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Longitude rewards

January 08, 2023

For the inducement prize contest established in 2014, see Longitude Prize.

The longitude rewards were the system of inducement prizes offered by the British government for a simple and practical method for the precise determination of a ship's longitude at sea. The rewards, established through an Act of Parliament (the Longitude Act) in 1714, were administered by the Board of Longitude.

Longitude lines on the globe

This was by no means the first reward to be offered to solve this problem. Philip II of Spain offered one in 1567, Philip III in 1598 offered 6,000 ducats and a pension,[1] whilst the States General of the Netherlands offered 10,000 florins shortly after.[2] In 1675 Robert Hooke wanted to apply for a £1,000 reward in England for his invention of a spring-regulated watch.[3] However, these large sums were never won, though several people were awarded smaller amounts for significant achievements.

Background: the longitude problem

Main article: History of longitude

The measurement of longitude was a problem that came into sharp focus as people began making transoceanic voyages. Determining latitude was relatively easy in that it could be found from the altitude of the sun at noon with the aid of a table giving the sun's declination for the day.[4] For longitude, early ocean navigators had to rely on dead reckoning, based on calculations of the vessel's heading and speed for a given time (much of which was based on intuition on the part of the master and/or navigator). This was inaccurate on long voyages out of sight of land, and these voyages sometimes ended in tragedy. An accurate determination of longitude was also necessary to determine the proper "magnetic declination", that is, the difference between indicated magnetic north and true north, which can differ by up to 10 degrees in the important trade latitudes of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Finding an adequate solution to determining longitude at sea was therefore of paramount importance.

The Longitude Act only addressed the determination of longitude at sea. Determining longitude reasonably accurately on land was, from the 17th century onwards, was possible using the Galilean moons of Jupiter as an astronomical 'clock'. The moons were easily observable on land, but numerous attempts to reliably observe them from the deck of a ship resulted in failure.

The need for better navigational accuracy for increasingly longer oceanic voyages had been an issue explored by many European nations for centuries before the passing of the Longitude Act in England in 1714. Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands offered financial incentives for solutions to the problem of longitude as early as 1598.[5]

Addressing the problem of longitude fell, primarily, into three categories: terrestrial, celestial, and mechanical.[5] This included detailed atlases, lunar charts, and timekeeping mechanisms at sea. It is postulated by scholars that the economic gains and political power to be had in oceanic exploration, and not scientific and technological curiosity, is what resulted in the swift passing of the Longitude Act of 1714 and the largest and most famous reward, the Longitude Prize being offered.[6]

Establishing the rewards

In the early 1700s, a series of maritime disasters occurred, including the wrecking of a squadron of naval vessels on the Isles of Scilly in 1707.[7] Around the same time, mathematician Thomas Axe decreed in his will that a £1,000 prize be awarded for promising research into finding "true longitude" and that annual sums be paid to scholars involved in making corrected world maps.[8]

In 1713, when the longitude proposal of William Whiston and Humphrey Ditton was presented at the opening of the session of Parliament, a general understanding of the longitude problem prompted the formation of a parliamentary committee and the swift passing of the Longitude Act on July 8, 1714.[8] Within this act are detailed three rewards based on levels of accuracy, which are the same accuracy requirements used for the Axe prize, set by Whiston and Ditton in their petition, and recommended by Sir Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley to the parliamentary committee.[9]

  • £10,000 (equivalent to £1.48 million in 2020[10]) for a method that could determine longitude within 1 degree (equivalent to 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) at the equator).
  • £15,000 (equivalent to £2.22 million in 2020[10]) for a method that could determine longitude within 40 minutes.
  • £20,000 (equivalent to £2.96 million in 2020[10]) for a method that could determine longitude within 30 minutes.

In addition, rewards were on offer for those who could produce a method that worked within 80 geographical miles of the coast (where ships would be in most danger), and for those with promising ideas who needed financial help to bring them to trial.

