Longipterygids are characterized by an extremely long, toothed snout (making up over 60% of the total skull length), in which the teeth are restricted to the tips of the jaws. The snouts were straight but slightly concave at a point behind the nostrils, and the bones of the snout tip were solid. Their pygostyles, the series of fused vertebrae in the tail, were unusually large, and longer than the foot bones. The feet of longipterygids were also specialized relative to other enantiornitheans. Where most enantiornitheans had a long middle toe with a "knuckle" (trochlea) that extended beyond the outer two, the toes of longipterygids were even in length, and attached to the rest of the foot at the same level. This configuration is also seen in some groups of modern birds and is usually considered an adaptation for advanced perching ability. It is likely that longipterygids lived primarily in trees. Because their long jaws tipped with large, often curved teeth are usually considered an adaptation for catching and eating fish, it is likely that they were similar in ecology to modern kingfishers.[4] Other interpretations of their habitus include mud-probing and the probing for insects behind tree bark.[3] A study on Mesozoic avialan diets does recover Longipteryx as a piscivore.[5] A 2022 study, however, does find them most likely to be generalistic insectivores (sans possibly Shengjingornis due to its larger size, poorly preserved skull and unusual pedal anatomy), being too small for specialised carnivory and herbivory; the atypical rostrum is tentatively speculated to be unrelated to feeding ecology.[6]
Classificationedit
The Longipterygidae was first coined as a family of enantiornitheans by Zhang and colleagues in 2001. They included only the first known species, Longipteryx chaoyangensis, and placed the family in its own order, Longipterygiformes.[7] While Longipterygiformes has never been formally defined, Longipterygidae was given a phylogenetic definition by O'Connor and colleagues in 2009. They defined the clade to include Longipteryx, Longisrostravis, their most recent common ancestor, and all of its descendants.[8]
The cladogram below was found in the phylogenetic analysis of O'Connor, Gao and Chiappe (2010a).[9]
^Li Li; En-pu Gong; Li-dong Zhang; Ya-jun Yang & Lian-hai Hou (2010). "A new enantiornithine bird (aves) from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 49 (4): 524–531.
^Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906.
^ abMorschhauser, E. M.; Varricchio, D.J.; Gao, C.; Liu, J.; Wang, Z.; Cheng, X. & Meng, Q. (2009). "Anatomy of the Early Cretaceous bird Rapaxavis pani, a new species from Liaoning Province, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 545–554. doi:10.1671/039.029.0210. S2CID 84643293.
^O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (28 February 2011). "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614. S2CID 84817636.
^Zhou, Ya-Chun; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhou, Zhong-He; Zhang, Fu-Cheng (January 2021). "Evolution of tooth crown shape in Mesozoic birds, and its adaptive significance with respect to diet". Palaeoworld. 30 (4): 724–736. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.12.008. S2CID 234117375.
^Miller, Case Vincent; Pittman, Michael; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Bright, Jen A. (2022). "Diet of Mesozoic toothed birds (Longipterygidae) inferred from quantitative analysis of extant avian diet proxies". BMC Biology. 20 (1): 101. doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01294-3. PMC9097364. PMID 35550084.
^Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe; Hou, Lianhai; Gu, Gang (1 June 2001). "Early diversification of birds: Evidence from a new opposite bird". Chinese Science Bulletin. 46 (11): 945–949. Bibcode:2001ChSBu..46..945Z. doi:10.1007/BF02900473. S2CID 85215328.
^O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, Xuri; Chiappe, Luis M.; Gao, Chunling; Meng, Qingjin; Cheng, Xiaodong; Liu, Jinyuan (12 March 2009). "Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 188–204. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371. S2CID 196607241.
^O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Gao, Ke-Qin; Chiappe, Luis M. (24 March 2010). "A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (2): 311–321. doi:10.1080/02724631003617498. S2CID 53489175.
^Li, Li; Jinqi, Wang; Xi, Zhang; Shilin, Hou (October 2012). "A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Jinzhou Area, Western Liaoning Province, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 86 (5): 1039–1044. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2012.00729.x. S2CID 129497987.
