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Belcher Islands

August 21, 2023

The Belcher Islands (Inuktitut: ᓴᓪᓚᔪᒐᐃᑦ, Sanikiluaq)[2] are an archipelago in the southeast part of Hudson Bay near the centre of the Nastapoka arc. The Belcher Islands are spread out over almost 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi). Administratively, they belong to the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. The hamlet of Sanikiluaq (where the majority of the inhabitants of the Belcher Islands live) is on the north coast of Flaherty Island and is the southernmost in Nunavut. Along with Flaherty Island, the other large islands are Kugong Island, Tukarak Island, and Innetalling Island.[3] Other main islands in the 1,500–island archipelago are Moore Island, Wiegand Island, Split Island, Snape Island and Mavor Island, while island groups include the Sleeper Islands, King George Islands, and Bakers Dozen Islands.[4]

Belcher Islands
Native name:
ᓴᓪᓚᔪᒐᐃᑦ
Sanikiluaq
Belcher Islands, Nunavut (red).
Belcher Islands
Belcher Islands
Geography
LocationHudson Bay
Coordinates56°11′N 79°15′W / 56.183°N 79.250°W / 56.183; -79.250[1]
ArchipelagoBelcher Islands Archipelago
Total islands1,500
Major islandsFlaherty Island, Kugong Island, Tukarak Island, Innetalling Island
Area2,896 km2 (1,118 sq mi)
Administration
Canada
TerritoryNunavut
RegionQikiqtaaluk
Demographics
Population882 (2016)
Pop. density0.30/km2 (0.78/sq mi)
Ethnic groupsInuit

History

The archaeological evidence present on the islands indicates that they were inhabited by the Dorset culture between 500 BCE and 1000 CE. Centuries later, from 1200 to 1500, the Thule people made their presence on the islands.[5]

The first European to discover the islands was English sea explorer Henry Hudson, the namesake of Hudson Bay, who sighted the island in 1610.[6] The islands are named after Royal Navy Admiral Sir Edward Belcher (1799-1877).

In the early 19th century, caribou herds which lived on the islands disappeared. In an alternative effort to find warm clothing, the inhabitants of the islands sought the down of eider ducks, seaducks who nest on the island.[5]

Before 1914, English-speaking cartographers knew very little about the Belcher Islands, which they showed on maps as specks, much smaller than their true extent. In that year a map showing them, drawn by George Weetaltuk,[7] came into the hands of Robert Flaherty, and cartographers began to represent them more accurately.[8]

In 1941, a religious movement led by Charley Ouyerack, Peter Sala, and his sister Mina caused the death by blows or exposure of nine persons, an occurrence that came to be known as the Belcher Island Murders.[9][10]

Geology

 
Folded Proterozoic dolomites in the Belcher (Sanikiluaq) Islands
 
Thin-bedded Proterozoic sedimentary rocks near Sanikiluaq hamlet. These rocks are about 2 billion years old. Width of bottom of photo is about 5 metres.

General geology

The geologic units of the Belcher Group, which forms the Belcher Islands, were deposited during the Paleoproterozoic. Combined with other Paleoproterozoic units that occur along the edge of the Superior Craton, the Belcher Group forms part of the Circum-Superior Belt.[11]

From youngest to oldest, the Belcher Group is composed of:[12][13]

The oldest part of the Belcher Group, the Kasegalik Formation, was deposited between 2.0185 and 2.0154 billion years ago.[14] The Kasegalik Formation also contains the oldest unambiguous Cyanobacteria microfossils.[15] Much of the Belcher Group strata were deposited under intertidal to shallow-water conditions, although the Mavor Formation formed a platform margin stromatolite reef complex,[16] and the overlying Costello and Laddie formations represent slope and deep basin deposits, respectively.[14][16] The Kipalu Formation, deposited approximately 1.88 billion years ago, is notable for being a granular iron formation.[12][13] The Flaherty Formation basalt that composes much of the Belcher Islands was deposited between 1.87 and 1.854 billion years ago,[14] with the overlying Omarolluk and Loaf formations being deposited from 1.854 billion years ago until sometime after 1.83 billion years ago.[14][17]

