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List of unsolved problems in chemistry

January 01, 1970

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of unsolved problems in chemistry. Problems in chemistry are considered unsolved when an expert in the field considers it unsolved or when several experts in the field disagree about a solution to a problem.

Physical chemistry problems edit

Main article: Physical chemistry

Organic chemistry problems edit

Main article: Organic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry problems edit

Main article: Inorganic chemistry

Biochemistry problems edit

Main article: Biochemistry
  • Enzyme kinetics: Why do some enzymes exhibit faster-than-diffusion kinetics?[13]
  • Protein folding problem: Is it possible to predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polypeptide sequence based solely on the sequence and environmental information? Inverse protein-folding problem: Is it possible to design a polypeptide sequence which will adopt a given structure under certain environmental conditions?[4][14] This has been achieved for several small globular proteins in recent years.[15] In 2020, it was announced that Google's AlphaFold, a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence, is capable of predicting a protein's final shape based solely on its amino-acid chain with an accuracy of around 90% on a test sample of proteins used by the team.[16]
  • RNA folding problem: Is it possible to accurately predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polyribonucleic acid sequence based on its sequence and environment?
  • Protein design: Is it possible to design highly active enzymes de novo for any desired reaction?[17]
  • Biosynthesis: Can desired molecules, natural products or otherwise, be produced in high yield through biosynthetic pathway manipulation?[18]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Philip Ball (November 2010). "Would element 137 really spell the end of the periodic table? Philip Ball examines the evidence". Chemistry World. Royal Society of Chemistry.
  2. ^ Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean, eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
  3. ^ Christensen, J.; Albertus, P.; Sanchez-Carrera, R. S.; Lohmann, T.; Kozinsky, B.; Liedtke, R.; Ahmed, J.; Kojic, A. (2012). "A Critical Review of Li–Air Batteries". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 159 (2): R1. doi:10.1149/2.086202jes.
  4. ^ a b "So much more to know". Science. 309 (5731): 78–102. July 2005. doi:10.1126/science.309.5731.78b. PMID 15994524.
  5. ^ Narayan, Sridhar; Muldoon, John; Finn, M. G.; Fokin, Valery V.; Kolb, Hartmuth C.; Sharpless, K. Barry (2005). ""On Water": Unique Reactivity of Organic Compounds in Aqueous Suspension". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 44 (21): 3275–3279. doi:10.1002/anie.200462883. PMID 15844112.
  6. ^ Ussing R, Singleton A (February 2005). "Isotope effects, dynamics, and the mechanism of solvolysis of aryldiazonium cations in water". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (9): 2888–2889. doi:10.1021/ja043918p. PMID 15740124.
  7. ^ Lowe, Derek (24 Aug 2017). "Electrochemistry For All". In the Pipeline. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  8. ^ Miles, Ned Carter (2023-08-05). "'Endless possibilities': the chemists changing molecules atom by atom". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  9. ^ Potter, Brian. "The Story of Titanium". Construction Physics. Retrieved 2023-08-24. In the 1950s, it was hoped/assumed that a better process for producing titanium sponge would come along to replace the Kroll process, which is a laborious and energy-intensive batch process that must be done in an inert atmosphere. But such a process has never materialized...likewise, turning titanium sponge into metal is an energy and capital-intensive process [that] has also changed little since the 1950s.
  10. ^ Lewars, Errol G. (2008). Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel molecules. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 141–63. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6973-4. ISBN 978-1-4020-6972-7.
  11. ^ Sanz-Pérez, Eloy S.; Murdock, Christopher R.; Didas, Stephanie A.; Jones, Christopher W. (12 October 2016). "Direct Capture of carbon dioxide from Ambient Air". Chemical Reviews. 116 (19): 11840–11876. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00173. PMID 27560307.
  12. ^ Styring, Stenbjörn (21 December 2011). "Artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels". Faraday Discussions. 155 (Advance Article): 357–376. Bibcode:2012FaDi..155..357S. doi:10.1039/C1FD00113B. PMID 22470985.
  13. ^ Hsieh M, Brenowitz M (August 1997). "Comparison of the DNA association kinetics of the Lac repressor tetramer, its dimeric mutant LacIadi, and the native dimeric Gal repressor". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (35): 22092–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22092. PMID 9268351.
  14. ^ King, Jonathan (2007). . MIT OpenCourseWare. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  15. ^ Dill KA; et al. (June 2008). "The Protein Folding Problem". Annu Rev Biophys. 37: 289–316. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.092707.153558. PMC 2443096. PMID 18573083.
  16. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2020-11-30). "'It will change everything': DeepMind's AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures". Nature. 588 (7837): 203–204. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..203C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03348-4. PMID 33257889. S2CID 227243204.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  18. ^ Peralta-Yahya, Pamela P.; Zhang, Fuzhong; Del Cardayre, Stephen B.; Keasling, Jay D. (2012). "Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels". Nature. 488 (7411): 320–328. Bibcode:2012Natur.488..320P. doi:10.1038/nature11478. PMID 22895337. S2CID 4423203.

