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MEDLINE

February 15, 2024

For other uses, see Medline (disambiguation).

MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online) is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information. It includes bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and health care. MEDLINE also covers much of the literature in biology and biochemistry, as well as fields such as molecular evolution.

MEDLINE
ProducerU.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)
History1879–present
Languages40 languages for current journals, 60 for older journals
Access
CostFree
Coverage
DisciplinesMedicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, health care, biology, biochemistry, molecular evolution, biomedicine, history of medicine, health services research, AIDS, toxicology and environmental health, molecular biology, complementary medicine, behavioral sciences, chemical sciences, bioengineering, health policy development, environmental science, marine biology, plant and animal science, biophysics
Record depthNLM Medical subject headings, abstracts, indexing
Format coverageMostly academic journals; a small number of newspapers, magazines, and newsletters; over 40% are for cited articles published in the U.S., about 93% are published in English
Temporal coverage1946–present
No. of recordsOver 29 million
Update frequencyDaily; 2,000-4,000 references per update
Links
Websitewww.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/medline.html

Compiled by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), MEDLINE is freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM's National Center for Biotechnology Information's Entrez system.

History edit

MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) is a computerised biomedical bibliographic retrieval system. It was launched by the National Library of Medicine in 1964 and was the first large-scale, computer-based, retrospective search service available to the general public.[1]

Initial development of MEDLARS edit

Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published Index Medicus, a monthly guide to medical articles in thousands of journals. The huge volume of bibliographic citations was manually compiled. In 1957 the staff of the NLM started to plan the mechanization of the Index Medicus, prompted by a desire for a better way to manipulate all this information, not only for Index Medicus but also to produce subsidiary products. By 1960 a detailed specification was prepared, and by the spring of 1961, request for proposals were sent out to 72 companies to develop the system. As a result, a contract was awarded to the General Electric Company. A Minneapolis-Honeywell 800 computer, which was to run MEDLARS, was delivered to the NLM in March 1963, and Frank Bradway Rogers (Director of the NLM 1949 to 1963) said at the time, "..If all goes well, the January 1964 issue of Index Medicus will be ready to emerge from the system at the end of this year. It may be that this will mark the beginning of a new era in medical bibliography."

MEDLARS cost $3 million to develop, and at the time of its completion in 1964, no other publicly available, fully operational electronic storage and retrieval system of its magnitude existed. The original computer configuration operated from 1964 until its replacement by MEDLARS II in January 1975.[2][3][4]

MEDLARS Online edit

In late 1971, an online version called MEDLINE ("MEDLARS Online") became available as a way to do online searching of MEDLARS from remote medical libraries.[5] This early system covered 239 journals and boasted that it could support as many as 25 simultaneous online users (remotely logged in from distant medical libraries) at one time.[6] However, this system remained primarily in the hands of libraries, with researchers able to submit pre-programmed search tasks to librarians and obtain results on printouts, but rarely able to interact with the NLM computer output in real-time. This situation continued through the beginning of the 1990s and the rise of the World Wide Web.

In 1996, soon after most home computers began automatically bundling efficient web browsers, a free public version of MEDLINE was deployed. This system, called PubMed, was offered to the general online user in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated.[6]

Database edit

In May 2022, the database contained more than 34 million records[7] from 5,639[needs update] selected publications[8] covering biomedicine and health from 1781 to the present.[timeframe?] Originally, the database covered articles starting from 1965, but this has been enhanced, and records as far back as 1781 are now available within the main index. The database is freely accessible on the Internet via the PubMed interface, and new citations are added Tuesday through Saturday. For citations added during 1995-2003, about 48% are for cited articles published in the U.S., about 88% are published in English, and about 76% have English abstracts written by authors of the articles.

Retrieval edit

MEDLINE uses Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for information retrieval. Engines designed to search MEDLINE (such as Entrez and PubMed) generally use a Boolean expression combining MeSH terms, words in the abstract and title of the article, author names, date of publication, etc. Entrez and PubMed can also find articles similar to a given one based on a mathematical scoring system that takes into account the similarity of word content of the abstracts and titles of two articles.[9]

MEDLINE added a "publication type" term for “randomized controlled trial” in 1991 and a MESH subset “systematic review” in 2001.[10]

Importance edit

MEDLINE functions as an important resource for biomedical researchers and journal clubs from all over the world. Along with the Cochrane Library and a number of other databases, MEDLINE facilitates evidence-based medicine.[11][12][13] Most systematic review articles published presently build on extensive searches of MEDLINE to identify articles that might be useful in the review.[11][12] MEDLINE influences researchers in their choice of journals in which to publish.[13]