Proposed methods would be tested by sailing through the ocean, from Britain to any port in West Indies (about six weeks) without losing its longitude beyond the limits listed above. Also, the contender would be required to demonstrate the accuracy of their method by determining the longitude of a specific land-based feature whose longitude was already accurately known. The parliamentary committee also established the Board of Longitude. This panel of adjudicators would review proposed solutions and were also given authority to grant up to £2,000 in advances for promising projects that did not entirely fulfill the terms of the prize levels, but that were still found worthy of encouragement.[7] The exact terms of the requirements for the prizes would later be contended by several recipients, including John Harrison. Ultimately, the £20,000 reward was not awarded to anyone in a lump sum, although John Harrison did receive a series of payments totaling £23,065.[11] The Board of Longitude remained in existence for more than 100 years. When it was officially disbanded in 1828, an excess of £100,000 had been disbursed.[9][12]

Notable recipients

The Longitude Act offered a very large incentive for solutions to the longitude problem. Some later recipients of rewards, such as Euler and Mayer, made clear publicly that the money was not the incentive, but instead the important improvements to navigation and cartography. Other recipients, such as Kendall and Harrison had to appeal to the Board of Longitude and other governmental officials for adequate compensation for their work. Still others submitted radical and impractical theories, some of which can be seen in a collection at Harvard’s Houghton Library.[13] Schemes and ideas for improvements to instruments and astronomy, both practical and impractical, can be seen among the digitised archives of the Board of Longitude.[14]

Though the Board of Longitude did not award £20,000 at one time, they did offer sums to various individuals in recognition of their work for improvements in instrumentation or in published atlases and star charts.

List of awardees by amount

  • John Harrison – £23,065 awarded overall after many years of contention with the Board.
  • Thomas Mudge – £500 advance in 1777 for developing his marine timekeeper and a £3,000 award approved by a special committee in 1793 in recognition for his accomplishments.[15]
  • Tobias Mayer – £3,000 awarded to his widow for lunar distance tables, which were published in The National Almanac in 1766 and used by James Cook in his voyages.[16]
  • Thomas Earnshaw – £3,000 awarded for years of design and improvements made to chronometers.[17]
  • Charles Mason – £1,317 awarded for various contributions and improvements on Mayer’s lunar tables.[17]
  • Larcum Kendall – £800 total for his copy of and improvements and simplifications of Harrison’s sea watch (£500 for K1 – Kendall’s copy of Harrison’s H4, £200 for modified K2, and £100 for last modification model K3).[15]
  • Jesse Ramsden – £615 awarded for his engine-divided sextant with the requirement that he share his methods and the design with other instrument makers.[7]
  • John Arnold – £300 awarded in increments to improve his timekeeping design and experiments, though the accuracy required for the prize was never met.[15]
  • Leonhard Euler – £300 awarded for contributions to the lunar distance method in aid of Mayer.
  • Nathaniel Davies – £300 awarded for the design of a lunar telescope for Mayer.[17]

A full list of rewards made by the Commissioners and Board of Longitude was drawn up by Derek Howse, in an Appendix to his article on the finances of the Board of Longitude.[18]

Other submissions

Only two women are known to have submitted proposals to the Longitude Commissioners, Elizabeth Johnson and Jane Squire. Incoming submissions can be found among the correspondence of the digitised papers of the Board of Longitude.[14]

John Harrison's contested reward

The winner of the most reward money under the Longitude Act is John Harrison for sea timekeepers, including his H4 sea watch. Harrison was 21 years old when the Longitude Act was passed. He spent the next 45 years perfecting the design of his timekeepers. He first received a reward from the Commissioners of Longitude in 1737 and did not receive his final payment until he was 80.[19]

Harrison was first awarded £250 in 1737, in order to improve on his promising H1 sea clock, leading to the construction of H2. £2,000 was rewarded over the span of 1741–1755 for continued construction and completion of H2 and H3. From 1760 to 1765, Harrison received £2,865 for various expenses related to the construction, ocean trials, and eventual award for the performance of his sea watch H4.[9][20] Despite the performance of the H4 exceeding the accuracy requirement of the highest reward possible in the original Longitude Act, Harrison was rewarded £7,500 (that is, £10,000 minus payments he had received in 1762 and 1764) once he had revealed the method of making his device, and was told that he must show that his single machine could be replicated before the final £10,000 could be paid.[11]

