fbpx
Wikipedia

Listeria

January 11, 2024

For the disease caused by Listeria, see Listeriosis.

Listeria is a genus of bacteria that acts as an intracellular parasite in mammals. Until 1992, 10 species were known,[1][2] each containing two subspecies. By 2020, 21 species had been identified.[3] The genus is named in honour of the British pioneer of sterile surgery Joseph Lister. Listeria species are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and facultatively anaerobic, and do not produce endospores.[4] The major human pathogen in the genus Listeria is L. monocytogenes. It is usually the causative agent of the relatively rare bacterial disease listeriosis, an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacteria. Listeriosis can cause serious illness in pregnant women, newborns, adults with weakened immune systems and the elderly, and may cause gastroenteritis in others who have been severely infected.

Listeria grown on agar medium
TEM micrograph of Listeria monocytogenes

Listeriosis is a serious disease for humans; the overt form of the disease has a case-fatality rate of around 20–30%. The two main clinical manifestations are sepsis and meningitis. Meningitis is often complicated by encephalitis, when it is known as meningoencephalitis, a pathology that is unusual for bacterial infections. L. ivanovii is a pathogen of mammals, specifically ruminants, and has rarely caused listeriosis in humans.[5] The incubation period can vary from three to 70 days.[6]

Background edit

The first documented human case of listeriosis was in 1929 described by the Danish physician Aage Nyfeldt ("Etiologie de la mononucleose infectieuse,” Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie, vol. 101, pp. 590–591, 1929). In the late 1920s, two researchers independently identified L. monocytogenes from animal outbreaks. They proposed the genus Listerella in honour of surgeon and early antiseptic advocate Joseph Lister, but that name was already in use for a slime mould and a protozoan. Eventually, the genus Listeria was proposed and accepted. All species within the genus Listeria are Gram-positive, catalase-positive rods and do not produce endospores. The genus Listeria was classified in the family Corynebacteriaceae through the seventh edition (1957) of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The 16S rRNA cataloging studies of Stackebrandt, et al. demonstrated that L. monocytogenes is a distinct taxon within the Lactobacillus-Bacillus branch of the bacterial phylogeny constructed by Woese. In 2004, the genus was placed in the newly created family Listeriaceae. The only other genus in the family is Brochothrix.[7]

The genus Listeria as of 2020 is known to contain 21 species: L. aquatica, L. booriae, L. cornellensis, L. costaricensis, L. goaensis, L. fleischmannii, L. floridensis, L. grandensis, L. grayi, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. marthii, L. monocytogenes, L. newyorkensis, L. riparia, L. rocourtiae, L. seeligeri, L. thailandensis, L. valentina, L. weihenstephanensis, and L. welshimeri.[8][9][10] Listeria dinitrificans, previously thought to be part of the genus Listeria, was reclassified into the new genus Jonesia.[11] Under the microscope, Listeria species appear as small rods, which are sometimes arranged in short chains. In direct smears, they may be coccoid, and can be mistaken for streptococci. Longer cells may resemble corynebacteria. Flagella are produced at room temperature, but not at 37 °C. Hemolytic activity on blood agar has been used as a marker to distinguish L. monocytogenes from other Listeria species, but it is not an absolutely definitive criterion. Further biochemical characterization may be necessary to distinguish between the different species of Listeria.[citation needed]

Listeria can be found in soil, which can lead to vegetable contamination. Animals can be carriers. Listeria has been found in uncooked meats, uncooked vegetables, fruits including cantaloupe[12] and apples,[13] pasteurized or unpasteurized milk, foods made from milk, and processed foods. Pasteurization and sufficient cooking kill Listeria; however, contamination may occur after cooking and before packaging. For example, meat-processing plants producing ready-to-eat foods, such as hot dogs and deli meats, must follow extensive sanitation policies and procedures to prevent Listeria contamination.[14] Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in soil, stream water, sewage, plants, and food.[15] Listeria is responsible for listeriosis, a rare but potentially lethal foodborne illness. The case fatality rate for those with a severe form of infection may approach 25%.[16] (Salmonellosis, in comparison, has a mortality rate estimated at less than 1%.[17]) Although L. monocytogenes has low infectivity, it is hardy and can grow in temperatures from 4 °C (39.2 °F) (the temperature of a refrigerator) to 37 °C (98.6 °F), (the body's internal temperature).[15] Listeriosis is a serious illness, and the disease may manifest as meningitis, or affect newborns due to its ability to penetrate the endothelial layer of the placenta.[16]

Pathogenesis edit

Main article: Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria uses the cellular machinery to move around inside the host cell. It induces directed polymerization of actin by the ActA transmembrane protein, thus pushing the bacterial cell around.[18]

Listeria monocytogenes, for example, encodes virulence genes that are thermoregulated. The expression of virulence factor is optimal at 39 °C, and is controlled by a transcriptional activator, PrfA, whose expression is thermoregulated by the PrfA thermoregulator UTR element. At low temperatures, the PrfA transcript is not translated due to structural elements near the ribosome binding site. As the bacteria infect the host, the temperature of the host denatures the structure and allows translation initiation for the virulent genes.[citation needed]

The majority of Listeria bacteria are attacked by the immune system before they are able to cause infection. Those that escape the immune system's initial response, however, spread through intracellular mechanisms, which protects them from circulating immune factors (AMI).[16]

To invade, Listeria induces macrophage phagocytic uptake by displaying D-galactose in their teichoic acids that are then bound by the macrophage's polysaccharides. Other important adhesins are the internalins.[17] Listeria uses internalin A and B to bind to cellular receptors. Internalin A binds to E-cadherin, while internalin B binds to the cell's Met receptors. If both of these receptors have a high enough affinity to Listeria's internalin A and B, then it will be able to invade the cell via an indirect zipper mechanism.[citation needed] Once phagocytosed, the bacterium is encapsulated by the host cell's acidic phagolysosome organelle.[15] Listeria, however, escapes the phagolysosome by lysing the vacuole's entire membrane with secreted hemolysin,[19] now characterized as the exotoxin listeriolysin O.[15] The bacteria then replicate inside the host cell's cytoplasm.[16]

Listeria must then navigate to the cell's periphery to spread the infection to other cells. Outside the body, Listeria has flagellar-driven motility, sometimes described as a "tumbling motility". However, at 37 °C, flagella cease to develop and the bacterium instead usurps the host cell's cytoskeleton to move.[16] Listeria, inventively, polymerizes an actin tail or "comet",[19] from actin monomers in the host's cytoplasm[20] with the promotion of virulence factor ActA.[16] The comet forms in a polar manner[21] and aids the bacterial migration to the host cell's outer membrane. Gelsolin, an actin filament severing protein, localizes at the tail of Listeria and accelerates the bacterium's motility.[21] Once at the cell surface, the actin-propelled Listeria pushes against the cell's membrane to form protrusions called filopods[15] or "rockets". The protrusions are guided by the cell's leading edge[22] to contact adjacent cells, which then engulf the Listeria rocket and the process is repeated, perpetuating the infection.[16] Once phagocytosed, the bacterium is never again extracellular: it is an intracellular parasite[19] like S. flexneri, Rickettsia spp., and C. trachomatis.[16]

