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M1 mortar

November 28, 2023

The M1 mortar is an American 81 millimeter caliber mortar. It was based on the French Brandt mortar. The M1 mortar was used from before World War II until the 1950s when it was replaced by the lighter and longer ranged M29 mortar.

M1 Mortar
G.I.'s of the 92nd Infantry Division fire an M1 mortar at Massa in Italy during World War II.
TypeInfantry mortar
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1935-1952[1]
Used byUnited States
Vietnam
Other users
WarsWorld War II
Korean War
Algerian War[2]
Vietnam War
Specifications
Masssee general data
Length3 ft 11 in (1.19 m)
Crew8 (squad leader, gunner, assistant gunner, 5 ammunition bearers)
Shellsee ammunition
Caliber81 mm (3.2 in)
Rate of fire18 rpm sustained
30-35 rpm maximum
Muzzle velocity700 ft/s (210 m/s)
Maximum firing range3,300 yd (3,000 m)
SightsM4

General data edit

Weight:

  • Tube 44.5 lb (20 kg)
  • Mount 46.5 lb (21 kg)
  • Base plate 45 lb (20 kg)
    • Total 136 pounds (62 kg)

Ammunition edit

  • M43A1 Light HE: 6.87 lb (3.11 kg); range min 200 yd (183 m); range max 3290 yd (3010 m); 80% frag radius 25 yd (23 m) (compared favorably with the 75 mm howitzer). M53 Short Delay fuze (explode on surface).
  • M43A1 Light Training An empty version of the M43A1 Light HE with an inert fuze. It was used as a training shell until it was replaced by the M68 Training Practice shell.
  • M45 Heavy HE: 10.62 lb (4.82 kg); range max 2558 yd (2064 m); bursting radius comparable to the 105 mm howitzer. Equipped with a delay fuze so some penetration is possible for demolition use.
  • M56 Heavy HE: 15.01 lb (6.81 kg); range max 1300 yards (1200 m). Early shells used the M53 fuze, but it was replaced by the M77 Timed Super Quick (TSQ) fuze.
  • M57 WP (White Phosphorus) "Bursting Smoke": 10.74 lb (4.87 kg); range max 2470 yd (2260 m); designed to lay down screening smoke, but had definite anti-personnel and incendiary applications.
  • M57 FS (a solution of Sulfur trioxide in Chlorosulfonic acid) Chemical Smoke: 10.74 lb (4.87 kg), range max 2470 yd (2260 m); laid down dense white fog consisting of small droplets of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. In moderate concentrations, it is highly irritating to the eyes, nose, and skin.
  • M68 Training Practice: 9.50 lb to 10.10 lb. An inert teardrop-shaped cast iron shell without provision for a fuze well that was used to simulate the M43 Light HE shell. The casing on early models was painted black but post-World War 2 versions are painted blue. It came in 9 different weights (engraved on the shell) to allow it to simulate shell firing with and without booster charges. Weight Zone One (9.5 lbs.) simulated a shell with the maximum of 8 booster charges and Weight Zone Nine (10.10 lbs.) simulated the shell being fired without booster charges.
  • M301 Illuminating shell: range max 2200 yd (2012 m); attached to parachute; burned brightly (275,000 candelas) for about 60 seconds, illuminating an area of about 150 yards (137 m) diameter. It used the M84 time fuze, which was adjustable from 5 to 25 seconds before priming charge detonated, releasing the illuminator and chute.

Fuzes edit

The M1 Mortar's shells sometimes used the same fuzes as the shells for the M2 60 mm mortar. An adapter collar was added to the smaller fuzes to allow them to fit the larger shells.

