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Lucius Munatius Plancus

November 27, 2023

Lucius Munatius Plancus (c. 87 BC – c. 15 BC) was a Roman senator, consul in 42 BC, and censor in 22 BC with Paullus Aemilius Lepidus. He is one of the classic historical examples of men who have managed to survive very dangerous circumstances by constantly shifting their allegiances. Beginning his career under Julius Caesar, he allied with his assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in 44 BC, then with the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC, joining Mark Antony in 40 BC, and deserting him for Octavian in 32 BC. He also founded the cities of Augusta Raurica (now Augst) and Lugdunum (now Lyon). His tomb [it] is still visible at Gaeta.

Bust of Plancus symbolising Roman philosophy. The bust has been said to show evidence of hemiplegia. Found in 1823 near the Jardin des Plantes and the amphitheatre of Lyon. On display at the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon.

Early career edit

Plancus was born in Tibur, the son of his homonymous father, of whom very little is known. He had three brothers and a sister: two of the brothers pursued public lives, one ascending to the praetorship and the other reaching the plebeian tribunate. He must have entered public life with election as quaestor some time before 54 BC.[1]

More concrete information on Plancus' career only appears when he became one of Julius Caesar's legates during the Gallic Wars: he served under Caesar in Gaul from 54 BC through to the start of Caesar's civil war in January 49 BC.[2] At the start of the civil war, he joined with Caesar against Pompey; he served under Caesar with Gaius Fabius (the praetor in 58 BC) during Caesar's Illerda campaign.[3] He sailed with Caesar to Africa in 47 BC;[4] this year he likely was one of the praetors.[5] When Caesar left for Spain in 45 BC, Plancus was appointed one of the prefects of the city in place of quaestors and aediles who had not been elected that year.[6] Upon Caesar's return from Spain, he appointed Plancus governor of Transalpine Gaul pro consule in early 44 BC.[7]

Transition to empire edit

 
A statue from 1580 depicting Plancus in the city hall of Basel, Switzerland.[8]

Upon the assassination of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC, Plancus was still in Rome. In the immediate aftermath of the deed, he – like many other Caesarians – supported amnesty for the tyrannicides and departed for his province.[9] He must have also supported preservation of Caesar's acta, which would have been in service to his own career as well, as Caesar had before his death designated Plancus as one of the consuls for 42 BC.[10] There, he raised more men while keeping a close eye on political developments in the city. He also campaigned in Raetia, winning some victories, for which he was proclaimed imperator, by September.[11]

Formation of the triumvirate edit

A political crisis unfolded over the year 44 BC. Plancus and Decimus Junius Brutus were the governors of Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul, respectively.[12] Mark Antony, then one of the consuls, used soldiers to intimidate the assembly in passing a law in June transferring those provinces to himself. Antony left on 28 November 44 BC seeking to take those provinces from their governors.[13] Soon afterwards, Cicero was writing to the governors already stationed there seeking military support to resist Antony's assumption of the provinces; he wrote both to Plancus and Decimus Brutus.[13] On 20 December 44 BC, the senate decreed that the existing governors should resist Antony by force if necessary.[10] His funerary inscription attests that around this time he founded the cities of Augusta Raurica (44 BC) and Lugdunum (Lyon) (43 BC)[14] and in June 43 BC, some letters attest to his passage through the village of Cularo (present Grenoble) in the Dauphiné Alps.[15]

Plancus was slow to respond to the senate's call to arms. Responding months later in March 43 BC, he publicly warned against the rush to war. Privately, he wrote to Cicero that he was preparing his legions and auxiliaries.[16] While both sides were preparing forces, it is clear that Plancus was entertaining offers from both Cicero in the senate and Antony. Around the same time a further message arrived from Plancus publicly declaring for the senate, Antony asserted in a letter to Rome that he had Plancus' support. Plancus defended his caution with the argument that declaring too rashly before preparations would have meant swift consequences like those that befell Decimus Brutus (then besieged in Mutina).[17]