Inclusion of journals edit

More than 5,200 biomedical journals are indexed in MEDLINE.[11] New journals are not included automatically or immediately. Several criteria for selection are applied.[14] Selection is based on the recommendations of a panel, the Literature Selection Technical Review Committee, based on the scientific scope and quality of a journal.[15] The Journals Database (one of the Entrez databases) contains information, such as its name abbreviation and publisher, about all journals included in Entrez, including PubMed.[16] Journals that no longer meet the criteria are removed.[17] Being indexed in MEDLINE gives a non-predatory identity to a journal.[18][19][20]

Usage edit

PubMed usage has been on the rise since 2008. In 2011, PubMed/MEDLINE was searched 1.8 billion times, up from 1.6 billion searches in the previous year.[21]

A service such as MEDLINE strives to balance usability with power and comprehensiveness. In keeping with the fact that MEDLINE's primary user community is professionals (medical scientists, health care providers), searching MEDLINE effectively is a learned skill; untrained users are sometimes frustrated with the large numbers of articles returned by simple searches. Counterintuitively, a search that returns thousands of articles is not guaranteed to be comprehensive. Unlike using a typical Internet search engine, PubMed searching MEDLINE requires a little investment of time. Using the MeSH database to define the subject of interest is one of the most useful ways to improve the quality of a search. Using MeSH terms in conjunction with limits (such as publication date or publication type), qualifiers (such as adverse effects or prevention and control), and text-word searching is another. Finding one article on the subject and clicking on the "Related Articles" link to get a collection of similarly classified articles can expand a search that otherwise yields few results.

For lay users who are trying to learn about health and medicine topics, the NIH offers MedlinePlus; thus, although such users are still free to search and read the medical literature themselves (via PubMed), they also have some help with curating it into something comprehensible and practically applicable for patients and family members.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Milestones in NLM History". Retrieved 2009-09-06.
  2. ^ Rogers, F. B. (1964). "The Development of MEDLARS". Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 52 (1): 150–151. PMC 198085. PMID 14119285.
  3. ^ Miles, Wyndham. The History of the NLM: Chapter 20 – Evolution of Computerized Bibliographies 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine (1983)
  4. ^ Rapp, Barbara A. 2008. “Excellence in Evaluation: Early Landmarks at the National Library of Medicine.” Library Trends 56 (4): 859–87.
  5. ^ US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1982), MEDLARS and Health Information Policy. ISBN 1-4289-2424-8
  6. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  7. ^ "Pubmed all[sb]". NLM Systems. 2022-05-08. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
  8. ^ "Number of Titles Currently Indexed for Index Medicus® and MEDLINE® on Pubmed®". NLM. 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  9. ^ Lin, Jimmy; Wilbur, W John (2007-10-30). "PubMed related articles: a probabilistic topic-based model for content similarity". BMC Bioinformatics. BMC Bioinformatics (2007) 8:423. 8: 423. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-423. PMC 2212667. PMID 17971238.
  10. ^ Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public. (2005). "State of Emerging Evidence on CAM". Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States. National Academies Press (US).
  11. ^ a b c "MEDLINE: Description of the Database". US National Library of Medicine. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  12. ^ a b "How Cochrane Central is created". Cochrane Library, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  13. ^ a b Greenhalgh, T. (19 July 1997). "How to read a paper: The Medline database". BMJ. 315 (7101): 180–183. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7101.180. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2127107. PMID 9251552.
  14. ^ "Journal Selection for MEDLINE".
  15. ^ "MEDLINE Journal Selection Fact Sheet". LSTRC. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
  16. ^ "PubMed Tutorial – Building the Search - Search Tools - Journals Database". Retrieved 2009-09-06.[failed verification]
  17. ^ Chatfield, Amy. "Research Guides: Impact Factors, and other measures of scholarly impact: Indexing in Medline". libguides.usc.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  18. ^ Gurnani, Bharat; Kaur, Kirandeep (2022). "Predatory journals: The dark side of publications". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 70 (8): 3144–3145. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1053_22. ISSN 1998-3689. PMC 9672775. PMID 35918993.
  19. ^ Abel, Kara Van. "Research Guides: Predatory Publishing: MEDLINE vs. PubMed". guides.library.uab.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  20. ^ Lynch, Michael. "MGH Guides: Scholarly Communication: Predatory Journals". libguides.massgeneral.org. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  21. ^ "Key MEDLINE® Indicators". NLM. 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2012-03-20.