  • M43 Mechanical Timing (MT) Fuze: Clockwork timed delay fuze. Models M43A5.
  • M45 Point Detonating (PD) Fuze: Selective fuze that could be set for time delay or super-quick (less than a second) detonation on impact. Replaced by the M52 and M53 fuzes.
  • M48 Point Detonating (PD) Fuze: Selective Powder Train burning fuze that can be set to Super Quick or Delay ignition on impact. The factory pre-set delay time was stamped on the shell body. If the Super-Quick flash ignition failed, the Delay fuse kicked in. If set on Delay, the Super Quick flash igniter mechanism was immobilized to prevent premature ignition. Models: M48, M48A1, M48A2 (either 0.05 or 0.15 second Delay), & M48A3 (0.05 second delay).
  • M51 Point Detonating (PD) Fuze: Selective Powder Train burning fuze that can be set to Super Quick or Delay ignition after impact. It is a modification of the M48 fuze with the addition of a booster charge. Models: M51A4, M51A5 (M48A3 Fuze with M21A4 booster).
  • M52 Point Detonating Super-Quick (PDSQ) Fuze: Super-Quick fuze that activates less than a second after impact. The pre-war M52 was made of aluminum, the M52B1 model was made of Bakelite, and the M52B2 model had a Bakelite body and an aluminum head; the suffix would be added to the shell designation.
  • M53 Point Detonating Delay (PDD) Fuze: Delay fuze that activates after impact.
  • M54 Time and Super-Quick (TSQ) Fuze: Powder Train burning fuze that can be set for time delay (slow burn) or super-quick (flash ignition) detonation on impact.
  • M77 Time and Super Quick (TSQ) Fuze: Powder Train burning fuze that can be set for time delay (slow burn) or super-quick (flash ignition) detonation on impact.
  • M78 Concrete Penetrating (CP) Fuze: Delay fuze that was set off after the shell had impacted and buried itself to increase the damage done.
  • M84 Mechanical Timing (MT) Fuze: Clockwork fuze that can be set from 0 to 25 seconds in 1-second intervals; seconds were indicated by vertical lines and 5-second intervals were indicated by metal bosses to allow it to be set in low-light or night-time conditions.
  • M84A1 Mechanical Timing (MT) Fuze: Clockwork fuze that can be set from 0 to 50 seconds in 2-second intervals.

Users edit

It may be found in nearly all the non-Communist countries,[3] including:

See also edit

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Mortar, 81mm M1 81mm Medium Infantry Mortar (1935)". Military Factory. MilitaryFactory.com. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b Huon, Jean (March 1992). "L'armement français en A.F.N." Gazette des Armes (in French). No. 220. pp. 12–16.
  3. ^ a b "81mm M1 mortar". Jane's Infantry Weapons 1994-1995. 1994. pp. 5684–5685.
  4. ^ "Rearming Austria: WWII weapons". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 14 June 2015.
  5. ^ Ness, Leland; Shih, Bin (July 2016). Kangzhan: Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937–45. Helion & Company. p. 346. ISBN 9781910294420.
  6. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Colombia". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 1601.
  7. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Dominican Republic". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 1509.
  8. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2021). The Military Balance. p. 465. ISBN 9781032012278.
  9. ^ Rossi, Michel (November 1992). "Le bataillon de Corée (1950/1953)". La Gazette des Armes (in French). No. 227. pp. 10–15.
  10. ^ a b Wiener, Friedrich (1987). The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment. Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3. Vienna: Herold Publishers. p. 468.
  11. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Greece". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 2344.
  12. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Guatemala". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 2359.
  13. ^ "Uphold Democracy 1994: WWII weapons encountered". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 9 June 2015.
  14. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Haiti". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 2363.
  15. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Honduras". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 2364.
  16. ^ Kenji Jyoshima; Yusuke Tsuge (October 2007). 陸自車両50年史 (50 Years of JGSDF's Vehicles) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Argonauts Publications. p. 126.
  17. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Laos". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 3086.
  18. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Libya". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 3090.
  19. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Mexico". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 3105.
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  21. ^ Maung, Aung Myoe (2009). Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948. p. 107. ISBN 978-981-230-848-1.
  22. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Myanmar (Burma)". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 3112.
  23. ^ Bak, Dongchan (March 2021). (PDF) (in Korean). Republic of Korea: Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History. pp. 85–87. ISBN 979-11-5598-079-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  24. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Uruguay". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 5797.
  25. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2010). Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1955–75. Men at Arms 458. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 9781849081818.
  26. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (10 Feb 2009). North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75. Warrior 135. Osprey Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 9781846033711.
  • FM 23-90
  • TM 9-1260
  • SNL A-33

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 81 mm Mortar M1.
  • 90th Infantry Division Preservation Group - page on 81 mm mortars and equipment
  • Popular Science, August 1943, Pill Boxes Destroyer article on M1 81mm mortar