The senate sent three commanders, the two consuls and Caesar's heir Octavian after Antony. They defeated Antony on 21 April 43 BC at the Battle of Mutina; but both consuls were killed. After the battle, Plancus sought to persuade Marcus Aemilius Lepidus to join with the senate. After Lepidus joined Antony on 29 May, Plancus retreated across the river Isara and sought to join forces with Decimus, his co-consul designate for 42 BC and a high-profile tyrannicide.[18] Lepidus sent a message to the senate blaming his soldiers for forcing his defection; at the same time, Octavian refused to cooperate with Decimus Brutus, ostensibly due to his soldiers refusing to help an assassin of Caesar. In the last letter from Plancus to Cicero, he castigates Cicero's strategy of elevating Octavian, who was by then well known to be seeking one of the vacant consulships and, by inaction, allowing Antony to regain strength.[19]

Three weeks after this last letter, Octavian's soldiers marched on Rome and engineered his election as suffect consul with Quintus Pedius. Pedius' passage of the lex Pedia which sentenced the tyrannicides to exile in absentia changed Plancus' calculations; after a few months of cooperation with Decimus, he broke off. While Antony was angry at Plancus for his having sided with the senate, he was able to parley his five legions and Gallic cavalry into keeping his consulship and a triumph.[20]

Under the Triumvirate edit

After Octavian joined with Antony and Lepidus to form the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC through passage of the lex Titia,[21] they and their main allies all gave one close family member or friend to the proscriptions. Plancus is said to have put his brother – Lucius Plotius Plancus – on the death lists.[5][22] For the victories he won over the Gauls in Raetia, he celebrated a triumph on 29 December 43 BC.[5][23] Thereafter, he held the consulship of 42 BC with Lepidus. During his consulship, he brought legislation to overturn some of the names on the Second Triumvirate's proscription lists and distributed land to veterans near Beneventum.[24]

The next year, he continued supervising colonisation near Beneventum and, during the Perusine War, assisted Lucius Antony in defeating one of Octavian's legions.[25] After the defeat of the plot, he fled with Antony's wife Fulvia to Greece. After the peace of Brundisium in 40 BC healed the rift between Octavian and Antony, he was assigned to Asia pro consule.[26] He likely stayed in Asia through 38 BC.[27]

Service under and defection from Antony edit

During Mark Antony's expedition in 36 BC, to Armenia and Parthia to avenge Crassus' death from 17 years earlier, he was proconsular governor (or perhaps legate) of Syria.[28] He was blamed for ordering the execution of Sextus Pompey in Antony's name after Sextus was caught attempting to flee to Parthia via Asia.[29]

Plancus deserted Antony's side in 32 BC. The reasons are unclear. Ronald Syme speculated that he did so merely because he calculated Octavian was in the stronger position. However, Octavian's victory was likely not yet clear in 32 BC.[30] Plancus and his nephew Marcus Titius were instrumental in securing for Octavian the contents of Antony's will, which gravely damaged Antony's reputation.[31][32] Complimentary sources, such as Horace's Ode 1.7, praise Plancus for having realised the falsity of Antony's promises and having returned virtuously to the side of Rome and Italy.[31]

Under Augustus edit

In January 27 BC, Plancus, as one of the senior ex-consuls, brought a motion suggestion that Octavian adopt the title Augustus.[33]

His last political office was held in 22 BC, after Augustus appointed him and Aemilius Lepidus Paullus as censors.[34] Their censorship is famous not for any remarkable deeds, but because it was the last time that such magistrates were appointed. According to Velleius Paterculus' Roman history,[35] it was a shame for both of the senators:

the censorship of Plancus and Paullus, which, exercised as it was with mutual discord, was little credit to themselves or little benefit to the state, for the one lacked the force, the other the character, in keeping with the office; Paullus was scarcely capable of filling the censor's office, while Plancus had only too much reason to fear it, nor was there any charge which he could make against young men, or hear others make, of which he, old though he was, could not recognize himself as guilty

In Suetonius' Life of Nero,[36] we read that the emperor Nero's grandfather, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, whose wife was Antonia Major, daughter of Mark Antony, "was haughty, extravagant, and cruel, and when he was only an aedile, forced the censor Lucius Plancus to make way for him on the street"; the story seems to hint at the poor reputation Plancus held after his censorship.