External links edit

  • Official website

February 15, 2024
medline, other, uses, medline, disambiguation, medical, literature, analysis, retrieval, system, online, medlars, online, bibliographic, database, life, sciences, biomedical, information, includes, bibliographic, information, articles, from, academic, journals. For other uses see Medline disambiguation MEDLINE Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online or MEDLARS Online is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information It includes bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine nursing pharmacy dentistry veterinary medicine and health care MEDLINE also covers much of the literature in biology and biochemistry as well as fields such as molecular evolution MEDLINEProducerU S National Library of Medicine United States History1879 presentLanguages40 languages for current journals 60 for older journalsAccessCostFreeCoverageDisciplinesMedicine nursing pharmacy dentistry veterinary medicine health care biology biochemistry molecular evolution biomedicine history of medicine health services research AIDS toxicology and environmental health molecular biology complementary medicine behavioral sciences chemical sciences bioengineering health policy development environmental science marine biology plant and animal science biophysicsRecord depthNLM Medical subject headings abstracts indexingFormat coverageMostly academic journals a small number of newspapers magazines and newsletters over 40 are for cited articles published in the U S about 93 are published in EnglishTemporal coverage1946 presentNo of recordsOver 29 millionUpdate frequencyDaily 2 000 4 000 references per updateLinksWebsitewww wbr nlm wbr nih wbr gov wbr bsd wbr medline wbr htmlCompiled by the United States National Library of Medicine NLM MEDLINE is freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM s National Center for Biotechnology Information s Entrez system Contents 1 History 1 1 Initial development of MEDLARS 1 2 MEDLARS Online 2 Database 3 Retrieval 4 Importance 5 Inclusion of journals 6 Usage 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistory editMEDLARS Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System is a computerised biomedical bibliographic retrieval system It was launched by the National Library of Medicine in 1964 and was the first large scale computer based retrospective search service available to the general public 1 Initial development of MEDLARS edit This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources MEDLINE news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Since 1879 the National Library of Medicine has published Index Medicus a monthly guide to medical articles in thousands of journals The huge volume of bibliographic citations was manually compiled In 1957 the staff of the NLM started to plan the mechanization of the Index Medicus prompted by a desire for a better way to manipulate all this information not only for Index Medicus but also to produce subsidiary products By 1960 a detailed specification was prepared and by the spring of 1961 request for proposals were sent out to 72 companies to develop the system As a result a contract was awarded to the General Electric Company A Minneapolis Honeywell 800 computer which was to run MEDLARS was delivered to the NLM in March 1963 and Frank Bradway Rogers Director of the NLM 1949 to 1963 said at the time If all goes well the January 1964 issue of Index Medicus will be ready to emerge from the system at the end of this year It may be that this will mark the beginning of a new era in medical bibliography MEDLARS cost 3 million to develop and at the time of its completion in 1964 no other publicly available fully operational electronic storage and retrieval system of its magnitude existed The original computer configuration operated from 1964 until its replacement by MEDLARS II in January 1975 2 3 4 MEDLARS Online edit In late 1971 an online version called MEDLINE MEDLARS Online became available as a way to do online searching of MEDLARS from remote medical libraries 5 This early system covered 239 journals and boasted that it could support as many as 25 simultaneous online users remotely logged in from distant medical libraries at one time 6 However this system remained primarily in the hands of libraries with researchers able to submit pre programmed search tasks to librarians and obtain results on printouts but rarely able to interact with the NLM computer output in real time This situation continued through the beginning of the 1990s and the rise of the World Wide Web In 1996 soon after most home computers began automatically bundling efficient web browsers a free public version of MEDLINE was deployed This system called PubMed was offered to the general online user in June 1997 when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated 6 Database editIn May 2022 the database contained more than 34 million records 7 from 5 639 needs update selected publications 8 covering biomedicine and health from 1781 to the present timeframe Originally the database covered articles starting from 1965 but this has been enhanced and records as far back as 1781 are now available within the main index The database is freely accessible on the Internet via the PubMed interface and new citations are added Tuesday through Saturday For citations added during 1995 2003 about 48 are for cited articles published in the U S about 88 are published in English and about 76 have English abstracts written by authors of the articles Retrieval editMEDLINE uses Medical Subject Headings MeSH for information retrieval Engines designed to search MEDLINE such as Entrez and PubMed generally use a Boolean expression combining MeSH terms words in the abstract and title of the article author names date of publication etc Entrez and PubMed can also find articles similar to a given one based on a mathematical scoring