November 28, 2023
mortar, american, millimeter, caliber, mortar, based, french, brandt, mortar, used, from, before, world, until, 1950s, when, replaced, lighter, longer, ranged, mortar, mortarg, 92nd, infantry, division, fire, massa, italy, during, world, typeinfantry, mortarpl. The M1 mortar is an American 81 millimeter caliber mortar It was based on the French Brandt mortar The M1 mortar was used from before World War II until the 1950s when it was replaced by the lighter and longer ranged M29 mortar M1 MortarG I s of the 92nd Infantry Division fire an M1 mortar at Massa in Italy during World War II TypeInfantry mortarPlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1935 1952 1 Used byUnited StatesVietnamOther usersWarsWorld War IIKorean WarAlgerian War 2 Vietnam WarSpecificationsMasssee general dataLength3 ft 11 in 1 19 m Crew8 squad leader gunner assistant gunner 5 ammunition bearers Shellsee ammunitionCaliber81 mm 3 2 in Rate of fire18 rpm sustained30 35 rpm maximumMuzzle velocity700 ft s 210 m s Maximum firing range3 300 yd 3 000 m SightsM4 Contents 1 General data 2 Ammunition 3 Fuzes 4 Users 5 See also 5 1 Weapons of comparable role performance and era 6 References 7 External linksGeneral data editWeight Tube 44 5 lb 20 kg Mount 46 5 lb 21 kg Base plate 45 lb 20 kg Total 136 pounds 62 kg Ammunition editM43A1 Light HE 6 87 lb 3 11 kg range min 200 yd 183 m range max 3290 yd 3010 m 80 frag radius 25 yd 23 m compared favorably with the 75 mm howitzer M53 Short Delay fuze explode on surface M43A1 Light Training An empty version of the M43A1 Light HE with an inert fuze It was used as a training shell until it was replaced by the M68 Training Practice shell M45 Heavy HE 10 62 lb 4 82 kg range max 2558 yd 2064 m bursting radius comparable to the 105 mm howitzer Equipped with a delay fuze so some penetration is possible for demolition use M56 Heavy HE 15 01 lb 6 81 kg range max 1300 yards 1200 m Early shells used the M53 fuze but it was replaced by the M77 Timed Super Quick TSQ fuze M57 WP White Phosphorus Bursting Smoke 10 74 lb 4 87 kg range max 2470 yd 2260 m designed to lay down screening smoke but had definite anti personnel and incendiary applications M57 FS a solution of Sulfur trioxide in Chlorosulfonic acid Chemical Smoke 10 74 lb 4 87 kg range max 2470 yd 2260 m laid down dense white fog consisting of small droplets of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids In moderate concentrations it is highly irritating to the eyes nose and skin M68 Training Practice 9 50 lb to 10 10 lb An inert teardrop shaped cast iron shell without provision for a fuze well that was used to simulate the M43 Light HE shell The casing on early models was painted black but post World War 2 versions are painted blue It came in 9 different weights engraved on the shell to allow it to simulate shell firing with and without booster charges Weight Zone One 9 5 lbs simulated a shell with the maximum of 8 booster charges and Weight Zone Nine 10 10 lbs simulated the shell being fired without booster charges M301 Illuminating shell range max 2200 yd 2012 m attached to parachute burned brightly 275 000 candelas for about 60 seconds illuminating an area of about 150 yards 137 m diameter It used the M84 time fuze which was adjustable from 5 to 25 seconds before priming charge detonated releasing the illuminator and chute Fuzes editThe M1 Mortar s shells sometimes used the same fuzes as the shells for the M2 60 mm mortar An adapter collar was added to the smaller fuzes to allow them to fit the larger shells M43 Mechanical Timing MT Fuze Clockwork timed delay fuze Models M43A5 M45 Point Detonating PD Fuze Selective fuze that could be set for time delay or super quick less than a second detonation on impact Replaced by the M52 and M53 fuzes M48 Point Detonating PD Fuze Selective Powder Train burning fuze that can be set to Super Quick or Delay ignition on impact The factory pre set delay time was stamped on the shell body If the Super Quick flash ignition failed the Delay fuse kicked in If set on Delay the Super Quick flash igniter mechanism was immobilized to prevent premature ignition Models M48 M48A1 M48A2 either 0 05 or 0 15 second Delay amp M48A3 0 05 second delay M51 Point Detonating PD Fuze Selective Powder Train burning fuze that can be set to Super Quick or Delay ignition after impact It is a modification of the M48 fuze with the addition of a booster charge Models M51A4 M51A5 M48A3 Fuze with M21A4 booster M52 Point Detonating Super Quick PDSQ Fuze Super Quick fuze that activates less than a second after impact The pre war M52 was made of aluminum the M52B1 model was made of Bakelite and the M52B2 model had a Bakelite body and an aluminum head the suffix would be added to the shell designation M53 Point Detonating Delay PDD Fuze Delay fuze that activates after impact M54 Time and Super Quick TSQ Fuze Powder Train burning fuze that can be set for time delay slow burn or super quick flash ignition detonation on impact M77 Time and Super Quick TSQ Fuze Powder Train burning fuze that can be set for time delay slow burn or super quick