Epidemiology edit

The Center for Science in the Public Interest has published a list of foods that have sometimes caused outbreaks of Listeria: hot dogs, deli meats, milk (even if pasteurized), cheeses (particularly soft-ripened cheeses such as feta, Brie, Camembert, blue-veined, or Mexican-style queso blanco), raw and cooked poultry, raw meats, ice cream, raw fruit,[23] vegetables, and smoked fish.[24] Cold-cut meats were implicated in an outbreak in Canada in 2008; improperly handled cantaloupe was implicated in both the outbreak of listeriosis from Jensen Farms in Colorado in 2011,[25] and a similar listeriosis outbreak across eastern Australia in early 2018.[26][27] 35 people died across these two outbreaks.[25][28] The Australian company GMI Food Wholesalers was fined A$236,000 for providing L. monocytogenes-contaminated chicken wraps to the airline Virgin Blue in 2011.[29] Caramel apples have also been cited as a source of listerial infections which hospitalized 26 people, of whom five died.[30][31] In 2019, the United Kingdom experienced nine cases of the disease, of which six[32] were fatal, in an outbreak caused by contaminated meat (produced by North Country Cooked Meats) in hospital sandwiches.[33] In 2019, two people in Australia died after probably eating smoked salmon and a third fell ill but survived the disease.[34] In September 2019, three deaths and a miscarriage were reported in the Netherlands after the consumption of listeria-infected deli meats produced by Offerman.[35]

Prevention edit

Preventing listeriosis as a foodborne illness requires effective sanitation of food contact surfaces.[36] Ethanol is an effective topical sanitizer against Listeria. Quaternary ammonium can be used in conjunction with alcohol as a food-contact safe sanitizer with increased duration of the sanitizing action.

Keeping foods in the home refrigerated below 4 °C (39 °F) discourages bacterial growth. Unpasteurized dairy products may pose a risk.[37] Cooking all meats (including beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) to a safe internal temperature, typically 73 °C (165 °F), will kill the food-borne pathogen.[38]

Treatment edit

Non-invasive listeriosis: bacteria are retained within the digestive tract. Symptoms are mild, lasting only a few days and requiring only supportive care. Muscle pain and fever can be treated with over-the-counter pain relievers; diarrhea and gastroenteritis can be treated with over-the-counter medications.[38]

Invasive listeriosis: bacteria have spread to the bloodstream and central nervous system. Treatment includes intravenous delivery of high-dose antibiotics and hospital in-patient care of (probably) not less than two weeks stay, depending on the extent of the infection.[38] Ampicillin, penicillin, or amoxicillin are typically administered for invasive listeriosis; gentamicin may be added in cases of patients with compromised immune systems.[39] In cases of allergy to penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, and fluoroquinolones may be used.[39] For effective treatment the antibiotic must penetrate the host cell and bind to penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3). Cephalosporins are not effective for treating listeriosis.[39]

In cases of pregnancy, prompt treatment is critical to prevent bacteria from infecting the fetus; antibiotics may be given to pregnant women even in non-invasive listeriosis.[40] Mirena Nikolova, et al., states that applying antibiotics is crucial during the third trimester because cell-mediated immunity is reduced during this time. Pfaff and Tillet say that listeriosis can cause long-term consequences—including meningitis, preterm labor, newborn sepsis, stillbirths—when contracted during pregnancy. Oral therapies in less severe cases may include amoxicillin or erythromycin.[39] Higher doses may be given to pregnant women to ensure penetration of the umbilical cord and placenta.[41] Infected pregnant women may receive ultrasound scans to monitor the health of the fetus.

Asymptomatic patients who have been exposed to Listeria typically are not treated, but are informed of the signs and symptoms of the disease and advised to return for treatment if any develop.[38]

Research edit

Some Listeria species are opportunistic pathogens: L. monocytogenes is most prevalent in the elderly, pregnant mothers, and patients infected with HIV. With improved healthcare leading to a growing elderly population and extended life expectancies for HIV infected patients, physicians are more likely to encounter this otherwise-rare infection (only seven per 1,000,000 healthy people are infected with virulent Listeria each year).[15] Better understanding the cell biology of Listeria infections, including relevant virulence factors, may lead to better treatments for listeriosis and other intracytoplasmic parasite infections.

