fbpx
Wikipedia

List of non-marine molluscs of Israel

April 17, 2024

Non-marine molluscs of Israel are a part of the molluscan fauna of Israel. A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in Israel. In addition, a number of gastropod species are reared in captivity in greenhouses, aquaria and terraria.

Land snail shells in the Negev

Land gastropods edit

Land gastropods in Israel include[1]

Aciculidae

Pomatiidae

  • Pomatias glaucus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1843) (usually under the synonymous name Pomatias olivieri (Charpentier, 1847)[2][4])

Ellobiidae

Succineidae

Chondrinidae

Gastrocoptidae

Lauriidae

Orculidae

  • Orculella sirianocoriensis (Mousson, 1854)[2]
  • Pilorcula raymondi (Bourguignat, 1863)[2]

Pleurodiscidae

  • Pleurodiscus balmei (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) (under the synonymous name Pleurodiscus erdelii (J. R. Roth, 1839)[2])

Pupillidae

Pyramidulidae

Truncatellinidae

  • Truncatellina haasi Venmans, 1957[2]

Valloniidae

Enidae

  • Buliminus alepensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1841)[2]
  • Buliminus diminutus (Mousson, 1861)[2]
  • Buliminus glabratus (Mousson, 1861)[2]
  • Buliminus jordani (Charpentier, 1847)[2]
  • Buliminus labrosus labrosus (Olivier, 1804)[4][2]
  • Buliminus lamprostatus (Bourguignat, 1876)[2]
  • Buliminus negevensis Heller, 1970[2]
  • Buliminus sinaiensis Heller, 1970[2]
  • Buliminus therinus (Bourguignat, 1876)[2]
  • Euchondrus albulus (Mousson, 1861)[2]
  • Euchondrus chondriformis (Mousson, 1861)[2]
  • Euchondrus desertorum Rochanaburananda, 1981[2][3][7]
  • Euchondrus haasi Forcart, 1981[3]
  • Euchondrus michonii (Bourguignat, 1853)[2] (including Euchondrus ledereri (L. Pfeiffer, 1868)[2])
  • Euchondrus pseudovularis Forcart, 1981[2][3][8]
  • Euchondrus ramonensis (Granot, 1988) - endemic[2][9]
  • Euchondrus saulcyi (Bourguignat, 1852)[2]
  • Euchondrus septemdentatus (Roth, 1839)[2]
  • Euchondrus sulcidens (Mousson, 1861)[2]
  • Paramastus episomus (Bourguignat, 1857)[2]
  • Pene bulimoides (L. Pfeiffer, 1842)[10]
  • Pene galilaea Heller, 1972 - endemic[2][10][11]
  • Pene kotschyi (L. Pfeiffer, 1854)[10]
  • Turanena benjamitica (Benson, 1859)[2][3]
  • Turanena hermonensis (Forcart, 1981)[2][3]

Clausiliidae

  • Cristataria elonensis (G. Haas, 1951)[2][12]
  • Cristataria forcarti H. Nordsieck, 1971[2][12]
  • Cristataria genezarethana (Tristram, 1865)[2][12]
  • Cristataria haasi H. Nordsieck, 1971[2]
    • Cristataria haasi haasi H. Nordsieck, 1971[12]
    • Cristataria haasi kharbatensis H. Nordsieck, 1971[12]
  • Cristataria hermonensis H. Nordsieck, 1977[2][13]
  • Cristataria petrboki (Pallary, 1939)[2][12]
  • Elia moesta (Rossmässler, 1839)[2]
    • Elia moesta georgi Forcart, 1975[12]
    • Elia moesta moesta (Rossmässler, 1839) - non-indigenous[5][12]

Ferussaciidae

  • Calaxis gracilis Forcart, 1981[2][3]
  • Calaxis hierosolymarum (J. R. Roth, 1855)[2]
  • Calaxis rothi (Bourguignat, 1864)[2]
  • Cecilioides acicula (O. F. Müller, 1774)[2]
  • Cecilioides genezarethensis Forcart, 1981[2][3]
  • Cecilioides tumulorum (Bourguignat, 1856)[14] (under the synonymous name Cecilioides judaica (Mousson, 1861)[2])
  • Hohenwartiana hohenwarti (Rossmässler, 1839)[2]

