The louvar or luvar (Luvarus imperialis) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, it is the only extant species in the genusLuvarus and family Luvaridae. This taxon is classified within the suborder Acanthuroidei, which includes the surgeonfish, of the order Acanthuriformes, and is the only pelagic species of this order. The juvenile form has a pair of spines near the base of the tail, like the surgeonfish, though they are lost in the adult.
The louvar's binomial Luvarus imperialis is based on the Sicilian name for this fish, Luvari imperiali, which was used because this species resembles the actual luvari, the common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). The specific nameimperialis means "imperial" or "majestic", perhaps referring to the palatability of its flesh.[8]
Descriptionedit
The louvar has a robust, ovoid body tapering towards the caudal fin with a small mouth and eyes that are placed low on the head,[9] behind the mouth and beneath a large bulging forehead.[10] The anal and dorsal fins are long-based and are not tall and have no spines,[11] the anal fin has 18 soft rays and the dorsal fins have 20.[2] The caudal fin is large and concave with the slender caudal peduncle having either one or two keels close to the base of the caudal fin. The pelvic fins are tiny while the long pectoral fins have pointed tips. These fishes have a covering of rough skin with very small spines.[11] The overall colour is a metallic bluish-grey with some pinkish or orange tint.[10] The dorsal and caudal fins are reddish.[11] The juveniles have longer dorsal and anal fins than the adults and the origin of these fins is closer to the head. They also have long pelvic fins and teeth in the jaws, features that are lost as they change to adults.[10][11] The louvar has a maximum published total length of 200 cm (79 in), although 152 cm (60 in) is more typical, and a maximum weight of 150 kg (330 lb).[2]
Juvenile
Distribution and habitatedit
The louvar has an almost cosmopolitan tropical and temperate distribution. It is widespread in the Indo-Pacific region but in the Atlantic the distribution is more localised, although it appears to be less uncommon in the eastern Atlantic than it is in the western Atlantic, and there are a number of widely dispersed records from the Mediterranean.[1] This is an oceanic or epipelagic species found near the surface or in deep water, down to 200 m (660 ft).[2]
Biologyedit
Louvars are solitary[2] carnivores feeding on soft-bodied zooplankton such as jellyfishes and ctenophores.[10] The spawn from the late spring and throughout the summer[2] and each female may lay millions of small pelagic eggs.[10]
Studies of louvar anatomy indicates that they have evolved a highly complex system of red muscle akin to those of endothermic animals, of which there are very few known fish. However, it lacks a rete mirabile, unlike actual endotherms. It remains uncertain whether the species may ultimately evolve true endothermy or remain an ectotherm.[12]
Fisheriesedit
Croatia
Louvars are very rare and are not targeted by fisheries and are normally taken as bycatch.[1] For example, they are hardly ever found in fish markets in the United States, only as bycatch, but is prized as an eating fish.[13] Fish are often removed from markets because of their high parasite load.[1]
Referencesedit
^ abcdCollette, B.B. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Luvarus imperialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T190116A115308008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190116A15572470.en. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
^ abcdefFroese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2023). "Luvarus imperialis" in FishBase. February 2023 version.
^Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2023). "Luvaridae" in FishBase. February 2023 version.
^Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
^J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN978-1-118-34233-6.
^Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 2): Families EPHIPPIDAE, LEIOGNATHIDAE, SCATOPHAGIDAE, ANTIGONIIDAE, SIGANIDAE, CAPROIDAE, LUVARIDAE, ZANCLIDAE and ACANTHURIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
^Mark McGrouther (31 March 2021). "Louvar, Luvarus imperialis Rafinesque, 1810". Australian Museum. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
^ abcdeDianne J. Bray. "Luvarus imperialis". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
^ abcd"Louvar". Mexican Fish. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
^Arostegui, Martin C.; Shero, Michelle R.; Frank, Lawrence R.; Berquist, Rachel M.; Braun, Camrin D. (2023). "An enigmatic pelagic fish with internalized red muscle: A future regional endotherm or forever an ectotherm?". Journal of Fish Biology. 102 (6): 1311–1326. doi:10.1111/jfb.15375. ISSN 0022-1112.
^"Louvar: A Fish You May Never Taste". Larry Levine, Table Talk at Larry's. January 3, 2012.