In oncology, researchers are investigating the use of Listeria as a cancer vaccine, taking advantage of its "ability to induce potent innate and adaptive immunity" by activating gamma delta T cells. [20][42]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Jones, D. 1992. Current classification of the genus Listeria. In: Listeria 1992. Abstracts of ISOPOL XI, Copenhagen, Denmark). p. 7-8. ocourt, J., P. Boerlin, F.Grimont, C. Jacquet, and J-C. Piffaretti. 1992. Assignment of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a single species, Listeria grayi, with a revised description of Listeria grayi. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42:171-174.
  2. ^ Boerlin et al. 1992. L. ivanovii subsp. londoniensis subsp. novi. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42:69-73. Jones, D., and H.P.R. Seeliger. 1986. International committee on systematic bacteriology. Subcommittee the taxonomy of Listeria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:117-118.
  3. ^ Quereda, Juan J.; Leclercq, Alexandre; Moura, Alexandra; Vales, Guillaume; Gómez-Martín, Ángel; García-Muñoz, Ángel; Thouvenot, Pierre; Tessaud-Rita, Nathalie; Bracq-Dieye, Hélène; Lecuit, Marc (5 October 2020). "Listeria valentina sp. nov., isolated from a water trough and the faeces of healthy sheep". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5868–5879. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004494. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 33016862.
  4. ^ Singleton P (1999). Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 444–454. ISBN 0-471-98880-4.
  5. ^ Christelle Guillet, Olivier Join-Lambert, Alban Le Monnier, Alexandre Leclercq, Frédéric Mechaï, Marie-France Mamzer-Bruneel, Magdalena K. Bielecka, Mariela Scortti, Olivier Disson, Patrick Berche, José Vazquez-Boland, Olivier Lortholary, and Marc Lecuit. "Human Listeriosis Caused by Listeria ivanovii". Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 January; 16(1): 136–138.
  6. ^ "Listeria". FoodSafety.gov. 12 April 2019.
  7. ^ Elliot T. Ryser, Elmer H. Marth. Listeria, Listeriosis, and Food Safety. Second edition. Elmer Marth. 1999.
  8. ^ Daniel Weller, Alexis Andrus, Martin Wiedmann and Henk C. den Bakker. Listeria booriae sp. nov. and Listeria newyorkensis sp. nov., from food processing environments in the USA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2015), 65, 286–292.
  9. ^ Swapnil P. Doijad, Krupali V. Poharkar, Satyajit B. Kale, Savita Kerkar, Dewanand R. Kalorey, Nitin V. Kurkure, Deepak B. Rawool, Satya Veer Singh Malik, Rafed Yassin Ahmad, Martina Hudel, Sandeep P. Chaudhari, Birte Abt, Jörg Overmann, Markus Weigel, Torsten Hain, Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe andTrinad Chakraborty. "Listeria goaensis sp. nov."International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2018),68: 3285-3291. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002980.
  10. ^ Leclercq, Alexandre; Moura, Alexandra; Vales, Guillaume; Tessaud-Rita, Nathalie; Aguilhon, Christine; Lecuit, Marc (2019). "Listeria thailandensis sp. nov" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 69 (1): 74–81. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003097. PMID 30457511.
  11. ^ M. D. Collins, S. Wallbanks, D. J. Lane, J. Shah, R. Nietupskin, J. Smida, M. Dorsch and E. Stackebrandt. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Listeria Based on Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of 16S rRNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. April 1991 vol. 41 no. 2 240–246
  12. ^ "Listeria outbreak expected to cause more deaths across US in coming weeks". The Guardian. London. 29 September 2011.
  13. ^ Times, Los Angeles (16 January 2015). "California plant issues massive apple recall due to listeria". Los Angeles Times.
  14. ^ "Controlling Listeria Contamination in Your Meat Processing Plant". Government of Ontario. 27 February 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Southwick, F. S.; D. L. Purich. . University of Florida Medical School. Archived from the original on 22 February 2001. Retrieved 7 March 2007. [No longer accessible. Archived version available .]
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h "Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology". Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis. Kenneth Todar University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Biology. 2003. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  17. ^ a b "Statistics about Salmonella food poisoning". WrongDiagnosis.com. 27 February 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  18. ^ Smith, G. A.; Portnoy D. A. (July 1997). "Trends in Microbiology". How the Listeria Monocytogenes ActA Protein Converts Actin Polymerization into a Motile Force. Cell Press. 5 (7, number 7): 272–276. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01048-2. PMID 9234509.
  19. ^ a b c Tinley, L. G.; et al. (1989). "Actin Filaments and the Growth, Movement, and Spread of the Intracellular Bacterial Parasite, Listeria monocytogenes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 109 (4 Pt 1): 1597–1608. doi:10.1083/jcb.109.4.1597. PMC 2115783. PMID 2507553.
  20. ^ a b "Listeria". MicrobeWiki.Kenyon.edu. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  21. ^ a b Laine R. O.; Phaneuf K. L.; Cunningham C. C.; Kwiatkowski D.; Azuma T.; Southwick F. S. (1 August 1998). "Gelsolin, a protein that caps the barbed ends and severs actin filaments, enhances the actin-based motility of Listeria monocytogenes in host cells". Infect. Immun. 66 (8): 3775–82. doi:10.1128/IAI.66.8.3775-3782.1998. PMC 108414. PMID 9673261.
  22. ^ Galbraith C. G.; Yamada K. M.; Galbraith J. A. (February 2007). "Polymerizing actin fibers position integrins primed to probe for adhesion sites". Science. 315 (5814): 992–5. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..992G. doi:10.1126/science.1137904. PMID 17303755. S2CID 39441473.
  23. ^ "Granny Smith, Gala apples recalled due to listeria". abc7news.com. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  24. ^ Center for Science in the Public Interest – Nutrition Action Healthletter – Food Safety Guide – Meet the Bugs 18 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ a b William Neuman (27 September 2011). "Deaths From Cantaloupe Listeria Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  26. ^ Claughton, David; Kontominas, Bellinda; Logan, Tyne (14 March 2018). "Rockmelon listeria: Rombola Family Farms named as source of outbreak". ABC News Australia. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. from the original on 16 March 2018.
  27. ^ Australian Associated Press (3 March 2018). "Third death confirmed in Australia's rockmelon listeria outbreak". The Guardian. from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  28. ^ Australian Associated Press (16 March 2018). "Fifth person dies as a result of rockmelon listeria outbreak". SBS News. Special Broadcasting Service. from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  29. ^ Josephine Tovey (16 November 2011). . The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  30. ^ "Warning: Prepackaged Caramel Apples Linked To 5 Deaths". Yahoo Health. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  31. ^ "Listeria outbreak from caramel apples has killed four". USA TODAY. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  32. ^ Listeria outbreak: Toll rises to six as Sussex patient dies 1 August 2019 bbc.co.uk accessed 2 August 2019
  33. ^ "Two more deaths brings death toll up to five". BBC News. 14 June 2019.
  34. ^ "'Smoked salmon' listeria kills two in Australia". 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  35. ^ "Three deaths, miscarriage tied to meat supplier in listeria cases". NL Times. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  36. ^ "Maple Leaf Foods assessing Listeria-killing chemical". ctv.ca. ctvglobemedia. The Canadian Press. 12 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
  37. ^ "Food Safety - Listeria". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  38. ^ a b c d "CDC - Listeria - Home". cdc.gov/listeria. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  39. ^ a b c d Temple, M. E.; Nahata, M. C. (May 2000). "Treatment of listeriosis". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 34 (5): 656–61. doi:10.1345/aph.19315. PMID 10852095. S2CID 11352292.
  40. ^ "Listeria infection (listeriosis): symptoms and causes". mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  41. ^ Janakiraman V (2008). "Listeriosis in pregnancy: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention". Rev Obstet Gynecol. 1 (4): 179–85. PMC 2621056. PMID 19173022.
  42. ^ Greenemeier L (21 May 2008). "Recruiting a Dangerous Foe to Fight Cancer and HIV". Scientific American.