Achatinidae

Helicodiscidae

Punctidae

Euconulidae

Gastrodontidae

Pristilomatidae

Oxychilidae

Milacidae

  • Milax barypus Bourguignat, 1866[2][17]

Limacidae

Agriolimacidae

Geomitridae

 
Cornu aspersum is non-indigenous in Israel

Helicidae

Hygromiidae

Sphincterochilidae

Trissexodontidae

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Commonwealth of Australia. 2002 (April) Citrus Imports from the Arab Republic of Egypt. A Review Under Existing Import Conditions for Citrus from Israel 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia. Caption: Gastropods, p. 12 and Appendix 2.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw Heller, J. (2009). Land Snails of the Land of Israel - Natural History and a Field Guide. Sofia-Moscow: Pensoft.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Forcart, L. (1981). "Neubeschreibungen von Landschnecken aus Palästina". Basteria. 45 (4–5): 97–108.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Raz S., Schwartz N. P., Mienis H. K., Nevo E. & Graham J. H. (2012). "Fluctuating Helical Asymmetry and Morphology of Snails (Gastropoda) in Divergent Microhabitats at 'Evolution Canyons I and II,’ Israel". PLoS ONE 7(7): e41840. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041840.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Roll, Uri; Dayan, Tamar; Simberloff, Daniel; Mienis, Henk K. (2009). "Non-indigenous land and freshwater gastropods in Israel". Biological Invasions. 11 (8): 1963–1972. Bibcode:2009BiInv..11.1963R. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9373-4. S2CID 40013109.
  6. ^ Gittenberger E. & Bank R. A. 1996. A new start in Pyramidula (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Pyramidulidae). Basteria 60: 71-78.
  7. ^ Neubert, Eike; Amr, Zuhair (2016). "On a new species of Euchondrus Boettger, 1883 from Syria (Pulmonata: Enidae)". Zoology in the Middle East. 62 (1): 58–60. doi:10.1080/09397140.2015.1132564. S2CID 88116790.
  8. ^ Bank, R.A.; Bar, Z.; Neubert, E. (2015). "Notes on Enidae, 6: On Euchondrus pseudovularis, an endemic species in Israel (Gastropoda, Pulmonata: Enidae)". Quaternary International. 390: 69–74. Bibcode:2015QuInt.390...69B. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.039.
  9. ^ Heller J. 1996. Euchondrus ramonensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
  10. ^ a b c Bank, R.A.; Neubert, E. (2020). "Conchological revision of the eastern Mediterranean genus Pene Pallary, 1929, with description of a new species (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)". Basteria. 84 (4–6): 317–344.
  11. ^ Heller J. (1996). Pene galilaea. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Forcart, L. (1975). "Palestine Clausiliidae". Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London. 41 (5): 467–476.
  13. ^ Nordsieck, H. (1977). "Zur Anatomie und Systematik der Clausilien, XVIII. Neue Taxa rezenter Clausilien". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 108 (1/3): 73–107.
  14. ^ Mienis, H.K.; Rittner, O.; Vaisman, S. "First record of Cecilioides tumulorum from Israel". Triton. 25: 24–25.
  15. ^ a b Mienis H. K. 2003. A new colony of Rumina saharica discovered in Israel. Tentacle No. 11—January 2003: 11-12.
  16. ^ Mienis, H.K.; Rittner, O.; Hershkovitz, Y.; Eshcoly, T. (2016). "A first record of the Marsh Hive Euconulus praticola from Israel (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Euconulidae)". Triton. 34: 21–23.
  17. ^ Mienis, H.K.; Rittner, O. (2013). "Various notes concerning Milax barypus Bourguignat, 1866 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Milacidae)". MalaCo. 9: 457–459.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Forcart, L. (1976). "Die Cochlicellinae und Helicellinae von Palästina und Sinai". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 106 (4/6): 123–189.
  19. ^ Mienis, H.K. (2017). "Xerocrassa zviae, a new species of land snail from the Judean Desert, Israel (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hygromiidae)". Triton. 35: 24–28.
  20. ^ Mienis, H.K.; Rittner, O. (2020). "Xeropicta zeevbari: a new species from Har Harif, Negev, Israel". Triton. 39: 17–20.
  21. ^ Mienis, H.K.; Rittner, O.; Vaisman, S. (2016). "Information concerning Eobania vermiculata, I. On the presence of this exotic species in Israel (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Helicidae)". Triton. 34: 29–36.
  22. ^ a b Neubert, E. (2014). "Revision of Helix Linnaeus, 1758 in its eastern Mediterranean distribution area, and reassignment of Helix godetiana Kobelt, 1878 to Maltzanella Hesse, 1917 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicidae)". Contributions to Natural History. 26: 1–200.
  23. ^ a b Bank, R.A.; Gittenberger, E.; Neubert, E. (2013). "Radiation of an eastern Mediterranean landsnail genus: revision of the taxa belonging to Metafruticicola von Ihering 1892". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 142 (1): 67–136. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/142/067-136.