Legacy edit

 
Mausoleum of Plancus in Gaeta.

Tomb and family edit

Plancus died in Gaeta and is one of the very few important Roman historical figures whose tomb has survived and is identifiable, although his body has long since vanished. The Mausoleum of Plancus, a massive cylindrical tomb now much restored (and consecrated to the Virgin Mary in the late 19th century), is in Gaeta, on a hill overlooking the sea: it houses a small permanent exhibit in honor of him.

Plancus' children included one son and one daughter. His son was Lucius Munatius Plancus (ca 45 BC - aft. 14), consul in AD 13 and legate in 14, who married Aemilia Paulla, daughter of Paullus Aemilius Lepidus and wife Cornelia. In AD 14 the son went to Germany to help suppress the Rhine legions' mutiny with little success.[37] Plancus' daughter Munatia Plancina (ca 35 BC - aft. 20) married the infamous Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, and they had two sons, Gnaeus and Marcus Piso. Plancina and her husband were accused of poisoning Germanicus.[38] In Syria, she offended common sensibility by attending cavalry exercises and hired a notorious poisoner.[39] After the death of Germanicus, Piso and Plancina first tried to take back control of the province, then slowly returned to Rome, where they were put on trial for fomenting civil war and for poisoning Germanicus. Eventually Livia intervened to save Plancina and she was pardoned. Many years later in AD 34 she was again prosecuted and driven to suicide.[40] Her two sons survived her. Gnaeus Piso had to change his name to Lucius Piso, but later became governor of Africa in AD 39 under Caligula.[41] The charges against Marcus Piso were dismissed by Tiberius.[42]

Reputation edit

Plancus has a negative reputation in both ancient texts and modern scholarship.[43][44] Cicero, writing a letter in late 44 BC told him that he was "too much as the service of the times".[45] The specific meaning of Cicero's words are debated; Mitchell argues that the times in that sentence refers to Caesar's dominatio over the state rather than a generalised lack of principle.[46]

The history of Velleius Paterculus was very hostile to Plancus. He blamed Plancus for his brother's death and paints his defection from Antony in 32 BC in terms being a pathological traitor with no political principles.[47] He also painted Plancus as a fawning flatterer of Cleopatra, as greedy, and as furthering Antony's poor judgement.[48] For his triumph over the Gauls in 43 BC. the soldiers coined a pun on him alluding that he did not celebrate over the Gauls but over his brother.[44] Velleius' account may be derived from Gaius Asinius Pollio's speeches; criticism of Plancus is usually coupled with praise with Pollio.[49]

Ronald Syme, in Roman Revolution memorably savaged him: "A nice calculation of his own interests and an assiduous care for his own safety carried him through well-timed treacheries to a peaceful old age".[50] While more recent scholarship has perhaps softened slightly, Plancus' career is still largely seen in terms of flexibly adapting to prevailing circumstances out of self-interest.[51]