flash ignition detonation on impact M78 Concrete Penetrating CP Fuze Delay fuze that was set off after the shell had impacted and buried itself to increase the damage done M84 Mechanical Timing MT Fuze Clockwork fuze that can be set from 0 to 25 seconds in 1 second intervals seconds were indicated by vertical lines and 5 second intervals were indicated by metal bosses to allow it to be set in low light or night time conditions M84A1 Mechanical Timing MT Fuze Clockwork fuze that can be set from 0 to 50 seconds in 2 second intervals Users editIt may be found in nearly all the non Communist countries 3 including nbsp Austria used on M21 Mortar Motor Carriage 4 nbsp Belgium made under license 3 nbsp Republic of China 5 nbsp Colombia 6 nbsp Dominican Republic 7 nbsp Ethiopia 8 nbsp France 2 9 nbsp Greece 10 11 nbsp Guatemala 12 nbsp Haiti 13 14 nbsp Honduras 15 nbsp Japan 16 nbsp Laos 17 nbsp Libya 18 nbsp Mexico 19 nbsp Myanmar M 43 20 21 22 nbsp South Korea The Armed Forces was equipped with 386 M1s before the Korean War and 822 were in service with the Army by the end of the war Began replacing with M29A1 or KM29A1 in 1970s 23 nbsp Turkey 10 nbsp Thailand citation needed nbsp United States nbsp Uruguay 24 nbsp South Vietnam 25 nbsp North Vietnam nbsp Vietnam 26 See also editM2 Mortar List of U S Army weapons by supply catalog designation SNL A 33 M3 Half trackWeapons of comparable role performance and era edit Ordnance ML 3 inch Mortar British equivalent 8 cm Granatwerfer 34 German equivalentReferences edit Mortar 81mm M1 81mm Medium Infantry Mortar 1935 Military Factory MilitaryFactory com Retrieved 6 June 2021 a b Huon Jean March 1992 L armement francais en A F N Gazette des Armes in French No 220 pp 12 16 a b 81mm M1 mortar Jane s Infantry Weapons 1994 1995 1994 pp 5684 5685 Rearming Austria WWII weapons wwiiafterwwii wordpress com 14 June 2015 Ness Leland Shih Bin July 2016 Kangzhan Guide to Chinese Ground Forces 1937 45 Helion amp Company p 346 ISBN 9781910294420 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Colombia Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 1601 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Dominican Republic Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 1509 International Institute for Strategic Studies 2021 The Military Balance p 465 ISBN 9781032012278 Rossi Michel November 1992 Le bataillon de Coree 1950 1953 La Gazette des Armes in French No 227 pp 10 15 a b Wiener Friedrich 1987 The armies of the NATO nations Organization concept of war weapons and equipment Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3 Vienna Herold Publishers p 468 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Greece Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 2344 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Guatemala Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 2359 Uphold Democracy 1994 WWII weapons encountered wwiiafterwwii wordpress com 9 June 2015 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Haiti Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 2363 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Honduras Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 2364 Kenji Jyoshima Yusuke Tsuge October 2007 陸自車両50年史 50 Years of JGSDF s Vehicles in Japanese Tokyo Japan Argonauts Publications p 126 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Laos Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 3086 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Libya Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 3090 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Mexico Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 3105 Myanmar Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 29 November 2014 Maung Aung Myoe 2009 Building the Tatmadaw Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948 p 107 ISBN 978 981 230 848 1 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Myanmar Burma Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 3112 Bak Dongchan March 2021 Korean War Weapons of the United Nations PDF in Korean Republic of Korea Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History pp 85 87 ISBN 979 11 5598 079 8 Archived from the original PDF on 2022 09 20 Retrieved 2022 07 07 Gander Terry J 22 November 2000 National inventories Uruguay Jane s Infantry Weapons 2001 2002 p 5797 Rottman Gordon L 2010 Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1955 75 Men at Arms 458 Osprey Publishing p 9 ISBN 9781849081818 Rottman Gordon L 10 Feb 2009 North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958 75 Warrior 135 Osprey Publishing p 32 ISBN 9781846033711 FM 23 90 TM 9 1260 SNL A 33External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 81 mm Mortar M1 90th Infantry Division Preservation Group page on 81 mm mortars and equipment Popular Science August 1943 Pill Boxes Destroyer article on M1 81mm mortar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title M1 mortar amp oldid 1180731516, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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