system that takes into account the similarity of word content of the abstracts and titles of two articles 9 MEDLINE added a publication type term for randomized controlled trial in 1991 and a MESH subset systematic review in 2001 10 Importance editMEDLINE functions as an important resource for biomedical researchers and journal clubs from all over the world Along with the Cochrane Library and a number of other databases MEDLINE facilitates evidence based medicine 11 12 13 Most systematic review articles published presently build on extensive searches of MEDLINE to identify articles that might be useful in the review 11 12 MEDLINE influences researchers in their choice of journals in which to publish 13 Inclusion of journals editMore than 5 200 biomedical journals are indexed in MEDLINE 11 New journals are not included automatically or immediately Several criteria for selection are applied 14 Selection is based on the recommendations of a panel the Literature Selection Technical Review Committee based on the scientific scope and quality of a journal 15 The Journals Database one of the Entrez databases contains information such as its name abbreviation and publisher about all journals included in Entrez including PubMed 16 Journals that no longer meet the criteria are removed 17 Being indexed in MEDLINE gives a non predatory identity to a journal 18 19 20 Usage editPubMed usage has been on the rise since 2008 In 2011 PubMed MEDLINE was searched 1 8 billion times up from 1 6 billion searches in the previous year 21 A service such as MEDLINE strives to balance usability with power and comprehensiveness In keeping with the fact that MEDLINE s primary user community is professionals medical scientists health care providers searching MEDLINE effectively is a learned skill untrained users are sometimes frustrated with the large numbers of articles returned by simple searches Counterintuitively a search that returns thousands of articles is not guaranteed to be comprehensive Unlike using a typical Internet search engine PubMed searching MEDLINE requires a little investment of time Using the MeSH database to define the subject of interest is one of the most useful ways to improve the quality of a search Using MeSH terms in conjunction with limits such as publication date or publication type qualifiers such as adverse effects or prevention and control and text word searching is another Finding one article on the subject and clicking on the Related Articles link to get a collection of similarly classified articles can expand a search that otherwise yields few results For lay users who are trying to learn about health and medicine topics the NIH offers MedlinePlus thus although such users are still free to search and read the medical literature themselves via PubMed they also have some help with curating it into something comprehensible and practically applicable for patients and family members See also editAltbib LILACS HubMed an alternative interface to the PubMed medical literature database Journalology eTBLAST a natural language text similarity engine for MEDLINE and other text databases Medscape Twease an open source biomedical search engineReferences edit Milestones in NLM History Retrieved 2009 09 06 Rogers F B 1964 The Development of MEDLARS Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 52 1 150 151 PMC 198085 PMID 14119285 Miles Wyndham The History of the NLM Chapter 20 Evolution of Computerized Bibliographies Archived 2012 10 17 at the Wayback Machine 1983 Rapp Barbara A 2008 Excellence in Evaluation Early Landmarks at the National Library of Medicine Library Trends 56 4 859 87 US Congress Office of Technology Assessment 1982 MEDLARS and Health Information Policy ISBN 1 4289 2424 8 a b Internet Access to the National Library of Medicine PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2 November 2013 Retrieved 6 April 2016 Pubmed all sb NLM Systems 2022 05 08 Retrieved 2016 05 08 Number of Titles Currently Indexed for Index Medicus and MEDLINE on Pubmed NLM 2013 07 09 Retrieved 2013 11 05 Lin Jimmy Wilbur W John 2007 10 30 PubMed related articles a probabilistic topic based model for content similarity BMC Bioinformatics BMC Bioinformatics 2007 8 423 8 423 doi 10 1186 1471 2105 8 423 PMC 2212667 PMID 17971238 Institute of Medicine US Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public 2005 State of Emerging Evidence on CAM Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States National Academies Press US a b c MEDLINE Description of the Database US National Library of Medicine 10 April 2019 Retrieved 1 February 2020 a b How Cochrane Central is created Cochrane Library John Wiley amp Sons Inc 2020 Retrieved 1 February 2020 a b Greenhalgh T 19 July 1997 How to read a paper The Medline database BMJ 315 7101 180 183 doi 10 1136 bmj 315 7101 180 ISSN 0959 8138 PMC 2127107 PMID 9251552 Journal Selection for MEDLINE MEDLINE Journal Selection Fact Sheet LSTRC Retrieved 2009 04 13 PubMed Tutorial Building the Search Search Tools Journals Database Retrieved 2009 09 06 failed verification Chatfield Amy Research Guides Impact Factors and other measures of scholarly impact Indexing in Medline libguides usc edu Retrieved 2022 12 28 Gurnani Bharat Kaur Kirandeep 2022 Predatory journals The dark side of publications Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 70 8 3144 3145 doi 10 4103 ijo IJO 1053 22 ISSN 1998 3689 PMC 9672775 PMID 35918993 Abel Kara Van Research Guides Predatory Publishing MEDLINE vs PubMed guides library uab edu Retrieved 2022 12 31 Lynch Michael MGH Guides Scholarly Communication Predatory Journals libguides massgeneral org Retrieved 2022 12 31 Key MEDLINE Indicators NLM 2012 02 06 Retrieved 2012 03 20 External links editOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title MEDLINE amp oldid 1192858836, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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