Ursidae is a family of mammals in the orderCarnivora, which includes the giant panda, brown bear, and polar bear, and many other extant or extinct mammals. A member of this family is called a bear or an ursid. They are widespread across the Americas and Eurasia. Bear habitats are generally forests, though some species can be found in grassland and savana regions, and the polar bear lives in arctic and aquatic habitats. Most bears are 1.2–2 m (4–7 ft) long, plus a 3–20 cm (1–8 in) tail, though the polar bear is 2.2–2.44 m (7–8 ft) long, and some subspecies of brown bear can be up to 2.8 m (9 ft). Weights range greatly from the sun bear, which can be as low as 35 kg (77 lb), to the polar bear, which can be as high as 726 kg (1,600 lb). Population sizes vary, with six species classified as vulnerable with populations as low as 500, while the brown bear has a population of over 100,000 and the American black bear around 800,000. Many bear species primarily eat specific foods, such as seals for the polar bear or termites and fruit for the sloth bear, but with the exception of the giant panda, which exclusively eats bamboo, ursids are omnivorous when necessary. No ursid species have been domesticated, though some bears have been trained for entertainment.[1]
The eight species of Ursidae are split into five genera in three subfamilies: the monotypicAiluropodinae, the panda bears; Tremarctinae, the short-faced bears; and Ursinae, containing all other extant bears. Extinct species have also been placed into all three extant subfamilies, as well as three extinct ones: Agriotheriinae, Hemicyoninae, and Ursavinae. Over 100 extinct Ursidae species have been found, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.
Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†". Population figures are rounded to the nearest hundred.
Classificationedit
The family Ursidae consists of eight extant species belonging to five genera in three subfamilies and divided into dozens of extant subspecies. This does not include ursid hybrid species such as grizzly–polar bear hybrids or extinct prehistoric species.
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis; this includes the division of the giant panda into two subspecies. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as reclassifying the subspecies of the brown bear into a smaller set of clades,[2][3] which are not included here.
^Findeizen, Nikolai (2008). History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800, Vol. 1: From Antiquity to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century. Indiana University Press. p. 201. ISBN978-0-253-02637-8.
^Calvignac, S.; Hughes, S.; Tougard, C.; Michaux, J.; Thevenot, M.; Philippe, M.; Hamdine, W.; Hanni, C. (2008). "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 17 (8): 1962–1970. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03631.x. PMID 18363668. S2CID 23361337.
^Lan, T.; Gill, S.; Bellemain, E.; Bischof, R.; Zawaz, M. A.; Lindqvist, C. (2017). "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1868): 20171804. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1804. PMC5740279. PMID 29187630.
^ abcSwaisgood, R.; Wang, D.; Wei, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T712A121745669.
^. ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
^ abcVelez-Liendo, X.; García-Rangel, S. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Tremarctos ornatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22066A45034047. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22066A45034047.en.
^. ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
^ abcScotson, L.; Fredriksson, G.; Augeri, D.; Cheah, C.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wai-Ming, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Helarctos malayanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T9760A45033547. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.en.
^ abDickson, B. (November 5, 2013). Endangered Species Threatened Convention. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN978-1-134-19434-6.
^ abcdDharaiya, N.; Bargali, H. S.; Sharp, T. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13143A166519315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13143A166519315.en.
^Ramesh, T.; Kalle, R.; Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q. (2012). "Factors affecting habitat patch use by sloth bears in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India". Ursus. 23 (1): 78–85. doi:10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00006.1. JSTOR 41818973. S2CID 86410436.
^ abcGarshelis, D. L.; Scheick, B. K.; Doan-Crider, D. L.; Beecham, J. J.; Obbard, M. E. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ursus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41687A45034604. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41687A45034604.en.
^"Black Bear Study Finds Growing Populations, But Combating Illegal Trade Remains a Challenge". WWF News and Reports. World Wide Fund for Nature. April 30, 2002. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
^ abcGarshelis, D.; Steinmetz, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ursus thibetanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22824A45034242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22824A45034242.en.
^"Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Fact Sheet: Physical Characteristics". San Diego Zoo Global Library. San Diego Zoo. October 15, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
^ abcMcLellan, B. N.; Proctor, M. F.; Huber, D.; Michel, S. (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41688A121229971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en.