Harrison made one rather than the requested two further copies of H4, and he and his family members eventually appealed to King George III after petitions for further rewards were not answered by the Board of Longitude.[19] A reward of £8,750 was granted by Parliament in 1773 for a total payment of £23,065 spanning thirty-six years.[11]

In popular culture

  • Rupert T. Gould's 1923 The Marine Chronometer (ISBN 0907462057) is a thorough reference work on the marine chronometer. It covers the chronometer's history from the earliest attempts to measure longitude, while including detailed discussions and illustrations of the various mechanisms and their inventors.
  • Dava Sobel's 1996 bestseller Longitude (ISBN 0-14-025879-5) recounts Harrison's story. A film adaptation of Longitude was released by Granada Productions and A&E in 2000, starring Michael Gambon as Harrison and Jeremy Irons as Rupert Gould.
  • The Island of the Day Before, by Umberto Eco.
  • Gulliver’s Travels, by Jonathan Swift.

See also

References

  1. ^ O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F (1997). "Longitude and the Académie Royale". MacTutor History of Mathematics.
  2. ^ Bell, A.E. (1950). The Life of Christian Huygens. Edward Arnold, London. p. 35.
  3. ^ Inwood, Stephen (2002). The Man Who Knew Too Much. Macmillan. p. 200.
  4. ^ Latitude can also be determined in the Northern Hemisphere from the angle above the horizon of Polaris, the northern pole star. However, since Polaris is not precisely at the pole, it can only estimate the latitude unless the precise time is known or many measurements are made over time. While many measurements can be made on land, this makes it impractical for determining latitude at sea.
  5. ^ a b Andrewes, William J.H. (1996). "Introduction". The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium: 1–10.
  6. ^ Knowles, Jeremy R (1996). "Opening Address at the Longitude Symposium". The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium: 11–12.
  7. ^ a b c Stimson, Alan (1996). "The Longitude Problem: The Navigator's Story". The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium: 71–84.
  8. ^ a b Turner, A. J. (1996). "In the Wake of the Act, but Mainly Before". The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium: 115–132.
  9. ^ a b c Sobel, Dana (1995). The Illustrated Longitude. New York: Walker and Company.
  10. ^ a b c UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Andrewes, William J. H. (1996). "Even Newton Could Be Wrong: The Story of Harrison's First Three Sea Clocks". The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium: 189–234.
  12. ^ Howse, Derek (1998). "Britain's Board of Longitude: The Finances" (PDF). Mariner's Mirror. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  13. ^ Gingerich, Owen (1996). "Cranks and opportunists: "Nutty" solutions to the longitude problem". The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium: 134–148.
  14. ^ a b "Papers of the Board of Longitude". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  15. ^ a b c Betts, Jonathan (1996). "Arnold and Earnshaw: The Practicable Solution". The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium: 311–330.
  16. ^ Bruyns, W.F.J. Morzer (1996). "Navigation". The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitudinal Symposium.
  17. ^ a b c Sobel, Dava (1995). Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time. New York: Walker and Company.
  18. ^ Howse, Derek. "Britain's Board of Longitude: The Finances, 1714–1828" (PDF). Mariner's Mirror (1998). Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  19. ^ a b Quill, Humphrey (1966). John Harrison: The Man who found Longitude. London: John Baker Publishers.
  20. ^ Dunn, Richard; Higgitt, Rebekah (2014). Finding longitude: how clocks and stars helped solve the longitude problem. Glasgow: Collins. ISBN 9780007525867.

