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MVA-B

January 01, 1970

MVA-B, or Modified Vaccinia Ankara B, is an HIV vaccine created to give immune resistance to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. It was developed by a team of Spanish researchers at the Spanish National Research Council's Biotechnology National Centre headed by Dr. Mariano Esteban. The vaccine is based on the Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus used during the 1970s to help eradicate the smallpox virus. The B in the name "refers to HIV-B, the most common HIV subtype in Europe".[1] It has been stated by Dr. Esteban that, in the future, the vaccine could potentially reduce the virulence of HIV to a "minor chronic infection akin to herpes".[2]

History edit

Non-human testing edit

The vaccine was originally tested on a number of mice and macaque monkeys in 2008 against the Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and it was found to be successful in creating an immune system response to SIV infection.[1][3]

Phase I testing edit

The initial testing on human subjects was conducted on a testing pool of thirty HIV-free individuals. Six of the pool were given a placebo and had no results. Of the other twenty-four individuals, twenty-two exhibited a "very strong immunological response against the HIV virus", bringing the success rate of the testing to 92%. The immune reaction that the successful testers exhibited lasted for a period close to a year for 85% of the testers, who had no "significant secondary effects".[1] It was also shown that, from blood tests in the 48th week after administration of the vaccine, in 72.5% of the volunteers, "specific antibodies" had formed to combat possible HIV infection. Specifically, the blood tests revealed that the immune system production of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ T lymphocytes were at 38.5% and 69.2% each for the testers given the vaccine, while the amounts in the group given the placebo remained at 0%.[3][4]

The next step with the vaccine within Phase I testing is to conduct a trial with HIV-positive testers, in order to determine if there is a "therapeutical effect of the vaccine" on those already infected with the virus.[1] A randomized controlled trial was published in February of 2015 that involved 30 HIV infected patients, 20 given doses of MVA-B and 10 given a placebo, which showed that the vaccine was capable of increasing T cell response for Gag-specific T cells. This, however, did not improve immune responses in the long run or prevention of resurgence of viral loads after vaccine treatment was concluded.[5] A followup study published in October of 2017 showed that subsequent immunization with the vaccine in HIV positive patients that had received MVA-B four years prior saw a larger immune response and production of binding and neutralizing antibodies to HIV replication.[6]

Virology edit

In order to create the vaccine, researchers took the prior Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus and added four genes from the HIV genome, specifically those titled Gag, Pol, Nef and Env.[1] An improved version of the recombinant viral vector, which was titled MVA-B ΔA40R, was created and published in February of 2020 that included a deletion of the A40R gene in the vaccine genome. It is unknown what function the A40 protein has, other than it causing protein accumulation in the cell membrane, but deletion of it resulted in a vaccine that boosted transcription and expression levels of interferon (IFN)-β, IFN-induced genes, and chemokines in exposed macrophages.[7]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Jesus Diaz (September 28, 2011). "This 90 Percent Successful Vaccine May Be Our Best Chance to Eradicate AIDS". Gizmodo. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  2. ^ Stephen Adams (September 29, 2011). "HIV could be 'minor infection' with new vaccine". Irish Independent. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Gopalan T (September 28, 2011). "Promising Show By HIV Vaccine MVA-B In Clinical Trials". Medindia. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  4. ^ Ylva Mossing (September 29, 2011). "Vaccin gör HIV till "mindre infektion"". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  5. ^ Mothe B, et al. (February 26, 2015). "Safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia Ankara-based HIV-1 vaccine (MVA-B) in HIV-1-infected patients alone or in combination with a drug to reactivate latent HIV-1". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 70 (6): 1833–1842. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv046. PMID 25724985.
  6. ^ Guardo AC, et al. (October 24, 2017). "Safety and vaccine-induced HIV-1 immune responses in healthy volunteers following a late MVA-B boost 4 years after the last immunization". PLOS One. 12 (10): e0186602. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1286602C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186602. PMC 5655491. PMID 29065142.
  7. ^ Perez P, et al. (February 6, 2020). "Deletion of Vaccinia Virus A40R Gene Improves the Immunogenicity of the HIV-1 Vaccine Candidate MVA-B". Vaccines. 8 (1): 70. doi:10.3390/vaccines8010070. PMC 7158668. PMID 32041218.