Soapstone

The occurrence of very high-quality soapstone in the Belcher Islands supports a locally significant carving industry.[18] These soapstone occurrences formed when sedimentary rocks of the Belcher Group were intruded by Haig sills and dykes approximately 1.87 billion years ago.[18] Most soapstone is quarried from a site on western Tukarak Island where dolomite of the Costello Formation was intruded by hot magma,[18] with dolomite reacting with quartz and water under intense heat to form talc, calcite, and carbon dioxide:

3CaMg(CO3)2 + 4SiO2 + H2O → [Heat] Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 + 3CaCO3 + 3CO2

Other minerals within the soapstone are largely calcite, dolomite, talc, and clinochlore, with minor amounts of ilmenite.

Although most soapstone has been sourced from two quarries, the relatively widespread occurrence of Haig intrusions within the Belcher Islands suggests that there may be many more possible sources of high-quality soapstone not yet discovered.[19]

Flora

 
Landsat satellite photo of Belcher Islands

Several species of willow (Salix) form a large component of the native small shrubbery on the archipelago. These include rock willow (Salix vestita), bog willow (S. pedicellaris), and Labrador willow (S. argyrocarpa), as well as naturally occurring hybrids between S. arctica and S. glauca.[20] Trees cannot grow on the islands because of a lack of adequate soil.[21]

Fauna

The main wildlife consists of belugas, walrus, caribou, common eiders and snowy owls all of which can be seen on the island year round. There is also a wide variety of fish that can be caught such as Arctic char, cod, capelin, lump fish, and sculpin.[22] The historical relationship between the Sanikiluaq community and the eider is the subject of a feature-length Canadian documentary film called People of a Feather. The director, cinematographer and biologist Joel Heath, spent seven years on the project, writing biological articles on the eider.[23][24]

In 1998, the Belcher Island caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) herd numbered 800.[25]

References

  1. ^ "Belcher Islands". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  2. ^ Issenman, Betty. Sinews of Survival: The living legacy of Inuit clothing. UBC Press, 1997. pp252-254
  3. ^ (PDF). pollux.nss.nima.mil. p. 322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-11-19. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  4. ^ Johnson, Martha (1 June 1998). Lore: Capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge. DIANE Publishing. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-0-7881-7046-1. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  5. ^ a b "History of Sanikiluaq - Past and Present". Welcome to Sanikiluaq. Hamlet of Sanikiluaq. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  6. ^ "Belcher Islands". Encyclopedia Britannica. Britannica. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  7. ^ George Weetaltuk (ca. 1862–1956)
  8. ^ Harvey, P.D.A. (1980). The History of Topographical Maps. Thames and Hudson. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-500-24105 8.
  9. ^ "'At the End of the World' tells a shocking tale of murder in the Arctic". Anchorage Daily News. March 26, 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  10. ^ Morton, James C. (2014-03-30). "Morton's Musings: When 'God' and 'Satan' battled in a barren land; the Belcher Islands Murders". Morton's Musings. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  11. ^ Baragar, W.R.A.; Scoates, R.F.J. (1981), "Chapter 12 The Circum-Superior Belt: A Proterozoic Plate Margin?", Developments in Precambrian Geology, Elsevier, pp. 297–330, doi:10.1016/s0166-2635(08)70017-3, ISBN 978-0-444-41910-1, retrieved 2021-03-18
  12. ^ a b Jackson, G D (1960). "Belcher Islands, Northwest Territories 33m, 34d, and E". doi:10.4095/101205. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ a b Jackson, G D (2013). "Geology, Belcher Islands, Nunavut". doi:10.4095/292434. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ a b c d Hodgskiss, Malcolm S. W.; Dagnaud, Olivia M. J.; Frost, Jamie L.; Halverson, Galen P.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Swanson-Hysell, Nicholas L.; Sperling, Erik A. (2019-08-15). "New insights on the Orosirian carbon cycle, early Cyanobacteria, and the assembly of Laurentia from the Paleoproterozoic Belcher Group". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 520: 141–152. Bibcode:2019E&PSL.520..141H. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.023. ISSN 0012-821X. S2CID 197578328.
  15. ^ Hofmann, H. J. (1976). "Precambrian Microflora, Belcher Islands, Canada: Significance and Systematics". Journal of Paleontology. 50 (6): 1040–1073. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1303547.
  16. ^ a b Ricketts, B D; Donaldson, J A (1981). "Sedimentary History of the Belcher Group of Hudson Bay". doi:10.4095/109371. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ^ Corrigan, David; van Rooyen, Deanne; Wodicka, Natasha (April 2021). "Indenter tectonics in the Canadian Shield: A case study for Paleoproterozoic lower crust exhumation, orocline development, and lateral extrusion". Precambrian Research. 355: 106083. Bibcode:2021PreR..355j6083C. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106083. ISSN 0301-9268. S2CID 233524866.
  18. ^ a b c Timlick, L. (2017). "Comparative study of the petrogenesis of excellent-quality carving stone from Korok Inlet, southern Baffin Island, and the Belcher Islands, Nunavut" (PDF). Summary of Activities – via Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office.
  19. ^ Steenkamp, H.M. (2016). "Geological mapping and petrogenesis of carving stone in the Belcher Islands, Nunavut" (PDF). Summary of Activities – via Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office.
  20. ^ Flora of North America. Vol. 7. Oxford University Press. 2010. pp. 64, 80, 83, 115. ISBN 9780195318227. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  21. ^ Belcher Islands
  22. ^ Belcher Island Kayak Tour
  23. ^ "People of a Feather (2011)". IMDBaccessdate=8 February 2012. 8 November 2013.
  24. ^ "People of a Feather". Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  25. ^ Mallory, F.F.; Hillis, T.L. (1998), "Demographic characteristics of circumpolar caribou populations: ecotypes, ecological constraints/releases, and population dynamics", Rangifer (Special Issue 10): 9–60, retrieved 18 December 2013