External links

  • Royal Observatory Greenwich: John Harrison and the Longitude Problem
  • Nova Online: Lost at Sea, the Search for Longitude
  • Board of Longitude Collection, Cambridge Digital Library

January 08, 2023
longitude, rewards, inducement, prize, contest, established, 2014, longitude, prize, longitude, rewards, were, system, inducement, prizes, offered, british, government, simple, practical, method, precise, determination, ship, longitude, rewards, established, t. For the inducement prize contest established in 2014 see Longitude Prize The longitude rewards were the system of inducement prizes offered by the British government for a simple and practical method for the precise determination of a ship s longitude at sea The rewards established through an Act of Parliament the Longitude Act in 1714 were administered by the Board of Longitude Longitude lines on the globe This was by no means the first reward to be offered to solve this problem Philip II of Spain offered one in 1567 Philip III in 1598 offered 6 000 ducats and a pension 1 whilst the States General of the Netherlands offered 10 000 florins shortly after 2 In 1675 Robert Hooke wanted to apply for a 1 000 reward in England for his invention of a spring regulated watch 3 However these large sums were never won though several people were awarded smaller amounts for significant achievements Contents 1 Background the longitude problem 2 Establishing the rewards 3 Notable recipients 3 1 List of awardees by amount 3 1 1 Other submissions 4 John Harrison s contested reward 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksBackground the longitude problem EditMain article History of longitude The measurement of longitude was a problem that came into sharp focus as people began making transoceanic voyages Determining latitude was relatively easy in that it could be found from the altitude of the sun at noon with the aid of a table giving the sun s declination for the day 4 For longitude early ocean navigators had to rely on dead reckoning based on calculations of the vessel s heading and speed for a given time much of which was based on intuition on the part of the master and or navigator This was inaccurate on long voyages out of sight of land and these voyages sometimes ended in tragedy An accurate determination of longitude was also necessary to determine the proper magnetic declination that is the difference between indicated magnetic north and true north which can differ by up to 10 degrees in the important trade latitudes of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Finding an adequate solution to determining longitude at sea was therefore of paramount importance The Longitude Act only addressed the determination of longitude at sea Determining longitude reasonably accurately on land was from the 17th century onwards was possible using the Galilean moons of Jupiter as an astronomical clock The moons were easily observable on land but numerous attempts to reliably observe them from the deck of a ship resulted in failure The need for better navigational accuracy for increasingly longer oceanic voyages had been an issue explored by many European nations for centuries before the passing of the Longitude Act in England in 1714 Portugal Spain and the Netherlands offered financial incentives for solutions to the problem of longitude as early as 1598 5 Addressing the problem of longitude fell primarily into three categories terrestrial celestial and mechanical 5 This included detailed atlases lunar charts and timekeeping mechanisms at sea It is postulated by scholars that the economic gains and political power to be had in oceanic exploration and not scientific and technological curiosity is what resulted in the swift passing of the Longitude Act of 1714 and the largest and most famous reward the Longitude Prize being offered 6 Establishing the rewards EditIn the early 1700s a series of maritime disasters occurred including the wrecking of a squadron of naval vessels on the Isles of Scilly in 1707 7 Around the same time mathematician Thomas Axe decreed in his will that a 1 000 prize be awarded for promising research into finding true longitude and that annual sums be paid to scholars involved in making corrected world maps 8 In 1713 when the longitude proposal of William Whiston and Humphrey Ditton was presented at the opening of the session of Parliament a general understanding of the longitude problem prompted the formation of a parliamentary committee and the swift passing of the Longitude Act on July 8 1714 8 Within this act are detailed three rewards based on levels of accuracy which are the same accuracy requirements used for the Axe prize set by Whiston and Ditton in their petition and recommended by Sir Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley to the parliamentary committee 9 10 000 equivalent to 1 48 million in 2020 10 for a method that could determine longitude