Further reading edit

  • Abrishami S. H.; Tall B. D.; Bruursema T. J.; Epstein P. S.; Shah D. B. (1994). "Bacterial adherence and viability on cutting board surfaces". Journal of Food Safety. 14 (2): 153–172. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4565.1994.tb00591.x.
  • Zhifa Liu; Changhe Yuan; Stephen B. Pruett (2012). "Machine learning analysis of the relationship between changes in immunological parameters and changes in resistance to Listeria monocytogenes: a new approach for risk assessment and systems immunology". Toxicol. Sci. 129 (1): 1:57–73. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs201. PMC 3888231. PMID 22696237.
  • Allerberger F (2003). "Listeria: growth, phenotypic differentiation and molecular microbiology". FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 35 (3): 183–189. doi:10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00447-9. PMID 12648835.
  • Bayles D. O.; Wilkinson B. J. (2000). "Osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants for Listeria monocytogenes". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 30 (1): 23–27. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00646.x. PMID 10728555. S2CID 29706638.
  • Bredholt S.; Maukonen J.; Kujanpaa K.; Alanko T.; Olofson U.; Husmark U.; Sjoberg A. M.; Wirtanen G. (1999). "Microbial methods for assessment of cleaning and disinfection of food-processing surfaces cleaned in a low-pressure system". European Food Research and Technology. 209 (2): 145–152. doi:10.1007/s002170050474. S2CID 96177510.
  • Chae M. S.; Schraft H. (2000). "Comparative evaluation of adhesion and biofilm formation of different Listeria monocytogenes strains". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 62 (1–2): 103–111. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00406-2. PMID 11139010.
  • Chen Y. H.; Jackson K. M.; Chea F. P.; Schaffner D. W. (2001). "Quantification and variability analysis of bacterial cross-contamination rates in common food service tasks". Journal of Food Protection. 64 (1): 72–80. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-64.1.72. PMID 11198444.
  • Davidson C. A.; Griffith C. J.; Peters A. C.; Fieding L. M. (1999). "Evaluation of two methods for monitoring surface cleanliness ñ ATP bioluminescence and traditional hygiene swabbing". Luminescence. 14 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-7243(199901/02)14:1<33::AID-BIO514>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 10398558.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2005. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Accessed: 1 March 2006.
  • Foschino R.; Picozzi C.; Civardi A.; Bandini M.; Faroldi P. (2003). "Comparison of surface sampling methods and cleanability assessment of stainless steel surfaces subjected or not to shot peening". Journal of Food Engineering. 60 (4): 375–381. doi:10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00060-8.
  • Frank, J. F. 2001. "Microbial attachment to food and food contact surfaces". In: Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, Vol. 43. ed. Taylor, S. L. San Diego, CA. Academic Press., Inc. 320–370.
  • Gasanov U.; Hughes D.; Hansbro P. M. (2005). "Methods for the isolation and identification of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes: a review". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 29 (5): 851–875. doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.002. PMID 16219509.
  • Gombas D. E.; Chen Y.; Clavero R. S.; Scott V. N. (2003). "Survey of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods". Journal of Food Protection. 66 (4): 559–569. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-66.4.559. PMID 12696677.
  • Helke D. M.; Somers E. B.; Wong A. C. L. (1993). "Attachment of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium to stainless steel and Buna-N-rubber surfaces in the presence of milk and individual milk components". Journal of Food Protection. 56 (6): 479–484. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-56.6.479. PMID 31084181.
  • Kalmokoff M. L.; Austin J. W.; Wan X. D.; Sanders G.; Banerjee S.; Farber J. M. (2001). "Adsorption, attachment and biofilm formation among isolates of Listeria monocytogenes using model condit ions". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 725–34. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01419.x. PMID 11576310.
  • Kusumaningrum H. D.; Riboldi G.; Hazeleger W. C.; Beumer R. R. (2003). "Survival of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel surfaces and cross-contamination to foods". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 85 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00540-8. PMID 12878381.
  • Lin C.; Takeuchi K.; Zhang L.; Dohm C. B.; Meyer J. D.; Hall P. A.; Doyle M. P. (2006). "Cross-contamination between processing equipment and deli meats by Listeria monocytogenes". Journal of Food Protection. 69 (1): 559–569. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-69.1.71. PMID 16416903.
  • Low J. C.; Donachie W. (1997). "A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis". The Veterinary Journal. 153 (1): 9–29. doi:10.1016/S1090-0233(97)80005-6. PMID 9125353.
  • Nikolova, M., Todorova, T. T., Tsankova, G., & Ermenlieva, N. (2016). А possible case of а newborn premature baby with Listeria monocytogenes infection. Scripta Scientifica Medica, 48(2).
  • MacNeill S.; Walters D. M.; Dey A.; Glaros A. G.; Cobb C. M. (1998). "Sonic and mechanical toothbrushes". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 25 (12): 988–993. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02403.x. PMID 9869348.
  • Maxcy R. B. (1975). "Fate of bacteria exposed to washing and drying on stainless steel". Journal of Milk and Food Technology. 38 (4): 192–194. doi:10.4315/0022-2747-38.4.192.
  • McInnes C.; Engel D.; Martin R. W. (1993). "Fimbriae damage and removal of adherent bacteria after exposure to acoustic energy". Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 8 (5): 277–282. doi:10.1111/j.1399-302X.1993.tb00574.x. PMID 7903443.
  • McLauchlin J. (1996). "The relationship between Listeria and listeriosis". Food Control. 7 (45): 187–193. doi:10.1016/S0956-7135(96)00038-2.
  • Montville R.; Chen Y. H.; Schaffner D. W. (2001). "Glove barriers to bacterial cross contamination between hands to food". Journal of Food Protection. 64 (6): 845–849. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-64.6.845. PMID 11403136.
  • Moore G.; Griffith C.; Fielding L. (2001). "A comparison of traditional and recently developed methods for monitoring surface hygiene within the food industry: a laboratory study". Dairy, Food, and Environmental Sanitation. 21: 478–488.
  • Moore G.; Griffith C. (2002a). "Factors influencing recovery of microorganisms from surfaces by use of traditional hygiene swabbing". Dairy, Food, and Environmental Sanitation. 22: 410–421.
  • Parini M. R.; Pitt W. G. (2005). "Removal of oral biofilms by bubbles". Journal of the American Dental Association. 136 (12): 1688–1693. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0112. PMID 16383051.
  • Pfaff, N. F., & Tillett, J. (2016). Listeriosis and Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy: Essentials for Healthcare Providers. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 30(2), 131.
  • Rocourt J. (1996). "Risk factors for listeriosis". Food Control. 7 (4/5): 195–202. doi:10.1016/S0956-7135(96)00035-7.
  • Ross, H. (2015). Food Hygiene: Rare Burgers. Eur. Food & Feed L. Rev., 382.
  • Salo S.; Laine A.; Alanko T.; Sjoberg A. M.; Wirtanen G. (2000). "Validation of the microbiological methods Hygicult dipsilde, contact plate, and swabbing in surface hygiene control: a Nordic collaborative study". Journal of AOAC International. 83 (6): 1357–1365. doi:10.1093/jaoac/83.6.1357. PMID 11128138.
  • Schlech W. F. (1996). "Overview of listeriosis". Food Control. 7 (4/5): 183–186. doi:10.1016/S0956-7135(96)00040-0.
  • Seymour I. J.; Burfoot D.; Smith R. L.; Cox L. A.; Lockwood A. (2002). "Ultrasound decontamination of minimally processed fruits and vegetables". International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 37 (5): 547–557. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00613.x.
  • Stanford C. M.; Srikantha R.; Wu C. D. (1997). "Efficacy of the Sonicare toothbrush fluid dynamic action on removal of supragingival plaque". Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 8 (1): 10–14.
  • USDA-FSIS. (United States Department of Agriculture – Food Safety and Inspection Service) 2003. "FSIS Rule Designed To Reduce Listeria monocytogenes In Ready-To-Eat Meat And Poultry Products" 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC. Accessed: 1 March 2006
  • Vorst K. L.; Todd E. C. D.; Ryser E. T. (2004). "Improved quantitative recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from stainless steel surfaces using a one-ply composite tissue". Journal of Food Protection. 67 (10): 2212–2217. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-67.10.2212. PMID 15508632.
  • Whyte W.; Carson W.; Hambraeus A. (1989). "Methods for calculating the efficiency of bacterial surface sampling techniques". Journal of Hospital Infection. 13 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1016/0195-6701(89)90093-5. PMID 2564016.
  • Wu-Yuan C. D.; Anderson R. D. (1994). "Ability of the SonicareÆ electronic toothbrush to generate dynamic fluid activity that removes bacteria". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 5 (3): 89–93.
  • Zhao P.; Zhao T.; Doyle M. P.; Rubino J. R.; Meng J. (1998). "Development of a model for evaluation of microbial cross-contamination in the kitchen". Journal of Food Protection. 61 (8): 960–963. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-61.8.960. PMID 9713754.
  • Zottola E. A., Sasahara K. C.; Sasahara (1994). "Microbial biofilms in the food processing industry ñ should they be a concern?". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 23 (2): 125–148. doi:10.1016/0168-1605(94)90047-7. PMID 7848776.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Listeria.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Listeria.