Further reading

  • Bell, Richard T. Report on Soapstone in the Belcher Islands, N.W.T. St. Catharines, Ont: Dept. of Geological Sciences, Brock University, 1973.
  • Born, David O. "Eskimo Education and the Trauma of Social Change". Social Science Notes - 1, Northern Science Research Group, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Ottawa, January 15, 1970
  • Caseburg, Deborah Nancy. Religious Practice and Ceremonial Clothing on the Belcher Islands, Northwest Territories. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1994. ISBN 0-315-88029-5
  • Flaherty, Robert J. The Belcher Islands of Hudson Bay Their Discovery and Exploration. Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Co, 1960s.
  • Fleming, Brian, and Miriam McDonald. A Nest Census and the Economic Potential of the Hudson Bay Eider in the South Belcher Islands, N.W.T. Sanikiluaq, N.W.T.: Brian Fleming and Miriam McDonald, Community Economic Planners, 1987.
  • Guemple, D. Lee. Kinship Reckoning Among the Belcher Island Eskimo. Chicago: Dept. of Photoduplication, University of Chicago Library, 1966.
  • Hydro-Québec, and Environmental Committee of Sanikiluaq. Community Consultation in Sanikiluaq Among the Belcher Island Inuit on the Proposed Great Whale Project. Sanikiluaq, N.W.T.: Environmental Committee, Municipality of Sanikiluaq, 1994.
  • Jonkel, Charles J. The Present Status of the Polar Bear in the James Bay and Belcher Islands Area. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service, 1976.
  • Manning, T. H. Birds and Mammals of the Belcher, Sleeper, Ottawa and King George Islands, and Northwest Territories. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service, 1976.
  • Oakes, Jill E. Utilization of Eider Down by Ungava Inuit on the Belcher Islands. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Canadian Home Economics Journal, 1991.
  • Richards, Horace Gardiner. Pleistocene Fossils from the Belcher Islands in Hudson Bay. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, v. 23, article 3. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum, 1940.
  • Twomey, Arthur C., and Nigel Herrick. Needle to the North, The Story of an Expedition to Ungava and the Belcher Islands. Houghton Mifflin, 1942.

External links

  • People of a Feather at IMDb
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belcher Islands.