^. The Photo Ark. National Geographic. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ abcWiig, Ø.; Amstrup, S.; Atwood, T.; Laidre, K.; Lunn, N.; Obbard, M.; Regehr, E.; Thiemann, G. (2015). "Ursus maritimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T22823A14871490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22823A14871490.en.
^Hamilton, S. G.; Derocher, A. E. (2019). "Assessment of global polar bear abundance and vulnerability". Animal Conservation. 22 (1): 83–95. doi:10.1111/acv.12439. S2CID 92716329.
April 12, 2024
list, ursids, ursidae, family, mammals, order, carnivora, which, includes, giant, panda, brown, bear, polar, bear, many, other, extant, extinct, mammals, member, this, family, called, bear, ursid, they, widespread, across, americas, eurasia, bear, habitats, ge. Ursidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora which includes the giant panda brown bear and polar bear and many other extant or extinct mammals A member of this family is called a bear or an ursid They are widespread across the Americas and Eurasia Bear habitats are generally forests though some species can be found in grassland and savana regions and the polar bear lives in arctic and aquatic habitats Most bears are 1 2 2 m 4 7 ft long plus a 3 20 cm 1 8 in tail though the polar bear is 2 2 2 44 m 7 8 ft long and some subspecies of brown bear can be up to 2 8 m 9 ft Weights range greatly from the sun bear which can be as low as 35 kg 77 lb to the polar bear which can be as high as 726 kg 1 600 lb Population sizes vary with six species classified as vulnerable with populations as low as 500 while the brown bear has a population of over 100 000 and the American black bear around 800 000 Many bear species primarily eat specific foods such as seals for the polar bear or termites and fruit for the sloth bear but with the exception of the giant panda which exclusively eats bamboo ursids are omnivorous when necessary No ursid species have been domesticated though some bears have been trained for entertainment 1 Brown bear Ursus arctos The eight species of Ursidae are split into five genera in three subfamilies the monotypic Ailuropodinae the panda bears Tremarctinae the short faced bears and Ursinae containing all other extant bears Extinct species have also been placed into all three extant subfamilies as well as three extinct ones Agriotheriinae Hemicyoninae and Ursavinae Over 100 extinct Ursidae species have been found though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed Contents 1 Conventions 2 Classification 3 Ursids 3 1 Subfamily Ailuropodinae 3 2 Subfamily Tremarctinae 3 3 Subfamily Ursinae 4 See also 5 ReferencesConventions editIUCN Red List categoriesConservation status EX Extinct 0 species EW Extinct in the wild 0 species CR Critically Endangered 0 species EN Endangered 0 species VU Vulnerable 6 species NT Near threatened 0 species LC Least concern 2 species Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE and are indicated by a dagger symbol Population figures are rounded to the nearest hundred Classification editThe family Ursidae consists of eight extant species belonging to five genera in three subfamilies and divided into dozens of extant subspecies This does not include ursid hybrid species such as grizzly polar bear hybrids or extinct prehistoric species Subfamily Ailuropodinae Genus Ailuropoda panda bears one species Subfamily Tremarctinae Genus Tremarctos short faced bears one species Subfamily Ursinae Genus Helarctos sun bear one species Genus Melursus sloth bear one species Genus Ursus bears four speciesUrsidae Ursinae Ursus American black bear Asian black bear brown bear polar bear Helarctos sun bear Melursus sloth bear Tremarctinae Tremarctos spectacled bear Ailuropodinae Ailuropoda giant panda Ursids editThe following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World 2005 with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis this includes the division of the giant panda into two subspecies There are several additional proposals which are disputed such as reclassifying the subspecies of the brown bear into a smaller set of clades 2 3 which are not included here Subfamily Ailuropodinae edit Main article Ailuropodinae Genus Ailuropoda H Milne Edwards 1870 one species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationGiant panda nbsp A melanoleuca David 1869 Two subspecies A m melanoleucaA m qinlingensis Qinling panda Central China nbsp Size 150 180 cm 59 71 in long plus 10 15 cm 4 6 in tail80 123 kg 176 271 lb 4 5 