global 200.
| Madagascar spiny forests | |
|---|---|
Spiny forest at Ifaty, featuring various Adansonia (baobab) species, Alluaudia procera (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Afrotropical |
| Biome | Deserts and xeric shrublands |
| Borders | |
| Geography | |
| Area | 43,400 km2 (16,800 sq mi) |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Elevation | 55–200 metres (180–656 ft) |
| Coordinates | 24°54′S 44°12′E / 24.900°S 44.200°E |
| Geology | Limestone and red sand |
| Climate type | Hot desert climate (BWh) |
| Soil types | sandy |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | critical/endangered |
| Global 200 | yes |
| Protected | 8.31%[1] |
Flora edit
This is the area with the highest level of plant endemism in Madagascar, with 48% of the genera and 95% of the species endemic.[2] Many constituent plants show extreme adaptations to drought. Spiny plants of the endemic subfamily Didiereoideae form a conspicuous component, especially towards the east. They are woody but distantly related to the cacti. The remaining component of the forests is dominated by members of the plant families Burseraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Anacardiaceae and Fabaceae, all of which have representatives elsewhere.[3]
Fauna edit
Notable inhabitants of the spiny thickets include the spider tortoise (Pyxis arachnoides) and the radiated tortoise (Astrochelys radiata), the gecko Ebenavia maintimainty, several lemurs including Verreaux's sifaka, Grandidier's mongoose, and eight endemic birds.[3]
Conservation edit
8.31% of the ecoregion is in protected areas.[1] including Tsimanampetsotsa National Park, Berenty Reserve, Beza Mahafaly Reserve, and Cap Sainte Marie Special Reserve. Andohahela National Park offers limited protection through its 'parcel 3' section. Elsewhere the spiny forest habitat is under pressure from human exploitation. The main impacting activities are burning for conversion to grazing land, harvesting for charcoal and firewood, and logging for construction.[3] The Arboretum d'Antsokay is a botanical garden near Toliara dedicated to preserving the flora of the spiny forest.[4]
Gallery edit
As shown on the map on the right, Madagascar can be divided into four climatic ecoregions with four forest types: the moist forest in the East (green), the dry forest in the West (orange), the spiny forest in the South (red), and the mangrove forest on the West coast (blue). Ecoregions were defined following climatic [6] and vegetation criteria.[7] The dark grey areas represent the remaining natural forest cover for the year 2014. Forest types are defined on the basis of their belonging to one of the four ecoregions.[5]
- The Madagascar ocotillo, Alluaudia procera, named after the unrelated ocotillo
- The bottle tree, Moringa drouhardii, found mainly in the spiny forests
- A fat-tailed dwarf lemur of the spiny forests and succulent woodlands
- Verreaux's sifaka, a lemur species occurring, in part, in the spiny forests
- A ring-tailed lemur in Berenty Reserve, set in the spiny forests ecoregion
- Grandidier's mongoose, a range-restricted carnivore of the spiny forests
- The subdesert mesite, endemic to the spiny forests
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Madagascar spiny thickets. DOPA Explorer. Accessed 7 September 2022
- ^ Elmqvist T, Pyyko ̈nen M, Tengo ̈M, Rakotondrasoa F, Rabakonandrianina E, et al (2007) Patterns of Loss and Regeneration of Tropical DryForest in Madagascar: The Social Institutional Context. PLoS ONE 2(5): e402. doi:10.1371
- ^ a b c Crowley, H. (2004). "113 – Madagascar Spiny Thickets". In Burgess, N.; D'Amico Hales, J.; Underwood, E.; et al. (eds.). (PDF). World Wildlife Fund Ecoregion Assessments (2nd ed.). Washington D.C.: Island Press. pp. 415–417. ISBN 978-1559633642. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-01.
- ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International - Arboretum d'Antsokay
- ^ a b Vieilledent, Ghislain; Grinand, Clovis; Rakotomalala, Fety A.; Ranaivosoa, Rija; Rakotoarijaona, Jean-Roger; Allnutt, Thomas F.; Achard, Frédéric (2018). "Combining global tree cover loss data with historical national forest cover maps to look at six decades of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar". Biological Conservation. 222. Elsevier BV: 189–197. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.008. ISSN 0006-3207. Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ Cornet A. (1974) "Essai De Cartographie Bioclimatique à Madagascar", Tech. Rep, Orstom.
- ^ Ministère de l’Environnement (1996) "IEFN: Inventaire Ecologique Forestier National", Tech. Rep., Ministère De l’Environnement De Madagascar, Direction Des Eaux Et Forêts, DFS Deutsch Forest Service GmbH, Entreprise d’études de développement rural “Mamokatra”, FTM.
External links and bibliography edit
- For extent, fragmentation and intact sections, see: A refined classification of the primary vegetation of Madagascar based on the underlying geology, Du Puy and Moat, 1996.
- For dominant plant families, see: Structure and floristic composition of the vegetation in the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d’Andohahela, Madagascar, Rakotomalaza and Messmer, 1999.
- "Madagascar spiny thickets". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- Madagascar spiny thickets (Encyclopedia of the Earth)