August 21, 2023
belcher, islands, inuktitut, ᓴᓪᓚᔪᒐᐃᑦ, sanikiluaq, archipelago, southeast, part, hudson, near, centre, nastapoka, spread, over, almost, administratively, they, belong, qikiqtaaluk, region, nunavut, canada, hamlet, sanikiluaq, where, majority, inhabitants, live,. The Belcher Islands Inuktitut ᓴᓪᓚᔪᒐᐃᑦ Sanikiluaq 2 are an archipelago in the southeast part of Hudson Bay near the centre of the Nastapoka arc The Belcher Islands are spread out over almost 3 000 km2 1 200 sq mi Administratively they belong to the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut Canada The hamlet of Sanikiluaq where the majority of the inhabitants of the Belcher Islands live is on the north coast of Flaherty Island and is the southernmost in Nunavut Along with Flaherty Island the other large islands are Kugong Island Tukarak Island and Innetalling Island 3 Other main islands in the 1 500 island archipelago are Moore Island Wiegand Island Split Island Snape Island and Mavor Island while island groups include the Sleeper Islands King George Islands and Bakers Dozen Islands 4 Belcher IslandsNative name ᓴᓪᓚᔪᒐᐃᑦSanikiluaqBelcher Islands Nunavut red Belcher IslandsShow map of NunavutBelcher IslandsShow map of CanadaGeographyLocationHudson BayCoordinates56 11 N 79 15 W 56 183 N 79 250 W 56 183 79 250 1 ArchipelagoBelcher Islands ArchipelagoTotal islands1 500Major islandsFlaherty Island Kugong Island Tukarak Island Innetalling IslandArea2 896 km2 1 118 sq mi AdministrationCanadaTerritoryNunavutRegionQikiqtaalukDemographicsPopulation882 2016 Pop density0 30 km2 0 78 sq mi Ethnic groupsInuit Contents 1 History 2 Geology 2 1 General geology 2 2 Soapstone 3 Flora 4 Fauna 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory EditThe archaeological evidence present on the islands indicates that they were inhabited by the Dorset culture between 500 BCE and 1000 CE Centuries later from 1200 to 1500 the Thule people made their presence on the islands 5 The first European to discover the islands was English sea explorer Henry Hudson the namesake of Hudson Bay who sighted the island in 1610 6 The islands are named after Royal Navy Admiral Sir Edward Belcher 1799 1877 In the early 19th century caribou herds which lived on the islands disappeared In an alternative effort to find warm clothing the inhabitants of the islands sought the down of eider ducks seaducks who nest on the island 5 Before 1914 English speaking cartographers knew very little about the Belcher Islands which they showed on maps as specks much smaller than their true extent In that year a map showing them drawn by George Weetaltuk 7 came into the hands of Robert Flaherty and cartographers began to represent them more accurately 8 In 1941 a religious movement led by Charley Ouyerack Peter Sala and his sister Mina caused the death by blows or exposure of nine persons an occurrence that came to be known as the Belcher Island Murders 9 10 Geology Edit Folded Proterozoic dolomites in the Belcher Sanikiluaq Islands Thin bedded Proterozoic sedimentary rocks near Sanikiluaq hamlet These rocks are about 2 billion years old Width of bottom of photo is about 5 metres General geology Edit The geologic units of the Belcher Group which forms the Belcher Islands were deposited during the Paleoproterozoic Combined with other Paleoproterozoic units that occur along the edge of the Superior Craton the Belcher Group forms part of the Circum Superior Belt 11 From youngest to oldest the Belcher Group is composed of 12 13 Loaf Formation molasse Omarolluk Formation flysch Flaherty Formation flood basalt Kipalu Formation iron formation Mukpollo Formation sandstone Rowatt Formation shallow water carbonate Laddie Formation deep marine red bed Costello Formation carbonate slope deposit Mavor Formation stromatolite reef complex Tukarak Formation shallow water carbonate Fairweather Formation shallow water carbonate Eskimo Formation flood basalt Kasegalik Formation sabkha The oldest part of the Belcher Group the Kasegalik Formation was deposited between 2 0185 and 2 0154 billion years ago 14 The Kasegalik Formation also contains the oldest unambiguous Cyanobacteria microfossils 15 Much of the Belcher Group strata were