External links edit

  • "First 25 of 125 big questions that face scientific inquiry over the next quarter-century". Science. 309 (125th Anniversary). 1 July 2005.
  • - Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara [No doc at link, 20 Aug 2016]

January 01, 1970
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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced November 2011 Learn how and when to remove this message This article needs attention from an expert in chemistry The specific problem is Incomplete list WikiProject Chemistry may be able to help recruit an expert November 2011 This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of unsolved problems in chemistry news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Learn how and when to remove this message This is a list of unsolved problems in chemistry Problems in chemistry are considered unsolved when an expert in the field considers it unsolved or when several experts in the field disagree about a solution to a problem Contents 1 Physical chemistry problems 2 Organic chemistry problems 3 Inorganic chemistry problems 4 Biochemistry problems 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksPhysical chemistry problems editMain article Physical chemistry Can the transition temperature of high temperature superconductors be brought up to room temperature How do the spin orbit coupling other relativistic corrections and inter electron effects modify the chemistry of the trans actinides 1 2 Is a lithium air battery possible 3 Organic chemistry problems editMain article Organic chemistry What is the origin of homochirality in biomolecules 4 Why are accelerated kinetics observed for some organic reactions at the water organic interface 5 non primary source needed Do replacement reactions of aryl diazonium salts dediazotizations predominantly undergo SN1 or a radical mechanism 6 Can an electrochemical cell reliably perform organic redox reactions 7 Which classic organic chemistry reactions admit chiral catalysts Is it possible to construct a quaternary carbon atom with arbitrary distinguishable substituents and stereochemistry Can artificial enzymes replace the need for protecting groups when modifying sensitive compounds 8 Inorganic chemistry problems editMain article Inorganic chemistry Are there any molecules that certainly contain a phi bond Is there a less labor or energy intensive technique for titanium refinement than the Kroll process 9 Does nitrogen admit metastable allotropes under standard conditions 10 Can new solvents or other techniques make direct carbon capture economical 11 Can artificial photosynthesis make any common fuels 12 What is a reliable synthesis and stabilization method for catenary allotropes of sulfur and carbon Biochemistry problems editMain article Biochemistry Enzyme kinetics Why do some enzymes exhibit faster than diffusion kinetics 13 Protein folding problem Is it possible to predict the secondary tertiary and quaternary structure of a polypeptide sequence based solely on the sequence and environmental information Inverse protein folding problem Is it possible to design a polypeptide sequence which will adopt a given structure under certain environmental conditions 4 14 This has been achieved for several small globular proteins in recent years 15 In 2020 it was announced that Google s AlphaFold a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence is capable of predicting a protein s final shape based solely on its amino acid chain with an accuracy of around 90 on a test sample of proteins used by the team 16 RNA folding problem Is it possible to accurately predict the secondary tertiary and quaternary structure of a polyribonucleic acid sequence based on its sequence and environment Protein design Is it possible to design highly active enzymes de novo for any desired reaction 17 Biosynthesis Can desired molecules natural products or otherwise be produced in high yield through biosynthetic pathway manipulation 18 See also editList of hypothetical technologies List of paradoxes List of philosophical problems List of purification methods in chemistry List of thermal conductivities List of undecidable problems List of unsolved deaths List of unsolved problems in astronomy List of unsolved problems in biology List of unsolved problems in computer science List of unsolved problems in economics List of unsolved problems in fair division List of unsolved problems in geoscience List of unsolved problems in information theory List of unsolved problems in mathematics List of unsolved