Habitat Forest 6 Diet Eats only bamboo 6 VU 500 1 000 nbsp 6 Subfamily Tremarctinae edit Main article Tremarctinae Genus Tremarctos Gervais 1855 one species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationSpectacled bear nbsp T ornatus F Cuvier 1825 Andes mountains in South America nbsp Size 120 200 cm 47 79 in long plus 7 cm 3 in tail60 175 kg 132 386 lb 7 Habitat Shrubland grassland and forest 8 Diet Primarily eats bromeliads and palm trees as well as cattle other mammals and fruit 8 VU 2 500 10 000 nbsp 8 Subfamily Ursinae edit Main article Ursinae Genus Helarctos Horsfield 1825 one species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationSun bear nbsp H malayanus Raffles 1821 Two subspecies H m euryspilus Bornean sun bear H m malayanus Malayan sun bear Southeast Asia current range in brown former in black nbsp Size 120 150 cm 47 59 in long plus 3 7 cm 1 3 in tail35 80 kg 77 176 lb 9 10 Habitat Forest and shrubland 11 Diet Primarily eats termites ants beetle larvae bee larvae honey and fruit 11 VU 50 000 12 nbsp 11 Genus Melursus Meyer 1793 one species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationSloth bear nbsp M ursinus Shaw 1791 Two subspecies M u inornatus Sri Lankan sloth bear M u ursinus Indian sloth bear India current range in green former in black nbsp Size 150 180 cm 59 71 in long plus 7 12 cm 3 5 in tail54 141 kg 119 311 lb 13 Habitat Shrubland grassland forest and savanna 14 Diet Primarily eats termites and fruit 14 VU 6 000 20 000 14 15 nbsp 14 Genus Ursus Linnaeus 1758 four species Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated populationAmerican black bear nbsp U americanus Pallas 1780 Sixteen subspecies U a altifrontalis Olympic black bear U a amblyceps New Mexico black bear U a americanus Eastern black bear U a californiensis California black bear U a carlottae Haida Gwaii black bear U a cinnamomum Cinnamon bear U a emmonsii Glacier bear U a eremicus East Mexican black bear U a floridanus Florida black bear U a hamiltoni Newfoundland black bear U a kermodei Kermode bear U a luteolus Louisiana black bear U a machetes West Mexican black bear U a perniger Kenai black bear U a pugnax Dall Island black bear U a vancouveri Vancouver Island black bear North America current range in red former in pink nbsp Size 120 200 cm 47 79 in long plus 8 14 cm 3 6 in tail39 409 kg 86 902 lb 16 Habitat Forest inland wetlands grassland shrubland and desert 17 Diet Omnivorous eats vegetation roots buds fruit nuts insects fish mammals and carrion 17 LC 735 000 941 000 18 nbsp 17 Asian black bear nbsp U thibetanus Cuvier 1823 Seven subspecies U t formosanus Formosan black bear U t gedrosianus Balochistan black bear U t japonicus Japanese black bear U t laniger Himalayan black bear U t mupinensis Indochinese black bear U t thibetanus Tibetan black bear U t ussuricus Ussuri black bear South and East Asia current range in brown former in black nbsp Size 120 180 cm 47 71 in long plus 6 11 cm 2 4 in tail65 150 kg 143 331 lb 19 Habitat Forest inland wetlands grassland and shrubland 20 Diet Eats vegetation insects fruit nuts ungulates and livestock 20 VU 50 000 12 nbsp 20 Brown bear nbsp U arctos Linnaeus 1758 Sixteen subspecies U a alascensis Alaskan grizzly bear U a arctos Eurasian brown bear U a beringianus Kamchatka brown bear U a californicus California grizzly bear U a collaris East Siberian brown bear U a crowtheri Atlas bear U a dalli Dall Island brown bear U a gyas Alaska Peninsula brown bear U a horribilis Grizzly bear U a isabellinus Himalayan brown bear U a lasiotus Ussuri brown bear U a middendorffi Kodiak bear U a pruinosus Tibetan blue bear U a sitkensis ABC Islands bear U a stikeenensis Stickeen brown bear U a syriacus Syrian brown bear Northern North America and Europe and northern and central Asia nbsp Size 100 280 cm 39 110 in long plus 6 20 cm 2 8 in tail80 550 kg 176 1 213 lb 21 Habitat Desert forest inland wetlands grassland and shrubland 22 Diet Omnivorous eats grasses herbs roots berries nuts insects mammals and fish 22 LC 110 000 nbsp 22 Polar bear nbsp U maritimus Mulgrave 1774 Polar North America and Asia nbsp Size 220 244 cm 87 96 in long plus 7 13 cm 3 5 in tail408 726 kg 900 1 600 lb 23 Habitat Marine oceanic shrubland forest grassland marine coastal supratidal and marine intertidal 24 Diet Primarily eats seals as well as walruses beluga whales birds fish vegetation and kelp 24 VU 23 000 25 nbsp 24 See also editList of individual bears List of fictional bearsReferences edit Findeizen Nikolai 2008 