deposited under intertidal to shallow water conditions although the Mavor Formation formed a platform margin stromatolite reef complex 16 and the overlying Costello and Laddie formations represent slope and deep basin deposits respectively 14 16 The Kipalu Formation deposited approximately 1 88 billion years ago is notable for being a granular iron formation 12 13 The Flaherty Formation basalt that composes much of the Belcher Islands was deposited between 1 87 and 1 854 billion years ago 14 with the overlying Omarolluk and Loaf formations being deposited from 1 854 billion years ago until sometime after 1 83 billion years ago 14 17 Soapstone Edit The occurrence of very high quality soapstone in the Belcher Islands supports a locally significant carving industry 18 These soapstone occurrences formed when sedimentary rocks of the Belcher Group were intruded by Haig sills and dykes approximately 1 87 billion years ago 18 Most soapstone is quarried from a site on western Tukarak Island where dolomite of the Costello Formation was intruded by hot magma 18 with dolomite reacting with quartz and water under intense heat to form talc calcite and carbon dioxide 3CaMg CO3 2 4SiO2 H2O Heat Mg3Si4O10 OH 2 3CaCO3 3CO2Other minerals within the soapstone are largely calcite dolomite talc and clinochlore with minor amounts of ilmenite Although most soapstone has been sourced from two quarries the relatively widespread occurrence of Haig intrusions within the Belcher Islands suggests that there may be many more possible sources of high quality soapstone not yet discovered 19 Flora Edit Landsat satellite photo of Belcher IslandsSeveral species of willow Salix form a large component of the native small shrubbery on the archipelago These include rock willow Salix vestita bog willow S pedicellaris and Labrador willow S argyrocarpa as well as naturally occurring hybrids between S arctica and S glauca 20 Trees cannot grow on the islands because of a lack of adequate soil 21 Fauna EditThe main wildlife consists of belugas walrus caribou common eiders and snowy owls all of which can be seen on the island year round There is also a wide variety of fish that can be caught such as Arctic char cod capelin lump fish and sculpin 22 The historical relationship between the Sanikiluaq community and the eider is the subject of a feature length Canadian documentary film called People of a Feather The director cinematographer and biologist Joel Heath spent seven years on the project writing biological articles on the eider 23 24 In 1998 the Belcher Island caribou Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus herd numbered 800 25 References Edit Belcher Islands Geographical Names Data Base Natural Resources Canada Issenman Betty Sinews of Survival The living legacy of Inuit clothing UBC Press 1997 pp252 254 Section 15 Chart Information PDF pollux nss nima mil p 322 Archived from the original PDF on 2004 11 19 Retrieved 2009 08 04 Johnson Martha 1 June 1998 Lore Capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge DIANE Publishing pp 71 ISBN 978 0 7881 7046 1 Retrieved 17 November 2012 a b History of Sanikiluaq Past and Present Welcome to Sanikiluaq Hamlet of Sanikiluaq Retrieved 29 June 2022 Belcher Islands Encyclopedia Britannica Britannica Retrieved 29 June 2022 George Weetaltuk ca 1862 1956 Harvey P D A 1980 The History of Topographical Maps Thames and Hudson pp 34 35 ISBN 0 500 24105 8 At the End of the World tells a shocking tale of murder in the Arctic Anchorage Daily News March 26 2017 Retrieved 2017 12 03 Morton James C 2014 03 30 Morton s Musings When God and Satan battled in a barren land the Belcher Islands Murders Morton s Musings Retrieved 2017 12 03 Baragar W R A Scoates R F J 1981 Chapter 12 The Circum Superior Belt A Proterozoic Plate Margin Developments in Precambrian Geology Elsevier pp 297 330 doi 10 1016 s0166 2635 08 70017 3 ISBN 978 0 444 41910 1 retrieved 2021 03 18 a b Jackson G D 1960 Belcher Islands Northwest Territories 33m 34d and E doi 10 4095 101205 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Jackson G D 2013 Geology Belcher Islands Nunavut doi 10 4095 292434 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c d Hodgskiss