January 11, 2024
listeria, disease, caused, listeriosis, genus, bacteria, that, acts, intracellular, parasite, mammals, until, 1992, species, were, known, each, containing, subspecies, 2020, species, been, identified, genus, named, honour, british, pioneer, sterile, surgery, j. For the disease caused by Listeria see Listeriosis Listeria is a genus of bacteria that acts as an intracellular parasite in mammals Until 1992 10 species were known 1 2 each containing two subspecies By 2020 21 species had been identified 3 The genus is named in honour of the British pioneer of sterile surgery Joseph Lister Listeria species are Gram positive rod shaped and facultatively anaerobic and do not produce endospores 4 The major human pathogen in the genus Listeria is L monocytogenes It is usually the causative agent of the relatively rare bacterial disease listeriosis an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacteria Listeriosis can cause serious illness in pregnant women newborns adults with weakened immune systems and the elderly and may cause gastroenteritis in others who have been severely infected Listeriamicrograph of Listeria monocytogenes bacterium in tissueScientific classificationDomain BacteriaPhylum BacillotaClass BacilliOrder BacillalesFamily ListeriaceaeGenus ListeriaPirie 1940SpeciesL aquaticaL booriaeL cornellensisL costaricensisL fleischmanniiL floridensisL goaensisL grandensisL grayiL innocuaL ivanoviiL marthiiL monocytogenesL newyorkensisL ripariaL rocourtiaeL seeligeriL thailandensisL valentinaL weihenstephanensisL welshimeriListeria grown on agar medium TEM micrograph of Listeria monocytogenesListeriosis is a serious disease for humans the overt form of the disease has a case fatality rate of around 20 30 The two main clinical manifestations are sepsis and meningitis Meningitis is often complicated by encephalitis when it is known as meningoencephalitis a pathology that is unusual for bacterial infections L ivanovii is a pathogen of mammals specifically ruminants and has rarely caused listeriosis in humans 5 The incubation period can vary from three to 70 days 6 Contents 1 Background 2 Pathogenesis 3 Epidemiology 4 Prevention 5 Treatment 6 Research 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksBackground editThe first documented human case of listeriosis was in 1929 described by the Danish physician Aage Nyfeldt Etiologie de la mononucleose infectieuse Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie vol 101 pp 590 591 1929 In the late 1920s two researchers independently identified L monocytogenes from animal outbreaks They proposed the genus Listerella in honour of surgeon and early antiseptic advocate Joseph Lister but that name was already in use for a slime mould and a protozoan Eventually the genus Listeria was proposed and accepted All species within the genus Listeria are Gram positive catalase positive rods and do not produce endospores The genus Listeria was classified in the family Corynebacteriaceae through the seventh edition 1957 of Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology The 16S rRNA cataloging studies of Stackebrandt et al demonstrated that L monocytogenes is a distinct taxon within the Lactobacillus Bacillus branch of the bacterial phylogeny constructed by Woese In 2004 the genus was placed in the newly created family Listeriaceae The only other genus in the family is Brochothrix 7 The genus Listeria as of 2020 update is known to contain 21 species L aquatica L booriae L cornellensis L costaricensis L goaensis L fleischmannii L floridensis L grandensis L grayi L innocua L ivanovii L marthii L monocytogenes L newyorkensis L riparia L rocourtiae L seeligeri L thailandensis L valentina L weihenstephanensis and L welshimeri 8 9 10 Listeria dinitrificans previously thought to be part of the genus Listeria was reclassified into the new genus Jonesia 11 Under the microscope Listeria species appear as small rods which are sometimes arranged in short chains In direct smears they may be coccoid and can be mistaken for streptococci Longer cells may resemble corynebacteria Flagella are produced at room temperature but not at 37 C Hemolytic activity on blood agar has been used as a marker to distinguish L monocytogenes from other Listeria species but it is not an absolutely definitive criterion Further biochemical characterization may be necessary to distinguish between the different species of Listeria citation needed Listeria can be found in soil which can lead to vegetable contamination Animals can be carriers Listeria has been found in uncooked meats uncooked vegetables fruits including cantaloupe 12 and apples 13 pasteurized or unpasteurized milk foods made from milk and processed foods Pasteurization and sufficient cooking kill Listeria however contamination may occur after cooking and before packaging For example meat processing plants producing ready to eat foods such as hot dogs and deli meats must follow extensive sanitation policies and procedures to prevent Listeria contamination 14 Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in soil stream water sewage plants and food 15 Listeria is responsible for listeriosis a rare but potentially lethal foodborne illness The case fatality rate for those with a severe form of infection may approach 25 16 Salmonellosis in comparison has a mortality rate estimated at less than 1 17 Although L monocytogenes has low infectivity it is hardy and can grow in temperatures from 4 C 39 2 F the temperature of a refrigerator to 37 C 98 6 F the body s internal temperature 15 Listeriosis is a serious illness and the disease may manifest as meningitis or affect newborns due to its ability to penetrate the endothelial layer of the placenta 16 Pathogenesis editMain article Listeria monocytogenes Listeria uses the cellular machinery to move around inside the host cell It induces directed polymerization of actin by the ActA transmembrane protein thus pushing the bacterial cell around 18 Listeria monocytogenes for example encodes virulence genes that are thermoregulated The expression of virulence factor is optimal at 39 C and is controlled by a transcriptional activator PrfA whose expression is thermoregulated by the PrfA thermoregulator UTR element At low temperatures the PrfA transcript is not translated due to structural elements near the ribosome binding site As the bacteria infect the host the temperature of the host denatures the structure and allows translation initiation for the virulent genes citation needed The majority of Listeria bacteria are attacked by the immune system before they are able to cause infection Those that escape the immune system s initial response however spread through intracellular mechanisms which protects them from circulating immune factors AMI 16 To invade Listeria induces macrophage phagocytic uptake by displaying D galactose in their teichoic acids that are then bound by the macrophage s polysaccharides Other important adhesins are the internalins 17 Listeria uses internalin A and B to bind to cellular receptors Internalin A binds to E cadherin while internalin B binds to the cell s Met receptors If both of these receptors have a high enough affinity to Listeria s internalin A and B then it will be able to invade the cell via an indirect zipper mechanism citation needed Once phagocytosed the bacterium is encapsulated by the host cell s acidic phagolysosome organelle 15 Listeria however escapes the phagolysosome by lysing the vacuole s entire membrane with secreted hemolysin 19 now characterized