Further reading edit

  • Juan García-Arriaza; José Luis Nájera; Carmen E. Gómez; Nolawit Tewabe; Carlos Oscar S. Sorzano; Thierry Calandra; Thierry Roger; Mariano Esteban (August 31, 2011). "A Candidate HIV/AIDS Vaccine (MVA-B) Lacking Vaccinia Virus Gene C6L Enhances Memory HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses". PLoS ONE. 6 (8). Public Library of Science: e24244. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624244G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024244. PMC 3164197. PMID 21909386.
  • Susana Guerra; José Manuel González; Núria Climent; Hugh Reyburn; Luis A. López-Fernández; José L. Nájera; Carmen E. Gómez; Felipe García; José M. Gatell; Teresa Gallart; Mariano Esteban (August 2010). "Selective Induction of Host Genes by MVA-B, a Candidate Vaccine against HIV/AIDS". Journal of Virology. 84 (16). American Society for Microbiology: 8141–8152. doi:10.1128/JVI.00749-10. PMC 2916545. PMID 20534857.
  • Mariano Esteban (December 2009). (PDF). Human Vaccines. 5 (12). Landes Bioscience: 867–871. doi:10.4161/hv.9693. PMID 19786840. S2CID 46108898. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-26. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  • Carmen Elena Gómez; Jose Luis Nájera; Eva Pérez Jiménez; Victoria Jiménez; Ralf Wagner; Marcus Graf; Marie-Joelle Frachette; Peter Liljeström; Giuseppe Pantaleo; Mariano Esteban (April 12, 2007). "Head-to-head comparison on the immunogenicity of two HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates based on the attenuated poxvirus strains MVA and NYVAC co-expressing in a single locus the HIV-1BX08 gp120 and HIV-1IIIB Gag-Pol-Nef proteins of clade B". Vaccine. 25 (15). Elsevier: 2863–2885. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.090. PMID 17113200.