External links edit

  • Israel's Land Molluscs - Nature of Israel by Oz Rittner

April 17, 2024
list, marine, molluscs, israel, marine, molluscs, israel, part, molluscan, fauna, israel, number, species, marine, molluscs, found, wild, israel, addition, number, gastropod, species, reared, captivity, greenhouses, aquaria, terraria, land, snail, shells, nege. Non marine molluscs of Israel are a part of the molluscan fauna of Israel A number of species of non marine molluscs are found in the wild in Israel In addition a number of gastropod species are reared in captivity in greenhouses aquaria and terraria Land snail shells in the Negev Contents 1 Land gastropods 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksLand gastropods editLand gastropods in Israel include 1 Aciculidae Acicula palaestinensis Forcart 1981 2 3 Pomatiidae Pomatias glaucus G B Sowerby II 1843 usually under the synonymous name Pomatias olivieri Charpentier 1847 2 4 Ellobiidae Carychium minimum O F Muller 1774 2 Succineidae Novisuccinea hortensis Reinhardt 1877 non indigenous 5 Novisuccinea ovalis Say 1817 non indigenous 5 Oxyloma elegans Risso 1826 2 Chondrinidae Granopupa granum Draparnaud 1801 2 Rupestrella rhodia J R Roth 1839 2 Gastrocoptidae Gastrocopta cf pellucida L Pfeiffer 1841 non indigenous 5 Gastrocopta procera A Gould 1840 non indigenous 2 5 Lauriidae Lauria cylindracea Da Costa 1778 2 Orculidae Orculella sirianocoriensis Mousson 1854 2 Pilorcula raymondi Bourguignat 1863 2 Pleurodiscidae Pleurodiscus balmei Potiez amp Michaud 1838 under the synonymous name Pleurodiscus erdelii J R Roth 1839 2 Pupillidae Pupoides coenopictus T Hutton 1834 2 Pyramidulidae Pyramidula rupestris 6 also under the name Pyramidula hierosolymitana Bourguignat 1852 2 Truncatellinidae Truncatellina haasi Venmans 1957 2 Valloniidae Vallonia costata O F Muller 1774 non indigenous 5 Vallonia excentrica Sterki 1893 non indigenous 5 Vallonia costata O F Muller 1774 non indigenous 5 Enidae Buliminus alepensis L Pfeiffer 1841 2 Buliminus diminutus Mousson 1861 2 Buliminus glabratus Mousson 1861 2 Buliminus jordani Charpentier 1847 2 Buliminus labrosus labrosus Olivier 1804 4 2 Buliminus lamprostatus Bourguignat 1876 2 Buliminus negevensis Heller 1970 2 Buliminus sinaiensis Heller 1970 2 Buliminus therinus Bourguignat 1876 2 Euchondrus albulus Mousson 1861 2 Euchondrus chondriformis Mousson 1861 2 Euchondrus desertorum Rochanaburananda 1981 2 3 7 Euchondrus haasi Forcart 1981 3 Euchondrus michonii Bourguignat 1853 2 including Euchondrus ledereri L Pfeiffer 1868 2 Euchondrus pseudovularis Forcart 1981 2 3 8 Euchondrus ramonensis Granot 1988 endemic 2 9 Euchondrus saulcyi Bourguignat 1852 2 Euchondrus septemdentatus Roth 1839 2 Euchondrus sulcidens Mousson 1861 2 Paramastus episomus Bourguignat 1857 2 Pene bulimoides L Pfeiffer 1842 10 Pene galilaea Heller 1972 endemic 2 10 11 Pene kotschyi L Pfeiffer 1854 10 Turanena benjamitica Benson 1859 2 3 Turanena hermonensis Forcart 