History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800 Vol 1 From Antiquity to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century Indiana University Press p 201 ISBN 978 0 253 02637 8 Calvignac S Hughes S Tougard C Michaux J Thevenot M Philippe M Hamdine W Hanni C 2008 Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times PDF Molecular Ecology 17 8 1962 1970 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294x 2008 03631 x PMID 18363668 S2CID 23361337 Lan T Gill S Bellemain E Bischof R Zawaz M A Lindqvist C 2017 Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 284 1868 20171804 doi 10 1098 rspb 2017 1804 PMC 5740279 PMID 29187630 Bies LeeAnn 2002 Ailuropoda melanoleuca Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Retrieved March 24 2020 Physical Description Knowledge Hub World Wide Fund for Nature Retrieved March 24 2020 a b c Swaisgood R Wang D Wei F 2017 errata version of 2016 assessment Ailuropoda melanoleuca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T712A121745669 Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus ARKive Wildscreen Archived from the original on June 14 2017 Retrieved March 25 2020 a b c Velez Liendo X Garcia Rangel S 2018 errata version of 2017 assessment Tremarctos ornatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22066A45034047 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T22066A45034047 en Malayan sun bear Helarctos malayanus ARKive Wildscreen Archived from the original on December 21 2014 Retrieved March 26 2020 Brown Gary February 1996 Great Bear Almanac The Lyons Press p 340 ISBN 978 1 55821 474 3 a b c Scotson L Fredriksson G Augeri D Cheah C Ngoprasert D Wai Ming W 2018 errata version of 2017 assessment Helarctos malayanus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T9760A45033547 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T9760A45033547 en a b Dickson B November 5 2013 Endangered Species Threatened Convention Routledge p 82 ISBN 978 1 134 19434 6 Sloth Bear The Photo Ark National Geographic 12 March 2010 Archived from the original on March 11 2017 Retrieved March 24 2020 a b c d Dharaiya N Bargali H S Sharp T 2020 amended version of 2016 assessment Melursus ursinus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T13143A166519315 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 1 RLTS T13143A166519315 en Ramesh T Kalle R Sankar K Qureshi Q 2012 Factors affecting habitat patch use by sloth bears in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Western Ghats India Ursus 23 1 78 85 doi 10 2192 URSUS D 11 00006 1 JSTOR 41818973 S2CID 86410436 Dewey Tanya Kronk Christine 2007 Ursus americanus Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Retrieved March 24 2020 a b c Garshelis D L Scheick B K Doan Crider D L Beecham J J Obbard M E 2017 errata version of 2016 assessment Ursus americanus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T41687A45034604 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T41687A45034604 en Black Bear Study Finds Growing Populations But Combating Illegal Trade Remains a Challenge WWF News and Reports World Wide Fund for Nature April 30 2002 Retrieved February 29 2020 Goodness Tracie 2004 Ursus thibetanus Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Retrieved March 24 2020 a b c Garshelis D Steinmetz R 2017 errata version of 2016 assessment Ursus thibetanus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22824A45034242 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22824A45034242 en Brown Bear Ursus arctos Fact Sheet Physical Characteristics San Diego Zoo Global Library San Diego Zoo October 15 2019 Retrieved March 26 2020 a b c McLellan B N Proctor M F Huber D Michel S 2017 amended version of 2017 assessment Ursus arctos IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T41688A121229971 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T41688A121229971 en Polar Bear The Photo Ark National Geographic September 10 2010 Archived from the original on October 12 2016 Retrieved March 24 2020 a b c Wiig O Amstrup S Atwood T Laidre K Lunn N Obbard M Regehr E Thiemann G 2015 Ursus maritimus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T22823A14871490 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T22823A14871490 en Hamilton S G Derocher A E 2019 Assessment of global polar bear abundance and vulnerability Animal Conservation 22 1 83 95 doi 10 1111 acv 12439 S2CID 92716329 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of ursids amp oldid 1186297770, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