January 01, 1970
modified, vaccinia, ankara, vaccine, created, give, immune, resistance, infection, human, immunodeficiency, virus, developed, team, spanish, researchers, spanish, national, research, council, biotechnology, national, centre, headed, mariano, esteban, vaccine, . MVA B or Modified Vaccinia Ankara B is an HIV vaccine created to give immune resistance to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus It was developed by a team of Spanish researchers at the Spanish National Research Council s Biotechnology National Centre headed by Dr Mariano Esteban The vaccine is based on the Modified vaccinia Ankara MVA virus used during the 1970s to help eradicate the smallpox virus The B in the name refers to HIV B the most common HIV subtype in Europe 1 It has been stated by Dr Esteban that in the future the vaccine could potentially reduce the virulence of HIV to a minor chronic infection akin to herpes 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Non human testing 1 2 Phase I testing 2 Virology 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingHistory editNon human testing edit The vaccine was originally tested on a number of mice and macaque monkeys in 2008 against the Simian immunodeficiency virus SIV and it was found to be successful in creating an immune system response to SIV infection 1 3 Phase I testing edit The initial testing on human subjects was conducted on a testing pool of thirty HIV free individuals Six of the pool were given a placebo and had no results Of the other twenty four individuals twenty two exhibited a very strong immunological response against the HIV virus bringing the success rate of the testing to 92 The immune reaction that the successful testers exhibited lasted for a period close to a year for 85 of the testers who had no significant secondary effects 1 It was also shown that from blood tests in the 48th week after administration of the vaccine in 72 5 of the volunteers specific antibodies had formed to combat possible HIV infection Specifically the blood tests revealed that the immune system production of CD4 T lymphocytes and CD8 T lymphocytes were at 38 5 and 69 2 each for the testers given the vaccine while the amounts in the group given the placebo remained at 0 3 4 The next step with the vaccine within Phase I testing is to conduct a trial with HIV positive testers in order to determine if there is a therapeutical effect of the vaccine on those already infected with the virus 1 A randomized controlled trial was published in February of 2015 that involved 30 HIV infected patients 20 given doses of MVA B and 10 given a placebo which showed that the vaccine was capable of increasing T cell response for Gag specific T cells This however did not improve immune responses in the long run or prevention of resurgence of viral loads after vaccine treatment was concluded 5 A followup study published in October of 2017 showed that subsequent immunization with the vaccine in HIV positive patients that had received MVA B four years prior saw a larger immune response and production of binding and neutralizing antibodies to HIV replication 6 Virology editIn order to create the vaccine researchers took the prior Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus and added four genes from the HIV genome specifically those titled Gag Pol Nef and Env 1 An improved version of the recombinant viral vector which was titled MVA B DA40R was created and published in February of 2020 that included a deletion of the A40R gene in the vaccine genome It is unknown what function the A40 protein has other than it causing protein accumulation in the cell membrane but deletion of it resulted in a vaccine that boosted transcription and expression levels of interferon IFN b IFN induced genes and chemokines in exposed macrophages 7 See also editAntiretroviral drugReferences edit a b c d e Jesus Diaz September 28 2011 This 90 Percent Successful Vaccine May Be Our Best Chance to Eradicate AIDS Gizmodo Retrieved September 29 2011 Stephen Adams September 29 2011 HIV could be minor infection with new vaccine Irish Independent Retrieved September 29 2011 a b Gopalan T September 28 2011 Promising Show By HIV Vaccine MVA B In Clinical Trials Medindia Retrieved September 29 2011 Ylva Mossing September 29 2011 Vaccin gor HIV till mindre infektion Aftonbladet in Swedish Retrieved September 29 2011 Mothe B et al February 26 2015 Safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia Ankara based HIV 1 vaccine MVA B in HIV 1 infected patients alone or in combination with a drug to reactivate latent HIV 1 Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 70 6 1833 1842 doi 10 1093 jac dkv046 PMID 25724985 Guardo AC et al October 24 2017 Safety and vaccine induced HIV 1 immune responses in healthy volunteers following a late MVA B boost 4 years after the last immunization PLOS One 12 10 e0186602 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1286602C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0186602 PMC 5655491 PMID 29065142 Perez P et al February 6 2020 Deletion of Vaccinia Virus A40R Gene Improves the Immunogenicity of the HIV 1 Vaccine Candidate MVA B Vaccines 8 1 70 doi 10 3390 vaccines8010070 PMC 7158668 PMID 32041218 Further reading editJuan Garcia Arriaza Jose Luis Najera Carmen E Gomez Nolawit Tewabe Carlos Oscar S Sorzano Thierry Calandra Thierry Roger Mariano Esteban August 31 2011 A Candidate HIV AIDS Vaccine MVA B Lacking Vaccinia Virus Gene C6L Enhances Memory HIV 1 Specific T Cell Responses PLoS ONE 6 8 Public Library of Science e24244 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 624244G doi 10 1371 journal pone 0024244 PMC 3164197 PMID 21909386 Susana Guerra Jose Manuel Gonzalez Nuria Climent Hugh Reyburn Luis A Lopez Fernandez Jose L Najera Carmen E Gomez Felipe Garcia Jose M Gatell Teresa Gallart Mariano Esteban August 2010 Selective Induction of Host Genes by MVA B a Candidate Vaccine against HIV AIDS Journal of Virology 84 16 American Society for Microbiology 8141 8152 doi 10 1128 JVI 00749 10 PMC 2916545 PMID 20534857 Mariano Esteban December 2009 Attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC as promising vaccine candidates against HIV AIDS PDF Human Vaccines 5 12 Landes Bioscience 867 871 doi 10 4161 hv 9693 PMID 19786840 S2CID 46108898 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 12 26 Retrieved September 29 2011 Carmen Elena Gomez Jose Luis Najera Eva Perez Jimenez Victoria Jimenez Ralf Wagner Marcus Graf Marie Joelle Frachette Peter Liljestrom Giuseppe Pantaleo Mariano Esteban April 12 2007 Head to head comparison on the immunogenicity of two HIV AIDS vaccine candidates based on the attenuated poxvirus strains MVA and NYVAC co expressing in a single locus the HIV 1BX08 gp120 and HIV 1IIIB Gag Pol Nef proteins of clade B Vaccine 25 15 Elsevier 2863 2885 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2006 09 090 PMID 17113200 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title MVA B amp oldid 1164656864, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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