References edit

Citations
  1. ^ "L. Munatius (30) L. f. L. n. Cam.? Plancus". Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
  2. ^ Broughton 1952, pp. 593, 226 (54 BC), 231 (53 BC), 239 (52 BC), 244 (51 BC), 253 (50 BC).
  3. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 268.
  4. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 291.
  5. ^ a b c Richardson, Cadoux & Badian 2012.
  6. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 313.
  7. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 329.
  8. ^ "Kein Basler: Lucius Munatius Plancus". www.staatskanzlei.bs.ch (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  9. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 172, citing Plut. Brut. 19.1.
  10. ^ a b Mitchell 2019, p. 172.
  11. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 329; Mitchell 2019, p. 165.
  12. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 342.
  13. ^ a b Mitchell 2019, p. 165.
  14. ^ Funerary inscription of Lucius Munatius Plancus CIL X, 6087 LacusCurtius.
  15. ^ Cic. Fam. 10, 17–18, 23.
  16. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 173, citing Cic. Fam. 10.6.
  17. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 173.
  18. ^ Mitchell 2019, pp. 173–74.
  19. ^ Mitchell 2019, pp. 174–75.
  20. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 175.
  21. ^ Cadoux & Lintott 2012.
  22. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 176.
  23. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 348.
  24. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 357.
  25. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 374.
  26. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 382.
  27. ^ Broughton 1952, pp. 388, 392.
  28. ^ Broughton 1952, p. 408, noting however that Liv. Per. 131 indicates that Plancus was legate.
  29. ^ Broughton 1952, pp. 408–9.
  30. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 179.
  31. ^ a b Mitchell 2019, p. 180.
  32. ^ Johnson, John Robert (1978). "The authenticity and validity of Antony's will". L'Antiquité Classique. 47 (2): 494–503. doi:10.3406/antiq.1978.1908. ISSN 0770-2817. JSTOR 41651325. Antony was 'proved' un-Roman... his will had (a) proclaimed the legitimacy of Caesarion, (b) had named his children by Cleopatra as heirs of legatees, and (c) had directed that his own body be buried beside that of his Oriental mistress...
  33. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 180, citing Suet. Aug. 7.2; Vell. Pat. 2.91; Dio 53.16.6–8.
  34. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 181 n. 60.
  35. ^ Vell. Pat. 2.95.
  36. ^ Suet. Ner. 4.
  37. ^ Tacitus Annals, 1.39.
  38. ^ Tacitus Annals, 2.43.4, 2.74.2, 3.8-18; Dio 57.18.9.
  39. ^ Tacitus Annals, 2.55.5, 2.74.2.
  40. ^ Tacitus Annals, 6.24.4; Dio 58.22.5.
  41. ^ Dio 59.20.7.
  42. ^ Tacitus Annals, 3.17-18.
  43. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 163.
  44. ^ a b Litwan, Peter (2014). "Stadtgründer, Stammvater, Patron oder doch nicht? : Basler Inschriften, Darstellungen und Texte aus fast einem halben Jahrtausend zu L. Munatius Plancus". Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde. p. 241 – via E-Periodica.
  45. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 163, citing Cic. Fam. 10.3.3.
  46. ^ Mitchell 2019.
  47. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 177, citing Vell. Pat. 2.83.1 (inter hunc apparatum belli Plancus, non iudicio recta legendi neque amore rei publicae aut Caesaris, quippe haec semper impugnabat, sed mordo proditor...).
  48. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 177.
  49. ^ Mitchell 2019, pp. 177–78.
  50. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 163, citing Syme, Roman Revolution (1939), p. 165.
  51. ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 164.
Sources
  • Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
  • Crawford, Michael H (1974). Roman Republican coinage. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07492-4. OCLC 1288923.
  • Hornblower, Simon; et al., eds. (2012). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246.
    • Cadoux, Theodore John; Lintott, Andrew. "triumviri". In OCD4 (2012).
    • Richardson, Geoffrey Walter; Cadoux, Theodore John; Badian, Ernst. "Munatius Plancus, Lucius". In OCD4 (2012).
  • Mitchell, Hannah (2019). "The reputation of L Munatius Plancus and the idea of "serving the times"". In Morrell, Kit; Osgood, Josiah; Kathryn, Welch (eds.). The alternative Augustan age. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 163–81. ISBN 978-0-19-090141-7. OCLC 1114973036.
  • Zmeskal, Klaus (2009). Adfinitas (in German). Vol. 1. Passau.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links edit

  • L. Munatius (30) L. f. L. n. Cam.? Plancus in the Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic.