problems in neuroscience List of unsolved problems in physics List of unsolved problems in statistics Lists of problems Outline of chemistry Outline of physics Unsolved problems in medicineReferences edit Philip Ball November 2010 Would element 137 really spell the end of the periodic table Philip Ball examines the evidence Chemistry World Royal Society of Chemistry Morss Lester R Edelstein Norman M Fuger Jean eds 2006 The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements 3rd ed Dordrecht The Netherlands Springer ISBN 978 1 4020 3555 5 Christensen J Albertus P Sanchez Carrera R S Lohmann T Kozinsky B Liedtke R Ahmed J Kojic A 2012 A Critical Review of Li Air Batteries Journal of the Electrochemical Society 159 2 R1 doi 10 1149 2 086202jes a b So much more to know Science 309 5731 78 102 July 2005 doi 10 1126 science 309 5731 78b PMID 15994524 Narayan Sridhar Muldoon John Finn M G Fokin Valery V Kolb Hartmuth C Sharpless K Barry 2005 On Water Unique Reactivity of Organic Compounds in Aqueous Suspension Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44 21 3275 3279 doi 10 1002 anie 200462883 PMID 15844112 Ussing R Singleton A February 2005 Isotope effects dynamics and the mechanism of solvolysis of aryldiazonium cations in water Journal of the American Chemical Society 127 9 2888 2889 doi 10 1021 ja043918p PMID 15740124 Lowe Derek 24 Aug 2017 Electrochemistry For All In the Pipeline American Association for the Advancement of Science Retrieved 23 August 2023 Miles Ned Carter 2023 08 05 Endless possibilities the chemists changing molecules atom by atom The Observer ISSN 0029 7712 Retrieved 2023 08 24 Potter Brian The Story of Titanium Construction Physics Retrieved 2023 08 24 In the 1950s it was hoped assumed that a better process for producing titanium sponge would come along to replace the Kroll process which is a laborious and energy intensive batch process that must be done in an inert atmosphere But such a process has never materialized likewise turning titanium sponge into metal is an energy and capital intensive process that has also changed little since the 1950s Lewars Errol G 2008 Modeling Marvels Computational Anticipation of Novel molecules Springer Science Business Media pp 141 63 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 6973 4 ISBN 978 1 4020 6972 7 Sanz Perez Eloy S Murdock Christopher R Didas Stephanie A Jones Christopher W 12 October 2016 Direct Capture of carbon dioxide from Ambient Air Chemical Reviews 116 19 11840 11876 doi 10 1021 acs chemrev 6b00173 PMID 27560307 Styring Stenbjorn 21 December 2011 Artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels Faraday Discussions 155 Advance Article 357 376 Bibcode 2012FaDi 155 357S doi 10 1039 C1FD00113B PMID 22470985 Hsieh M Brenowitz M August 1997 Comparison of the DNA association kinetics of the Lac repressor tetramer its dimeric mutant LacIadi and the native dimeric Gal repressor J Biol Chem 272 35 22092 6 doi 10 1074 jbc 272 35 22092 PMID 9268351 King Jonathan 2007 MIT OpenCourseWare 7 88J 5 48J 7 24J 10 543J Protein Folding Problem Fall 2007 Lecture Notes 1 MIT OpenCourseWare Archived from the original on September 28 2013 Retrieved June 22 2013 Dill KA et al June 2008 The Protein Folding Problem Annu Rev Biophys 37 289 316 doi 10 1146 annurev biophys 37 092707 153558 PMC 2443096 PMID 18573083 Callaway Ewen 2020 11 30 It will change everything DeepMind s AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures Nature 588 7837 203 204 Bibcode 2020Natur 588 203C doi 10 1038 d41586 020 03348 4 PMID 33257889 S2CID 227243204 Principles for designing ideal protein structures the Baker Laboratory Archived from the original on 2013 04 01 Retrieved 2012 12 19 Peralta Yahya Pamela P Zhang Fuzhong Del Cardayre Stephen B Keasling Jay D 2012 Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels Nature 488 7411 320 328 Bibcode 2012Natur 488 320P doi 10 1038 nature11478 PMID 22895337 S2CID 4423203 External links edit First 25 of 125 big questions that face scientific inquiry over the next quarter century Science 309 125th Anniversary 1 July 2005 Unsolved Problems in Nanotechnology Chemical Processing by Self Assembly Matthew Tirrell Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Materials Research Laboratory California NanoSystems Institute University of California Santa Barbara No doc at link 20 Aug 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of unsolved problems in chemistry amp oldid 1187131989, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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