Malcolm S W Dagnaud Olivia M J Frost Jamie L Halverson Galen P Schmitz Mark D Swanson Hysell Nicholas L Sperling Erik A 2019 08 15 New insights on the Orosirian carbon cycle early Cyanobacteria and the assembly of Laurentia from the Paleoproterozoic Belcher Group Earth and Planetary Science Letters 520 141 152 Bibcode 2019E amp PSL 520 141H doi 10 1016 j epsl 2019 05 023 ISSN 0012 821X S2CID 197578328 Hofmann H J 1976 Precambrian Microflora Belcher Islands Canada Significance and Systematics Journal of Paleontology 50 6 1040 1073 ISSN 0022 3360 JSTOR 1303547 a b Ricketts B D Donaldson J A 1981 Sedimentary History of the Belcher Group of Hudson Bay doi 10 4095 109371 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Corrigan David van Rooyen Deanne Wodicka Natasha April 2021 Indenter tectonics in the Canadian Shield A case study for Paleoproterozoic lower crust exhumation orocline development and lateral extrusion Precambrian Research 355 106083 Bibcode 2021PreR 355j6083C doi 10 1016 j precamres 2020 106083 ISSN 0301 9268 S2CID 233524866 a b c Timlick L 2017 Comparative study of the petrogenesis of excellent quality carving stone from Korok Inlet southern Baffin Island and the Belcher Islands Nunavut PDF Summary of Activities via Canada Nunavut Geoscience Office Steenkamp H M 2016 Geological mapping and petrogenesis of carving stone in the Belcher Islands Nunavut PDF Summary of Activities via Canada Nunavut Geoscience Office Flora of North America Vol 7 Oxford University Press 2010 pp 64 80 83 115 ISBN 9780195318227 Retrieved 6 September 2017 Belcher Islands Belcher Island Kayak Tour People of a Feather 2011 IMDBaccessdate 8 February 2012 8 November 2013 People of a Feather Retrieved 8 February 2012 Mallory F F Hillis T L 1998 Demographic characteristics of circumpolar caribou populations ecotypes ecological constraints releases and population dynamics Rangifer Special Issue 10 9 60 retrieved 18 December 2013Further reading EditBell Richard T Report on Soapstone in the Belcher Islands N W T St Catharines Ont Dept of Geological Sciences Brock University 1973 Born David O Eskimo Education and the Trauma of Social Change Social Science Notes 1 Northern Science Research Group Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Ottawa January 15 1970 Caseburg Deborah Nancy Religious Practice and Ceremonial Clothing on the Belcher Islands Northwest Territories Ottawa National Library of Canada Bibliotheque nationale du Canada 1994 ISBN 0 315 88029 5 Flaherty Robert J The Belcher Islands of Hudson Bay Their Discovery and Exploration Zug Switzerland Inter Documentation Co 1960s Fleming Brian and Miriam McDonald A Nest Census and the Economic Potential of the Hudson Bay Eider in the South Belcher Islands N W T Sanikiluaq N W T Brian Fleming and Miriam McDonald Community Economic Planners 1987 Guemple D Lee Kinship Reckoning Among the Belcher Island Eskimo Chicago Dept of Photoduplication University of Chicago Library 1966 Hydro Quebec and Environmental Committee of Sanikiluaq Community Consultation in Sanikiluaq Among the Belcher Island Inuit on the Proposed Great Whale Project Sanikiluaq N W T Environmental Committee Municipality of Sanikiluaq 1994 Jonkel Charles J The Present Status of the Polar Bear in the James Bay and Belcher Islands Area Ottawa Canadian Wildlife Service 1976 Manning T H Birds and Mammals of the Belcher Sleeper Ottawa and King George Islands and Northwest Territories Ottawa Canadian Wildlife Service 1976 Oakes Jill E Utilization of Eider Down by Ungava Inuit on the Belcher Islands Ottawa Ont Canadian Home Economics Journal 1991 Richards Horace Gardiner Pleistocene Fossils from the Belcher Islands in Hudson Bay Annals of the Carnegie Museum v 23 article 3 Pittsburgh Carnegie Museum 1940 Twomey Arthur C and Nigel Herrick Needle to the North The Story of an Expedition to Ungava and the Belcher Islands Houghton Mifflin 1942 External links EditPeople of a Feather at IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belcher Islands Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Belcher Islands amp oldid 1165507600, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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