November 27, 2023
lucius, munatius, plancus, roman, senator, consul, censor, with, paullus, aemilius, lepidus, classic, historical, examples, have, managed, survive, very, dangerous, circumstances, constantly, shifting, their, allegiances, beginning, career, under, julius, caes. Lucius Munatius Plancus c 87 BC c 15 BC was a Roman senator consul in 42 BC and censor in 22 BC with Paullus Aemilius Lepidus He is one of the classic historical examples of men who have managed to survive very dangerous circumstances by constantly shifting their allegiances Beginning his career under Julius Caesar he allied with his assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in 44 BC then with the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC joining Mark Antony in 40 BC and deserting him for Octavian in 32 BC He also founded the cities of Augusta Raurica now Augst and Lugdunum now Lyon His tomb it is still visible at Gaeta Bust of Plancus symbolising Roman philosophy The bust has been said to show evidence of hemiplegia Found in 1823 near the Jardin des Plantes and the amphitheatre of Lyon On display at the Gallo Roman Museum of Lyon Contents 1 Early career 2 Transition to empire 2 1 Formation of the triumvirate 2 2 Under the Triumvirate 2 3 Service under and defection from Antony 3 Under Augustus 4 Legacy 4 1 Tomb and family 4 2 Reputation 5 References 6 External linksEarly career editPlancus was born in Tibur the son of his homonymous father of whom very little is known He had three brothers and a sister two of the brothers pursued public lives one ascending to the praetorship and the other reaching the plebeian tribunate He must have entered public life with election as quaestor some time before 54 BC 1 More concrete information on Plancus career only appears when he became one of Julius Caesar s legates during the Gallic Wars he served under Caesar in Gaul from 54 BC through to the start of Caesar s civil war in January 49 BC 2 At the start of the civil war he joined with Caesar against Pompey he served under Caesar with Gaius Fabius the praetor in 58 BC during Caesar s Illerda campaign 3 He sailed with Caesar to Africa in 47 BC 4 this year he likely was one of the praetors 5 When Caesar left for Spain in 45 BC Plancus was appointed one of the prefects of the city in place of quaestors and aediles who had not been elected that year 6 Upon Caesar s return from Spain he appointed Plancus governor of Transalpine Gaul pro consule in early 44 BC 7 Transition to empire edit nbsp A statue from 1580 depicting Plancus in the city hall of Basel Switzerland 8 Upon the assassination of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC Plancus was still in Rome In the immediate aftermath of the deed he like many other Caesarians supported amnesty for the tyrannicides and departed for his province 9 He must have also supported preservation of Caesar s acta which would have been in service to his own career as well as Caesar had before his death designated Plancus as one of the consuls for 42 BC 10 There he raised more men while keeping a close eye on political developments in the city He also campaigned in Raetia winning some victories for which he was proclaimed imperator by September 11 Formation of the triumvirate edit A political crisis unfolded over the year 44 BC Plancus and Decimus Junius Brutus were the governors of Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul respectively 12 Mark Antony then one of the consuls used soldiers to intimidate the assembly in passing a law in June transferring those provinces to himself Antony left on 28 November 44 BC seeking to take those provinces from their governors 13 Soon afterwards Cicero was writing to the governors already stationed there seeking military support to resist Antony s assumption of the provinces he wrote both to Plancus and Decimus Brutus 13 On 20 December 44 BC the senate decreed that the existing governors should resist Antony by force if necessary 10 His funerary inscription attests that around this time he founded the cities of Augusta Raurica 44 BC and Lugdunum Lyon 43 BC 14 and in