louvar, louvar, luvar, luvarus, imperialis, species, marine, finned, fish, only, extant, species, genus, luvarus, family, luvaridae, this, taxon, classified, within, suborder, acanthuroidei, which, includes, surgeonfish, order, acanthuriformes, only, pelagic, . The louvar or luvar Luvarus imperialis is a species of marine ray finned fish it is the only extant species in the genus Luvarus and family Luvaridae This taxon is classified within the suborder Acanthuroidei which includes the surgeonfish of the order Acanthuriformes and is the only pelagic species of this order The juvenile form has a pair of spines near the base of the tail like the surgeonfish though they are lost in the adult LouvarConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder AcanthuriformesFamily LuvaridaeGenus LuvarusSpecies L imperialisBinomial nameLuvarus imperialisRafinesque 1810Synonyms 2 Proctostegus proctostegus Nardo 1827Proctostegus prototypus Nardo 1827Diana semilunata Risso 1827Ausonia cuvieri Risso 1827Astrodermus guttatus Cuvier 1829Astrodermus coryphaenoides Cuvier amp Valenciennes 1833Coryphaena elegans Cuvier 1833Diana valenciennesii Cocco amp Scuderi 1835Astrodermus elegans Bonaparte 1839Astroderma plumbeum Lowe 1843 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Etymology 3 Description 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Biology 6 Fisheries 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy editThe louvar was first formally described in 1810 by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque with its type locality given as Sicily 3 Rafinesque described it as the only species in the monospecific genus Luvarus 4 It is the only extant species in the genus and in the family Luvaridae 5 the Luvaridae being proposed by Theodore Gill in 1885 6 The family is included in the suborder Acanthuroidei of the order Acanthuriformes 7 Etymology editThe louvar s binomial Luvarus imperialis is based on the Sicilian name for this fish Luvari imperiali which was used because this species resembles the actual luvari the common pandora Pagellus erythrinus The specific name imperialis means imperial or majestic perhaps referring to the palatability of its flesh 8 Description editThe louvar has a robust ovoid body tapering towards the caudal fin with a small mouth and eyes that are placed low on the head 9 behind the mouth and beneath a large bulging forehead 10 The anal and dorsal fins are long based and are not tall and have no spines 11 the anal fin has 18 soft rays and the dorsal fins have 20 2 The caudal fin is large and concave with the slender caudal peduncle having either one or two keels close to the base of the caudal fin The pelvic fins are tiny while the long pectoral fins have pointed tips These fishes have a covering of rough skin with very small spines 11 The overall colour is a metallic bluish grey with some pinkish or orange tint 10 The dorsal and caudal fins are reddish 11 The juveniles have longer dorsal and anal fins than the adults and the origin of these fins is closer to the head They also have long pelvic fins and teeth in the jaws features that are lost as they change to adults 10 11 The louvar has a maximum published total length of 200 cm 79 in although 152 cm 60 in is more typical and a maximum weight of 150 kg 330 lb 2 nbsp JuvenileDistribution and habitat editThe louvar has an almost cosmopolitan tropical and temperate distribution It is widespread in the Indo Pacific region but in the Atlantic the distribution is more localised although it appears to be less uncommon in the eastern Atlantic than it is in the western Atlantic and there are a number of widely dispersed records from the Mediterranean 1 This is an oceanic or epipelagic species found near the surface or in deep water down to 200 m 660 ft 2 Biology editLouvars are solitary 2 carnivores feeding on soft bodied zooplankton such as jellyfishes and ctenophores 10 The spawn from the late spring and throughout the summer 2 and each female may lay millions of small pelagic eggs 10 Studies of louvar anatomy indicates that they have evolved a highly complex system of red muscle akin to those of endothermic animals of which there are very few known fish However it lacks a rete mirabile unlike actual endotherms It remains uncertain whether the species may ultimately evolve true endothermy or remain an ectotherm 12 Fisheries edit nbsp CroatiaLouvars are very rare and are not targeted by fisheries and are normally taken as bycatch 1 For example they are hardly ever found in fish markets in the United States only as bycatch but is prized as an eating fish 13 Fish are often removed from markets because of their high parasite load 1 References edit a b c d Collette B B 2017 errata version of 2015 assessment Luvarus imperialis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T190116A115308008 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T190116A15572470 en Retrieved 9 July 2023 a b c d e f Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2023 Luvarus imperialis in FishBase February 2023 version Eschmeyer William N Fricke Ron amp van der Laan Richard eds Species in the genus Luvarus Catalog of Fishes California Academy of Sciences Retrieved 9 July 2023 Eschmeyer William N Fricke Ron amp van der Laan Richard eds Genera in the family Luvaridae Catalog of Fishes California Academy of Sciences Retrieved 9 July 2023 Froese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2023 Luvaridae in FishBase February 2023 version Richard van der Laan William N Eschmeyer amp Ronald Fricke 2014 Family group names of Recent fishes Zootaxa 3882 2 001 230 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3882 1 1 PMID 25543675 J S Nelson T C Grande M V H Wilson 2016 Fishes of the World 5th ed Wiley pp 497 502 ISBN 978 1 118 34233 6 Christopher Scharpf amp Kenneth J Lazara eds 12 January 2021 Order ACANTHURIFORMES part 2 Families EPHIPPIDAE LEIOGNATHIDAE SCATOPHAGIDAE ANTIGONIIDAE SIGANIDAE CAPROIDAE LUVARIDAE ZANCLIDAE and ACANTHURIDAE The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J Lazara Retrieved 9 July 2023 Mark McGrouther 31 March 2021 Louvar Luvarus imperialis Rafinesque 1810 Australian Museum Retrieved 9 July 2023 a b c d e Dianne J Bray Luvarus imperialis Fishes of Australia Museums Victoria Retrieved 9 July 2023 a b c d Louvar Mexican Fish Retrieved 9 July 2023 Arostegui Martin C Shero Michelle R Frank Lawrence R Berquist Rachel M Braun Camrin D 2023 An enigmatic pelagic fish with internalized red muscle A future regional endotherm or forever an ectotherm Journal of Fish Biology 102 6 1311 1326 doi 10 1111 jfb 15375 ISSN 0022 1112 Louvar A Fish You May Never Taste Larry Levine Table Talk at Larry s January 3 2012 External links edit Luvarus imperialis Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 18 April 2006 Louvar Australian Museum Fish Site Retrieved 31 March 2006 Phylogenetic Revision of the Fish Families Luvaridae and Kushlukiidae Acanthuroidei with a New Genus and Two New Species of Eocene Luvarids Contains information about Luvaridae and Kushlukiidae Acanthuroidei Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Louvar amp oldid 1209432232, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