as the exotoxin listeriolysin O 15 The bacteria then replicate inside the host cell s cytoplasm 16 Listeria must then navigate to the cell s periphery to spread the infection to other cells Outside the body Listeria has flagellar driven motility sometimes described as a tumbling motility However at 37 C flagella cease to develop and the bacterium instead usurps the host cell s cytoskeleton to move 16 Listeria inventively polymerizes an actin tail or comet 19 from actin monomers in the host s cytoplasm 20 with the promotion of virulence factor ActA 16 The comet forms in a polar manner 21 and aids the bacterial migration to the host cell s outer membrane Gelsolin an actin filament severing protein localizes at the tail of Listeria and accelerates the bacterium s motility 21 Once at the cell surface the actin propelled Listeria pushes against the cell s membrane to form protrusions called filopods 15 or rockets The protrusions are guided by the cell s leading edge 22 to contact adjacent cells which then engulf the Listeria rocket and the process is repeated perpetuating the infection 16 Once phagocytosed the bacterium is never again extracellular it is an intracellular parasite 19 like S flexneri Rickettsia spp and C trachomatis 16 Epidemiology editThe Center for Science in the Public Interest has published a list of foods that have sometimes caused outbreaks of Listeria hot dogs deli meats milk even if pasteurized cheeses particularly soft ripened cheeses such as feta Brie Camembert blue veined or Mexican style queso blanco raw and cooked poultry raw meats ice cream raw fruit 23 vegetables and smoked fish 24 Cold cut meats were implicated in an outbreak in Canada in 2008 improperly handled cantaloupe was implicated in both the outbreak of listeriosis from Jensen Farms in Colorado in 2011 25 and a similar listeriosis outbreak across eastern Australia in early 2018 26 27 35 people died across these two outbreaks 25 28 The Australian company GMI Food Wholesalers was fined A 236 000 for providing L monocytogenes contaminated chicken wraps to the airline Virgin Blue in 2011 29 Caramel apples have also been cited as a source of listerial infections which hospitalized 26 people of whom five died 30 31 In 2019 the United Kingdom experienced nine cases of the disease of which six 32 were fatal in an outbreak caused by contaminated meat produced by North Country Cooked Meats in hospital sandwiches 33 In 2019 two people in Australia died after probably eating smoked salmon and a third fell ill but survived the disease 34 In September 2019 three deaths and a miscarriage were reported in the Netherlands after the consumption of listeria infected deli meats produced by Offerman 35 Prevention editPreventing listeriosis as a foodborne illness requires effective sanitation of food contact surfaces 36 Ethanol is an effective topical sanitizer against Listeria Quaternary ammonium can be used in conjunction with alcohol as a food contact safe sanitizer with increased duration of the sanitizing action Keeping foods in the home refrigerated below 4 C 39 F discourages bacterial growth Unpasteurized dairy products may pose a risk 37 Cooking all meats including beef pork poultry and seafood to a safe internal temperature typically 73 C 165 F will kill the food borne pathogen 38 Treatment editNon invasive listeriosis bacteria are retained within the digestive tract Symptoms are mild lasting only a few days and requiring only supportive care Muscle pain and fever can be treated with over the counter pain relievers diarrhea and gastroenteritis can be treated with over the counter medications 38 Invasive listeriosis bacteria have spread to the bloodstream and central nervous system Treatment includes intravenous delivery of high dose antibiotics and hospital in patient care of probably not less than two weeks stay depending on the extent of the infection 38 Ampicillin penicillin or amoxicillin are typically administered for invasive listeriosis gentamicin may be added in cases of patients with compromised immune systems 39 In cases of allergy to penicillin trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole vancomycin and fluoroquinolones may be used 39 For effective treatment the antibiotic must penetrate the host cell and bind to penicillin binding protein 3 PBP3 Cephalosporins are not effective for treating listeriosis 39 In cases of pregnancy prompt treatment is critical to prevent bacteria from infecting the fetus antibiotics may be given to pregnant women even in non invasive listeriosis 40 Mirena Nikolova et al states that applying antibiotics is crucial during the third trimester because cell mediated immunity is reduced during this time Pfaff and Tillet say that listeriosis can cause long term consequences including meningitis preterm labor newborn sepsis stillbirths when contracted during pregnancy Oral therapies in less severe cases may include amoxicillin or erythromycin 39 Higher doses may be given to pregnant women to ensure penetration of the umbilical cord and placenta 41 Infected pregnant women may receive ultrasound scans to monitor the health of the fetus Asymptomatic patients who have been exposed to Listeria typically are not treated but are informed of the signs and symptoms of the disease and advised to return for treatment if any develop 38 Research editSome Listeria species are opportunistic pathogens L monocytogenes is most prevalent in the elderly pregnant mothers and patients infected with HIV With improved healthcare leading to a growing elderly population and extended life expectancies for HIV infected patients physicians are more likely to encounter this otherwise rare infection only seven per 1 000 000 healthy people are infected with virulent Listeria each year 15 Better understanding the cell biology of Listeria infections including relevant virulence factors may lead to better treatments for listeriosis and other intracytoplasmic parasite infections In oncology researchers are investigating the use of Listeria as a cancer vaccine taking advantage of its ability to induce potent innate and adaptive immunity by activating gamma delta T cells 20 42 See also edit2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2017 2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak List of foodborne illness outbreaksReferences edit Jones D 1992 Current classification of the genus Listeria In Listeria 1992 Abstracts of ISOPOL XI Copenhagen Denmark p 7 8 ocourt J P Boerlin F Grimont C Jacquet and J C Piffaretti 1992 Assignment of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a single species Listeria grayi with a revised description of Listeria grayi Int J Syst Bacteriol 42 171 174 Boerlin et al 1992 L ivanovii subsp londoniensis subsp novi Int J Syst Bacteriol 42 69 73 Jones D and H P R Seeliger 1986 International committee on systematic bacteriology Subcommittee the taxonomy of Listeria Int J Syst Bacteriol 36 117 118 Quereda Juan J Leclercq Alexandre Moura Alexandra Vales Guillaume Gomez Martin Angel Garcia Munoz Angel Thouvenot Pierre Tessaud Rita Nathalie Bracq Dieye Helene Lecuit Marc 5 October 2020 Listeria valentina sp nov isolated from a water trough and the faeces of healthy sheep International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70 11 5868 5879 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 004494 ISSN 1466 5026 PMID 33016862 Singleton P 1999 Bacteria in Biology Biotechnology and Medicine 5th ed Wiley pp 444 454 ISBN 0 471 98880 4 Christelle Guillet Olivier Join Lambert Alban Le