June 43 BC some letters attest to his passage through the village of Cularo present Grenoble in the Dauphine Alps 15 Plancus was slow to respond to the senate s call to arms Responding months later in March 43 BC he publicly warned against the rush to war Privately he wrote to Cicero that he was preparing his legions and auxiliaries 16 While both sides were preparing forces it is clear that Plancus was entertaining offers from both Cicero in the senate and Antony Around the same time a further message arrived from Plancus publicly declaring for the senate Antony asserted in a letter to Rome that he had Plancus support Plancus defended his caution with the argument that declaring too rashly before preparations would have meant swift consequences like those that befell Decimus Brutus then besieged in Mutina 17 The senate sent three commanders the two consuls and Caesar s heir Octavian after Antony They defeated Antony on 21 April 43 BC at the Battle of Mutina but both consuls were killed After the battle Plancus sought to persuade Marcus Aemilius Lepidus to join with the senate After Lepidus joined Antony on 29 May Plancus retreated across the river Isara and sought to join forces with Decimus his co consul designate for 42 BC and a high profile tyrannicide 18 Lepidus sent a message to the senate blaming his soldiers for forcing his defection at the same time Octavian refused to cooperate with Decimus Brutus ostensibly due to his soldiers refusing to help an assassin of Caesar In the last letter from Plancus to Cicero he castigates Cicero s strategy of elevating Octavian who was by then well known to be seeking one of the vacant consulships and by inaction allowing Antony to regain strength 19 Three weeks after this last letter Octavian s soldiers marched on Rome and engineered his election as suffect consul with Quintus Pedius Pedius passage of the lex Pedia which sentenced the tyrannicides to exile in absentia changed Plancus calculations after a few months of cooperation with Decimus he broke off While Antony was angry at Plancus for his having sided with the senate he was able to parley his five legions and Gallic cavalry into keeping his consulship and a triumph 20 Under the Triumvirate edit After Octavian joined with Antony and Lepidus to form the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC through passage of the lex Titia 21 they and their main allies all gave one close family member or friend to the proscriptions Plancus is said to have put his brother Lucius Plotius Plancus on the death lists 5 22 For the victories he won over the Gauls in Raetia he celebrated a triumph on 29 December 43 BC 5 23 Thereafter he held the consulship of 42 BC with Lepidus During his consulship he brought legislation to overturn some of the names on the Second Triumvirate s proscription lists and distributed land to veterans near Beneventum 24 The next year he continued supervising colonisation near Beneventum and during the Perusine War assisted Lucius Antony in defeating one of Octavian s legions 25 After the defeat of the plot he fled with Antony s wife Fulvia to Greece After the peace of Brundisium in 40 BC healed the rift between Octavian and Antony he was assigned to Asia pro consule 26 He likely stayed in Asia through 38 BC 27 Service under and defection from Antony edit During Mark Antony s expedition in 36 BC to Armenia and Parthia to avenge Crassus death from 17 years earlier he was proconsular governor or perhaps legate of Syria 28 He was blamed for ordering the execution of Sextus Pompey in Antony s name after Sextus was caught attempting to flee to Parthia via Asia 29 Plancus deserted Antony s side in 32 BC The reasons are unclear Ronald Syme speculated that he did so merely because he calculated Octavian was in the stronger position However Octavian s victory was likely not yet clear in 32 BC 30 Plancus and his nephew Marcus Titius were instrumental in securing for Octavian the contents of Antony s will which gravely damaged Antony s reputation 31 32 Complimentary sources such as Horace s Ode 1 7 praise Plancus for having realised the falsity