January 01, 1970
longipterygidae, family, early, enantiornithean, avialans, from, early, cretaceous, epoch, china, known, specimens, come, from, jiufotang, formation, yixian, formation, dating, early, aptian, million, years, longipterygidstemporal, range, early, cretaceous, pr. Longipterygidae is a family of early enantiornithean avialans from the Early Cretaceous epoch of China All known specimens come from the Jiufotang Formation and Yixian Formation dating to the early Aptian age 125 120 million years ago 3 LongipterygidsTemporal range Early Cretaceous 125 120 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Fossil specimen of Longipteryx chaoyangensis Hong Kong Science Museum Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Clade Dinosauria Clade Saurischia Clade Theropoda Clade Avialae Clade Enantiornithes Family LongipterygidaeZhang et al 2001 Type species Longipteryx chaoyangensisZhang et al 2001 Genera Boluochia Camptodontornis 1 Evgenavis 2 Longipteryx Longirostravis Rapaxavis Shanweiniao Shengjingornis Synonyms Boluochidae Zhou amp Zhang 2006 Longipterygithidae Zhou amp Zhang 2006 Longirostravisidae Zhou amp Zhang 2006Description edit nbsp Reconstructions of the skulls of Longipteryx chaoyangensis Longirostravis hani Rapaxavis pani and Shanweiniao cooperorum Longipterygids are characterized by an extremely long toothed snout making up over 60 of the total skull length in which the teeth are restricted to the tips of the jaws The snouts were straight but slightly concave at a point behind the nostrils and the bones of the snout tip were solid Their pygostyles the series of fused vertebrae in the tail were unusually large and longer than the foot bones The feet of longipterygids were also specialized relative to other enantiornitheans Where most enantiornitheans had a long middle toe with a knuckle trochlea that extended beyond the outer two the toes of longipterygids were even in length and attached to the rest of the foot at the same level This configuration is also seen in some groups of modern birds and is usually considered an adaptation for advanced perching ability It is likely that longipterygids lived primarily in trees Because their long jaws tipped with large often curved teeth are usually considered an adaptation for catching and eating fish it is likely that they were similar in ecology to modern kingfishers 4 Other interpretations of their habitus include mud probing and the probing for insects behind tree bark 3 A study on Mesozoic avialan diets does recover Longipteryx as a piscivore 5 A 2022 study however does find them most likely to be generalistic insectivores sans possibly Shengjingornis due to its larger size poorly preserved skull and unusual pedal anatomy being too small for specialised carnivory and herbivory the atypical rostrum is tentatively speculated to be unrelated to feeding ecology 6 Classification editThe Longipterygidae was first coined as a family of enantiornitheans by Zhang and colleagues in 2001 They included only the first known species Longipteryx chaoyangensis and placed the family in its own order Longipterygiformes 7 While Longipterygiformes has never been formally defined Longipterygidae was given a phylogenetic definition by O Connor and colleagues in 2009 They defined the clade to include Longipteryx Longisrostravis their most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants 8 The cladogram below was found in the phylogenetic analysis of O Connor Gao and Chiappe 2010a 9 Longipterygidae Longipteryx Shanweiniao Rapaxavis Longirostravis Subsequently the following cladogram was found in the phylogenetic analysis of Li et al 2012 10 Longipterygidae Longipteryx Shanweiniao Longirostravis ShengjingornisReferences edit Li Li En pu Gong Li dong Zhang Ya jun Yang amp Lian hai Hou 2010 A new enantiornithine bird aves from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning China Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 49 4 524 531 Hartman Scott Mortimer Mickey Wahl William R Lomax Dean R Lippincott Jessica Lovelace David M 2019 A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight PeerJ 7 e7247 doi 10 7717 peerj 7247 PMC 6626525 PMID 31333906 a b Morschhauser E M Varricchio D J Gao C Liu J Wang Z Cheng X amp Meng Q 2009 Anatomy of the Early Cretaceous bird Rapaxavis pani a new species from Liaoning Province China Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 2 545 554 doi 10 1671 039 029 0210 S2CID 84643293 O Connor Jingmai K Zhou Zhonghe Zhang Fucheng 28 February 2011 A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi Aves Enantiornithes and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna China Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9 1 51 63 doi 10 1080 14772019 2010 512614 S2CID 84817636 Zhou Ya Chun Sullivan Corwin Zhou Zhong He Zhang Fu Cheng January 2021 Evolution of tooth crown shape in Mesozoic birds and its adaptive significance with respect to diet Palaeoworld 30 4 724 736 doi 10 1016 j palwor 2020 12 008 S2CID 234117375 Miller Case Vincent Pittman Michael Wang Xiaoli Zheng Xiaoting Bright Jen A 2022 Diet of Mesozoic toothed birds Longipterygidae inferred from quantitative analysis of extant avian diet proxies BMC Biology 20 1 101 doi 10 1186 s12915 022 01294 3 PMC 9097364 PMID 35550084 Zhang Fucheng Zhou Zhonghe Hou Lianhai Gu Gang 1 June 2001 Early diversification of birds Evidence from a new opposite bird Chinese Science Bulletin 46 11 945 949 Bibcode 2001ChSBu 46 945Z doi 10 1007 BF02900473 S2CID 85215328 O Connor Jingmai K Wang Xuri Chiappe Luis M Gao Chunling Meng Qingjin Cheng Xiaodong Liu Jinyuan 12 March 2009 Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 1 188 204 doi 10 1080 02724634 2009 10010371 S2CID 196607241 O Connor Jingmai K Gao Ke Qin Chiappe Luis M 24 March 2010 A new ornithuromorph Aves Ornithothoraces bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher level diversity PDF Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 2 311 321 doi 10 1080 02724631003617498 S2CID 53489175 Li Li Jinqi Wang Xi Zhang Shilin Hou October 2012 A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Jinzhou Area Western Liaoning Province China Acta Geologica Sinica English Edition 86 5 1039 1044 doi 10 1111 j 1755 6724 2012 00729 x S2CID 129497987 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Longipterygidae amp oldid 1197153682, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