Monnier Alexandre Leclercq Frederic Mechai Marie France Mamzer Bruneel Magdalena K Bielecka Mariela Scortti Olivier Disson Patrick Berche Jose Vazquez Boland Olivier Lortholary and Marc Lecuit Human Listeriosis Caused by Listeria ivanovii Emerg Infect Dis 2010 January 16 1 136 138 Listeria FoodSafety gov 12 April 2019 Elliot T Ryser Elmer H Marth Listeria Listeriosis and Food Safety Second edition Elmer Marth 1999 Daniel Weller Alexis Andrus Martin Wiedmann and Henk C den Bakker Listeria booriae sp nov and Listeria newyorkensis sp nov from food processing environments in the USA International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2015 65 286 292 Swapnil P Doijad Krupali V Poharkar Satyajit B Kale Savita Kerkar Dewanand R Kalorey Nitin V Kurkure Deepak B Rawool Satya Veer Singh Malik Rafed Yassin Ahmad Martina Hudel Sandeep P Chaudhari Birte Abt Jorg Overmann Markus Weigel Torsten Hain Sukhadeo B Barbuddhe andTrinad Chakraborty Listeria goaensis sp nov International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2018 68 3285 3291 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 002980 Leclercq Alexandre Moura Alexandra Vales Guillaume Tessaud Rita Nathalie Aguilhon Christine Lecuit Marc 2019 Listeria thailandensis sp nov PDF International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 69 1 74 81 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 003097 PMID 30457511 M D Collins S Wallbanks D J Lane J Shah R Nietupskin J Smida M Dorsch and E Stackebrandt Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Listeria Based on Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of 16S rRNA International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology April 1991 vol 41 no 2 240 246 Listeria outbreak expected to cause more deaths across US in coming weeks The Guardian London 29 September 2011 Times Los Angeles 16 January 2015 California plant issues massive apple recall due to listeria Los Angeles Times Controlling Listeria Contamination in Your Meat Processing Plant Government of Ontario 27 February 2007 Retrieved 27 April 2010 a b c d e f Southwick F S D L Purich More About Listeria University of Florida Medical School Archived from the original on 22 February 2001 Retrieved 7 March 2007 No longer accessible Archived version available here a b c d e f g h Todar s Online Textbook of Bacteriology Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis Kenneth Todar University of Wisconsin Madison Department of Biology 2003 Retrieved 7 March 2007 a b Statistics about Salmonella food poisoning WrongDiagnosis com 27 February 2007 Retrieved 7 March 2007 Smith G A Portnoy D A July 1997 Trends in Microbiology How the Listeria Monocytogenes ActA Protein Converts Actin Polymerization into a Motile Force Cell Press 5 7 number 7 272 276 doi 10 1016 S0966 842X 97 01048 2 PMID 9234509 a b c Tinley L G et al 1989 Actin Filaments and the Growth Movement and Spread of the Intracellular Bacterial Parasite Listeria monocytogenes The Journal of Cell Biology 109 4 Pt 1 1597 1608 doi 10 1083 jcb 109 4 1597 PMC 2115783 PMID 2507553 a b Listeria MicrobeWiki Kenyon edu 16 August 2006 Retrieved 7 March 2007 a b Laine R O Phaneuf K L Cunningham C C Kwiatkowski D Azuma T Southwick F S 1 August 1998 Gelsolin a protein that caps the barbed ends and severs actin filaments enhances the actin based motility of Listeria monocytogenes in host cells Infect Immun 66 8 3775 82 doi 10 1128 IAI 66 8 3775 3782 1998 PMC 108414 PMID 9673261 Galbraith C G Yamada K M Galbraith J A February 2007 Polymerizing actin fibers position integrins primed to probe for adhesion sites Science 315 5814 992 5 Bibcode 2007Sci 315 992G doi 10 1126 science 1137904 PMID 17303755 S2CID 39441473 Granny Smith Gala apples recalled due to listeria abc7news com 16 January 2015 Retrieved 2 August 2019 Center for Science in the Public Interest Nutrition Action Healthletter Food Safety Guide Meet the Bugs Archived 18 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine a b William Neuman 27 September 2011 Deaths From Cantaloupe Listeria Rise The New York Times Retrieved 13 November 2011 Claughton David Kontominas Bellinda Logan Tyne 14 March 2018 Rockmelon listeria Rombola Family Farms named as source of outbreak ABC News Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 Australian Associated Press 3 March 2018 Third death confirmed in Australia s rockmelon listeria outbreak The Guardian Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 Retrieved 16 March 2018 Australian Associated Press 16 March 2018 Fifth person dies as a result of rockmelon listeria outbreak SBS News Special Broadcasting Service Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 Retrieved 16 March 2018 Josephine Tovey 16 November 2011 236 000 fine for foul flight chicken The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 16 November 2011 Retrieved 13 November 2011 Warning Prepackaged Caramel Apples Linked To 5 Deaths Yahoo Health 19 December 2014 Retrieved 15 June 2019 Listeria outbreak from caramel apples has killed four USA TODAY 20 December 2014 Retrieved 15 June 2019 Listeria outbreak Toll rises to six as Sussex patient dies 1 August 2019 bbc co uk accessed 2 August 2019 Two more deaths brings death toll up to five BBC News 14 June 2019 Smoked salmon listeria kills two in Australia 24 July 2019 Retrieved 24 July 2019 Three deaths miscarriage tied to meat supplier in listeria cases NL Times 4 October 2019 Retrieved 13 October 2019 Maple Leaf Foods assessing Listeria killing chemical ctv ca ctvglobemedia The Canadian Press 12 October 2008 Retrieved 15 October 2008 Food Safety Listeria Retrieved 11 May 2016 a b c d CDC Listeria Home cdc gov listeria Retrieved 15 June 2019 a b c d Temple M E Nahata M C May 2000 Treatment of listeriosis Annals of Pharmacotherapy 34 5 656 61 doi 10 1345 aph 19315 PMID 10852095 S2CID 11352292 Listeria infection listeriosis symptoms and causes mayoclinic org Retrieved 15 June 2019 Janakiraman V 2008 Listeriosis in pregnancy diagnosis treatment and prevention Rev Obstet Gynecol 1 4 179 85 PMC 2621056 PMID 19173022 Greenemeier L 21 May 2008 Recruiting a Dangerous Foe to Fight Cancer and HIV Scientific American Further reading editAbrishami S H Tall B D Bruursema T J Epstein P S Shah D B 1994 Bacterial adherence and viability on cutting board surfaces Journal of Food Safety 14 2 153 172 doi 10 1111 j 1745 4565 1994 tb00591 x Zhifa Liu Changhe Yuan Stephen B Pruett 2012 Machine learning analysis of the relationship between changes in immunological parameters and changes in resistance to Listeria monocytogenes a new approach for risk assessment and systems immunology Toxicol Sci 129 1 1 57 73 doi 10 1093 toxsci kfs201 PMC 3888231 PMID 22696237 Allerberger F 2003 Listeria growth phenotypic differentiation and molecular microbiology FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 35 3 183 189 doi 10 1016 S0928 8244 02 00447 9 PMID 12648835 Bayles D O Wilkinson B J 2000 Osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants for Listeria monocytogenes Letters in Applied Microbiology 30 1 23 27 doi 10 1046 j 1472 765x 2000 00646 x PMID 10728555 S2CID 29706638 Bredholt S Maukonen J Kujanpaa K Alanko T Olofson U Husmark U Sjoberg A M Wirtanen G 1999 Microbial methods for assessment of cleaning and disinfection of food processing surfaces cleaned in a low pressure system European Food Research and Technology 209 2 145 152 doi 10 1007 s002170050474 S2CID 96177510 Chae M S Schraft H 2000 Comparative evaluation of adhesion and biofilm formation of