of Antony s promises and having returned virtuously to the side of Rome and Italy 31 Under Augustus editIn January 27 BC Plancus as one of the senior ex consuls brought a motion suggestion that Octavian adopt the title Augustus 33 His last political office was held in 22 BC after Augustus appointed him and Aemilius Lepidus Paullus as censors 34 Their censorship is famous not for any remarkable deeds but because it was the last time that such magistrates were appointed According to Velleius Paterculus Roman history 35 it was a shame for both of the senators the censorship of Plancus and Paullus which exercised as it was with mutual discord was little credit to themselves or little benefit to the state for the one lacked the force the other the character in keeping with the office Paullus was scarcely capable of filling the censor s office while Plancus had only too much reason to fear it nor was there any charge which he could make against young men or hear others make of which he old though he was could not recognize himself as guilty In Suetonius Life of Nero 36 we read that the emperor Nero s grandfather Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus whose wife was Antonia Major daughter of Mark Antony was haughty extravagant and cruel and when he was only an aedile forced the censor Lucius Plancus to make way for him on the street the story seems to hint at the poor reputation Plancus held after his censorship Legacy edit nbsp Mausoleum of Plancus in Gaeta Tomb and family edit Plancus died in Gaeta and is one of the very few important Roman historical figures whose tomb has survived and is identifiable although his body has long since vanished The Mausoleum of Plancus a massive cylindrical tomb now much restored and consecrated to the Virgin Mary in the late 19th century is in Gaeta on a hill overlooking the sea it houses a small permanent exhibit in honor of him Plancus children included one son and one daughter His son was Lucius Munatius Plancus ca 45 BC aft 14 consul in AD 13 and legate in 14 who married Aemilia Paulla daughter of Paullus Aemilius Lepidus and wife Cornelia In AD 14 the son went to Germany to help suppress the Rhine legions mutiny with little success 37 Plancus daughter Munatia Plancina ca 35 BC aft 20 married the infamous Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and they had two sons Gnaeus and Marcus Piso Plancina and her husband were accused of poisoning Germanicus 38 In Syria she offended common sensibility by attending cavalry exercises and hired a notorious poisoner 39 After the death of Germanicus Piso and Plancina first tried to take back control of the province then slowly returned to Rome where they were put on trial for fomenting civil war and for poisoning Germanicus Eventually Livia intervened to save Plancina and she was pardoned Many years later in AD 34 she was again prosecuted and driven to suicide 40 Her two sons survived her Gnaeus Piso had to change his name to Lucius Piso but later became governor of Africa in AD 39 under Caligula 41 The charges against Marcus Piso were dismissed by Tiberius 42 Reputation edit Plancus has a negative reputation in both ancient texts and modern scholarship 43 44 Cicero writing a letter in late 44 BC told him that he was too much as the service of the times 45 The specific meaning of Cicero s words are debated Mitchell argues that the times in that sentence refers to Caesar s dominatio over the state rather than a generalised lack of principle 46 The history of Velleius Paterculus was very hostile to Plancus He blamed Plancus for his brother s death and paints his defection from Antony in 32 BC in terms being a pathological traitor with no political principles 47 He also painted Plancus as a fawning flatterer of Cleopatra as greedy and as furthering Antony s poor judgement 48 For his triumph over the Gauls in 43 BC the soldiers coined a pun on him alluding that he did not celebrate over the Gauls but over his brother 44 Velleius account may be derived from Gaius Asinius Pollio s speeches criticism of Plancus is usually coupled with praise with Pollio 49 