within 1 degree equivalent to 60 nautical miles 110 km 69 mi at the equator 15 000 equivalent to 2 22 million in 2020 10 for a method that could determine longitude within 40 minutes 20 000 equivalent to 2 96 million in 2020 10 for a method that could determine longitude within 30 minutes In addition rewards were on offer for those who could produce a method that worked within 80 geographical miles of the coast where ships would be in most danger and for those with promising ideas who needed financial help to bring them to trial Proposed methods would be tested by sailing through the ocean from Britain to any port in West Indies about six weeks without losing its longitude beyond the limits listed above Also the contender would be required to demonstrate the accuracy of their method by determining the longitude of a specific land based feature whose longitude was already accurately known The parliamentary committee also established the Board of Longitude This panel of adjudicators would review proposed solutions and were also given authority to grant up to 2 000 in advances for promising projects that did not entirely fulfill the terms of the prize levels but that were still found worthy of encouragement 7 The exact terms of the requirements for the prizes would later be contended by several recipients including John Harrison Ultimately the 20 000 reward was not awarded to anyone in a lump sum although John Harrison did receive a series of payments totaling 23 065 11 The Board of Longitude remained in existence for more than 100 years When it was officially disbanded in 1828 an excess of 100 000 had been disbursed 9 12 Notable recipients EditThe Longitude Act offered a very large incentive for solutions to the longitude problem Some later recipients of rewards such as Euler and Mayer made clear publicly that the money was not the incentive but instead the important improvements to navigation and cartography Other recipients such as Kendall and Harrison had to appeal to the Board of Longitude and other governmental officials for adequate compensation for their work Still others submitted radical and impractical theories some of which can be seen in a collection at Harvard s Houghton Library 13 Schemes and ideas for improvements to instruments and astronomy both practical and impractical can be seen among the digitised archives of the Board of Longitude 14 Though the Board of Longitude did not award 20 000 at one time they did offer sums to various individuals in recognition of their work for improvements in instrumentation or in published atlases and star charts List of awardees by amount Edit John Harrison 23 065 awarded overall after many years of contention with the Board Thomas Mudge 500 advance in 1777 for developing his marine timekeeper and a 3 000 award approved by a special committee in 1793 in recognition for his accomplishments 15 Tobias Mayer 3 000 awarded to his widow for lunar distance tables which were published in The National Almanac in 1766 and used by James Cook in his voyages 16 Thomas Earnshaw 3 000 awarded for years of design and improvements made to chronometers 17 Charles Mason 1 317 awarded for various contributions and improvements on Mayer s lunar tables 17 Larcum Kendall 800 total for his copy of and improvements and simplifications of Harrison s sea watch 500 for K1 Kendall s copy of Harrison s H4 200 for modified K2 and 100 for last modification model K3 15 Jesse Ramsden 615 awarded for his engine divided sextant with the requirement that he share his methods and the design with other instrument makers 7 John Arnold 300 awarded in increments to improve his timekeeping design and experiments though the accuracy required for the prize was never met 15 Leonhard Euler 300 awarded for contributions to the lunar distance method in aid of Mayer Nathaniel Davies 300 awarded for the design of a lunar telescope for Mayer 17 A full list of rewards made by the Commissioners and Board of Longitude was drawn up by Derek Howse in an Appendix to his article on the finances of the Board of Longitude 18 Other submissions Edit Only two women are known to have submitted proposals to the Longitude Commissioners Elizabeth Johnson and Jane Squire Incoming submissions can be found among the correspondence of the digitised papers of the Board of Longitude 14 John Harrison s contested reward EditThe winner of the most reward money under the Longitude Act is John Harrison for sea timekeepers including his H4 sea watch Harrison was 21 years old when the Longitude Act was passed He spent the next 45 years perfecting the design of his timekeepers He first received a reward from the Commissioners of Longitude in 1737 and did not receive his final payment until he was 80 19 Harrison was first awarded 250 in 1737 in order to improve on his promising H1 sea clock leading to the construction of H2 2 000 was rewarded over the span of 1741 1755 for continued construction and