different Listeria monocytogenes strains International Journal of Food Microbiology 62 1 2 103 111 doi 10 1016 S0168 1605 00 00406 2 PMID 11139010 Chen Y H Jackson K M Chea F P Schaffner D W 2001 Quantification and variability analysis of bacterial cross contamination rates in common food service tasks Journal of Food Protection 64 1 72 80 doi 10 4315 0362 028X 64 1 72 PMID 11198444 Davidson C A Griffith C J Peters A C Fieding L M 1999 Evaluation of two methods for monitoring surface cleanliness n ATP bioluminescence and traditional hygiene swabbing Luminescence 14 1 33 38 doi 10 1002 SICI 1522 7243 199901 02 14 1 lt 33 AID BIO514 gt 3 0 CO 2 I PMID 10398558 Food and Drug Administration FDA 2005 Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook The iBad Bug Book Food and Drug Administration College Park MD Accessed 1 March 2006 Foschino R Picozzi C Civardi A Bandini M Faroldi P 2003 Comparison of surface sampling methods and cleanability assessment of stainless steel surfaces subjected or not to shot peening Journal of Food Engineering 60 4 375 381 doi 10 1016 S0260 8774 03 00060 8 Frank J F 2001 Microbial attachment to food and food contact surfaces In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research Vol 43 ed Taylor S L San Diego CA Academic Press Inc 320 370 Gasanov U Hughes D Hansbro P M 2005 Methods for the isolation and identification of Listeria spp and Listeria monocytogenes a review FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29 5 851 875 doi 10 1016 j femsre 2004 12 002 PMID 16219509 Gombas D E Chen Y Clavero R S Scott V N 2003 Survey of Listeria monocytogenes in ready to eat foods Journal of Food Protection 66 4 559 569 doi 10 4315 0362 028x 66 4 559 PMID 12696677 Helke D M Somers E B Wong A C L 1993 Attachment of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium to stainless steel and Buna N rubber surfaces in the presence of milk and individual milk components Journal of Food Protection 56 6 479 484 doi 10 4315 0362 028X 56 6 479 PMID 31084181 Kalmokoff M L Austin J W Wan X D Sanders G Banerjee S Farber J M 2001 Adsorption attachment and biofilm formation among isolates of Listeria monocytogenes using model condit ions Journal of Applied Microbiology 91 4 725 34 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2672 2001 01419 x PMID 11576310 Kusumaningrum H D Riboldi G Hazeleger W C Beumer R R 2003 Survival of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel surfaces and cross contamination to foods International Journal of Food Microbiology 85 3 227 236 doi 10 1016 S0168 1605 02 00540 8 PMID 12878381 Lin C Takeuchi K Zhang L Dohm C B Meyer J D Hall P A Doyle M P 2006 Cross contamination between processing equipment and deli meats by Listeria monocytogenes Journal of Food Protection 69 1 559 569 doi 10 4315 0362 028X 69 1 71 PMID 16416903 Low J C Donachie W 1997 A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis The Veterinary Journal 153 1 9 29 doi 10 1016 S1090 0233 97 80005 6 PMID 9125353 Nikolova M Todorova T T Tsankova G amp Ermenlieva N 2016 A possible case of a newborn premature baby with Listeria monocytogenes infection Scripta Scientifica Medica 48 2 MacNeill S Walters D M Dey A Glaros A G Cobb C M 1998 Sonic and mechanical toothbrushes Journal of Clinical Periodontology 25 12 988 993 doi 10 1111 j 1600 051X 1998 tb02403 x PMID 9869348 Maxcy R B 1975 Fate of bacteria exposed to washing and drying on stainless steel Journal of Milk and Food Technology 38 4 192 194 doi 10 4315 0022 2747 38 4 192 McInnes C Engel D Martin R W 1993 Fimbriae damage and removal of adherent bacteria after exposure to acoustic energy Oral Microbiology and Immunology 8 5 277 282 doi 10 1111 j 1399 302X 1993 tb00574 x PMID 7903443 McLauchlin J 1996 The relationship between Listeria and listeriosis Food Control 7 45 187 193 doi 10 1016 S0956 7135 96 00038 2 Montville R Chen Y H Schaffner D W 2001 Glove barriers to bacterial cross contamination between hands to food Journal of Food Protection 64 6 845 849 doi 10 4315 0362 028x 64 6 845 PMID 11403136 Moore G Griffith C Fielding L 2001 A comparison of traditional and recently developed methods for monitoring surface hygiene within the food industry a laboratory study Dairy Food and Environmental Sanitation 21 478 488 Moore G Griffith C 2002a Factors influencing recovery of microorganisms from surfaces by use of traditional hygiene swabbing Dairy Food and Environmental Sanitation 22 410 421 Parini M R Pitt W G 2005 Removal of oral biofilms by bubbles Journal of the American Dental Association 136 12 1688 1693 doi 10 14219 jada archive 2005 0112 PMID 16383051 Pfaff N F amp Tillett J 2016 Listeriosis and Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy Essentials for Healthcare Providers The Journal of perinatal amp neonatal nursing 30 2 131 Rocourt J 1996 Risk factors for listeriosis Food Control 7 4 5 195 202 doi 10 1016 S0956 7135 96 00035 7 Ross H 2015 Food Hygiene Rare Burgers Eur Food amp Feed L Rev 382 Salo S Laine A Alanko T Sjoberg A M Wirtanen G 2000 Validation of the microbiological methods Hygicult dipsilde contact plate and swabbing in surface hygiene control a Nordic collaborative study Journal of AOAC International 83 6 1357 1365 doi 10 1093 jaoac 83 6 1357 PMID 11128138 Schlech W F 1996 Overview of listeriosis Food Control 7 4 5 183 186 doi 10 1016 S0956 7135 96 00040 0 Seymour I J Burfoot D Smith R L Cox L A Lockwood A 2002 Ultrasound decontamination of minimally processed fruits and vegetables International Journal of Food Science and Technology 37 5 547 557 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2621 2002 00613 x Stanford C M Srikantha R Wu C D 1997 Efficacy of the Sonicare toothbrush fluid dynamic action on removal of supragingival plaque Journal of Clinical Dentistry 8 1 10 14 USDA FSIS United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service 2003 FSIS Rule Designed To Reduce Listeria monocytogenes In Ready To Eat Meat And Poultry Products Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Washington DC Accessed 1 March 2006 Vorst K L Todd E C D Ryser E T 2004 Improved quantitative recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from stainless steel surfaces using a one ply composite tissue Journal of Food Protection 67 10 2212 2217 doi 10 4315 0362 028x 67 10 2212 PMID 15508632 Whyte W Carson W Hambraeus A 1989 Methods for calculating the efficiency of bacterial surface sampling techniques Journal of Hospital Infection 13 1 33 41 doi 10 1016 0195 6701 89 90093 5 PMID 2564016 Wu Yuan C D Anderson R D 1994 Ability of the SonicareAE electronic toothbrush to generate dynamic fluid activity that removes bacteria The Journal of Clinical Dentistry 5 3 89 93 Zhao P Zhao T Doyle M P Rubino J R Meng J 1998 Development of a model for evaluation of microbial cross contamination in the kitchen Journal of Food Protection 61 8 960 963 doi 10 4315 0362 028x 61 8 960 PMID 9713754 Zottola E A Sasahara K C Sasahara 1994 Microbial biofilms in the food processing industry n should they be a concern International Journal of Food Microbiology 23 2 125 148 doi 10 1016 0168 1605 94 90047 7 PMID 7848776 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Listeria nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Listeria Listeriosis at Curlie Listeria genomes and related data at PATRIC funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Listeria at BacDive the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Listeria amp oldid 1187437913, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.