Ronald Syme in Roman Revolution memorably savaged him A nice calculation of his own interests and an assiduous care for his own safety carried him through well timed treacheries to a peaceful old age 50 While more recent scholarship has perhaps softened slightly Plancus career is still largely seen in terms of flexibly adapting to prevailing circumstances out of self interest 51 References editCitations L Munatius 30 L f L n Cam Plancus Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic Retrieved 2022 07 17 Broughton 1952 pp 593 226 54 BC 231 53 BC 239 52 BC 244 51 BC 253 50 BC Broughton 1952 p 268 Broughton 1952 p 291 a b c Richardson Cadoux amp Badian 2012 Broughton 1952 p 313 Broughton 1952 p 329 Kein Basler Lucius Munatius Plancus www staatskanzlei bs ch in German Retrieved 2021 05 10 Mitchell 2019 p 172 citing Plut Brut 19 1 a b Mitchell 2019 p 172 Broughton 1952 p 329 Mitchell 2019 p 165 Broughton 1952 p 342 a b Mitchell 2019 p 165 Funerary inscription of Lucius Munatius Plancus CIL X 6087 LacusCurtius Cic Fam 10 17 18 23 Mitchell 2019 p 173 citing Cic Fam 10 6 Mitchell 2019 p 173 Mitchell 2019 pp 173 74 Mitchell 2019 pp 174 75 Mitchell 2019 p 175 Cadoux amp Lintott 2012 Mitchell 2019 p 176 Broughton 1952 p 348 Broughton 1952 p 357 Broughton 1952 p 374 Broughton 1952 p 382 Broughton 1952 pp 388 392 Broughton 1952 p 408 noting however that Liv Per 131 indicates that Plancus was legate Broughton 1952 pp 408 9 Mitchell 2019 p 179 a b Mitchell 2019 p 180 Johnson John Robert 1978 The authenticity and validity of Antony s will L Antiquite Classique 47 2 494 503 doi 10 3406 antiq 1978 1908 ISSN 0770 2817 JSTOR 41651325 Antony was proved un Roman his will had a proclaimed the legitimacy of Caesarion b had named his children by Cleopatra as heirs of legatees and c had directed that his own body be buried beside that of his Oriental mistress Mitchell 2019 p 180 citing Suet Aug 7 2 Vell Pat 2 91 Dio 53 16 6 8 Mitchell 2019 p 181 n 60 Vell Pat 2 95 Suet Ner 4 Tacitus Annals 1 39 Tacitus Annals 2 43 4 2 74 2 3 8 18 Dio 57 18 9 Tacitus Annals 2 55 5 2 74 2 Tacitus Annals 6 24 4 Dio 58 22 5 Dio 59 20 7 Tacitus Annals 3 17 18 Mitchell 2019 p 163 a b Litwan Peter 2014 Stadtgrunder Stammvater Patron oder doch nicht Basler Inschriften Darstellungen und Texte aus fast einem halben Jahrtausend zu L Munatius Plancus Basler Zeitschrift fur Geschichte und Altertumskunde p 241 via E Periodica Mitchell 2019 p 163 citing Cic Fam 10 3 3 Mitchell 2019 Mitchell 2019 p 177 citing Vell Pat 2 83 1 inter hunc apparatum belli Plancus non iudicio recta legendi neque amore rei publicae aut Caesaris quippe haec semper impugnabat sed mordo proditor Mitchell 2019 p 177 Mitchell 2019 pp 177 78 Mitchell 2019 p 163 citing Syme Roman Revolution 1939 p 165 Mitchell 2019 p 164 SourcesBroughton Thomas Robert Shannon 1952 The magistrates of the Roman republic Vol 2 New York American Philological Association Crawford Michael H 1974 Roman Republican coinage London Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 07492 4 OCLC 1288923 Hornblower Simon et al eds 2012 The Oxford classical dictionary 4th ed Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 954556 8 OCLC 959667246 Cadoux Theodore John Lintott Andrew triumviri In OCD4 2012 Richardson Geoffrey Walter Cadoux Theodore John Badian Ernst Munatius Plancus Lucius In OCD4 2012 Mitchell Hannah 2019 The reputation of L Munatius Plancus and the idea of serving the times In Morrell Kit Osgood Josiah Kathryn Welch eds The alternative Augustan age New York Oxford University Press pp 163 81 ISBN 978 0 19 090141 7 OCLC 1114973036 Zmeskal Klaus 2009 Adfinitas in German Vol 1 Passau a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link External links editL Munatius 30 L f L n Cam Plancus in the Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic Political officesPreceded byAulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus Consul of the Roman Republicwith Marcus Aemilius Lepidus42 BC Succeeded byPublius Servilius Vatia Isauricus and Lucius Antonius Retrieved from https en 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