completion of H2 and H3 From 1760 to 1765 Harrison received 2 865 for various expenses related to the construction ocean trials and eventual award for the performance of his sea watch H4 9 20 Despite the performance of the H4 exceeding the accuracy requirement of the highest reward possible in the original Longitude Act Harrison was rewarded 7 500 that is 10 000 minus payments he had received in 1762 and 1764 once he had revealed the method of making his device and was told that he must show that his single machine could be replicated before the final 10 000 could be paid 11 Harrison made one rather than the requested two further copies of H4 and he and his family members eventually appealed to King George III after petitions for further rewards were not answered by the Board of Longitude 19 A reward of 8 750 was granted by Parliament in 1773 for a total payment of 23 065 spanning thirty six years 11 In popular culture EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Rupert T Gould s 1923 The Marine Chronometer ISBN 0907462057 is a thorough reference work on the marine chronometer It covers the chronometer s history from the earliest attempts to measure longitude while including detailed discussions and illustrations of the various mechanisms and their inventors Dava Sobel s 1996 bestseller Longitude ISBN 0 14 025879 5 recounts Harrison s story A film adaptation of Longitude was released by Granada Productions and A amp E in 2000 starring Michael Gambon as Harrison and Jeremy Irons as Rupert Gould The Island of the Day Before by Umberto Eco Gulliver s Travels by Jonathan Swift See also Edit Geography portalHistory of longitude Nevil Maskelyne Lunar distance navigation James Cook Celatone Longitude Prize List of engineering awardsReferences Edit O Connor J J Robertson E F 1997 Longitude and the Academie Royale MacTutor History of Mathematics Bell A E 1950 The Life of Christian Huygens Edward Arnold London p 35 Inwood Stephen 2002 The Man Who Knew Too Much Macmillan p 200 Latitude can also be determined in the Northern Hemisphere from the angle above the horizon of Polaris the northern pole star However since Polaris is not precisely at the pole it can only estimate the latitude unless the precise time is known or many measurements are made over time While many measurements can be made on land this makes it impractical for determining latitude at sea a b Andrewes William J H 1996 Introduction The Quest for Longitude The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium 1 10 Knowles Jeremy R 1996 Opening Address at the Longitude Symposium The Quest for Longitude The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium 11 12 a b c Stimson Alan 1996 The Longitude Problem The Navigator s Story The Quest for Longitude The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium 71 84 a b Turner A J 1996 In the Wake of the Act but Mainly Before The Quest for Longitude The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium 115 132 a b c Sobel Dana 1995 The Illustrated Longitude New York Walker and Company a b c UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark Gregory 2017 The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain 1209 to Present New Series MeasuringWorth Retrieved June 11 2022 a b c Andrewes William J H 1996 Even Newton Could Be Wrong The Story of Harrison s First Three Sea Clocks The Quest for Longitude The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium 189 234 Howse Derek 1998 Britain s Board of Longitude The Finances PDF Mariner s Mirror Retrieved 30 April 2015 Gingerich Owen 1996 Cranks and opportunists Nutty solutions to the longitude problem The Quest for Longitude The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium 134 148 a b Papers of the Board of Longitude Cambridge Digital Library Retrieved 30 April 2015 a b c Betts Jonathan 1996 Arnold and Earnshaw The Practicable Solution The Quest for Longitude The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium 311 330 Bruyns W F J Morzer 1996 Navigation The Quest for Longitude The Proceedings of the Longitudinal Symposium a b c Sobel Dava 1995 Longitude The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time New York Walker and Company Howse Derek Britain s Board of Longitude The Finances 1714 1828 PDF Mariner s Mirror 1998 Retrieved 30 April 2015 a b Quill Humphrey 1966 John Harrison The Man who found Longitude London John Baker Publishers Dunn Richard Higgitt Rebekah 2014 Finding longitude how clocks and stars helped solve the longitude problem Glasgow Collins ISBN 9780007525867 External links EditRoyal Observatory Greenwich John Harrison and the Longitude Problem Nova Online Lost at Sea the Search for Longitude Board of Longitude Collection Cambridge Digital Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Longitude rewards amp oldid 1124886293, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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