1981 2 3 Clausiliidae Cristataria elonensis G Haas 1951 2 12 Cristataria forcarti H Nordsieck 1971 2 12 Cristataria genezarethana Tristram 1865 2 12 Cristataria haasi H Nordsieck 1971 2 Cristataria haasi haasi H Nordsieck 1971 12 Cristataria haasi kharbatensis H Nordsieck 1971 12 Cristataria hermonensis H Nordsieck 1977 2 13 Cristataria petrboki Pallary 1939 2 12 Elia moesta Rossmassler 1839 2 Elia moesta georgi Forcart 1975 12 Elia moesta moesta Rossmassler 1839 non indigenous 5 12 Ferussaciidae Calaxis gracilis Forcart 1981 2 3 Calaxis hierosolymarum J R Roth 1855 2 Calaxis rothi Bourguignat 1864 2 Cecilioides acicula O F Muller 1774 2 Cecilioides genezarethensis Forcart 1981 2 3 Cecilioides tumulorum Bourguignat 1856 14 under the synonymous name Cecilioides judaica Mousson 1861 2 Hohenwartiana hohenwarti Rossmassler 1839 2 Achatinidae Achatina fulica Bowdich 1822 non indigenous 5 Lamellaxis clavulinus Potiez amp Michaud 1838 non indigenous 5 Rumina decollata Linnaeus 1758 non indigenous 5 15 Rumina saharica Pallary 1901 non indigenous 5 15 Helicodiscidae Lucilla scintilla Lowe 1852 non indigenous 5 Punctidae Paralaoma servilis Shuttleworth 1852 2 Punctum pygmaeum Draparnaud 1801 2 Euconulidae Euconulus alderi Gray 1840 under the synonymous name Euconulus praticola Reinhardt 1883 16 Gastrodontidae Zonitoides arboreus Say 1816 non indigenous 5 Zonitoides nitidus O F Muller 1774 non indigenous 5 Pristilomatidae Hawaiia minuscula A Binney 1841 non indigenous 5 Vitrea contracta Westerlund 1871 2 Oxychilidae Eopolita protensa jebusitica Roth 1855 2 4 Libania saulcyi Bourguignat 1852 2 Oxychilus camelinus Bourguignat 1852 2 Oxychilus renanianus Pallary 1939 2 Oxychilus translucidus Mortillet 1854 non indigenous 5 Milacidae Milax barypus Bourguignat 1866 2 17 Limacidae Gigantomilax cecconii Simroth 1906 2 Gigantomilax eustrictus Bourguignat 1866 2 Lehmannia valentiana de Ferussac 1822 non indigenous 5 Limacus flavus Linnaeus 1758 2 Agriolimacidae Deroceras berytensis Bourguignat 1852 2 Deroceras laeve O F Muller 1774 non indigenous 5 Deroceras libanoticum Pollonera 1909 2 Deroceras reticulatum O F Muller 1774 non indigenous 5 Geomitridae Cochlicella acuta O F Muller 1774 2 Cochlicella barbara Linnaeus 1758 non indigenous 2 5 Microxeromagna lowei Potiez amp Michaud 1838 2 Xerocrassa davidiana Bourguignat 1863 2 18 Xerocrassa erkelii Kobelt 1878 18 Xerocrassa fourtaui Pallary 1902 lt 18 Xerocrassa helleri Forcart 1976 18 Xerocrassa langloisiana Bourguignat 1853 2 18 Xerocrassa meda Porro 1840 non indigenous 2 5 Xerocrassa picardi F Haas 1933 2 18 Xerocrassa pseudojacosta Forcart 1976 2 18 Xerocrassa seetzeni L Pfeiffer 1847 18 Xerocrassa simulata Ehrenberg 1831 2 18 Xerocrassa tuberculosa Conrad 1852 2 Xerocrassa zviae Mienis 2017 19 Xeropicta carmelensis Forcart 1976 2 18 Xeropicta ilanae Forcart 1981 2 3 Xeropicta krynickii Krynicki 1833 often under the synonymous names X vestalis L Pfeiffer 1841 2 or X vestalis joppensis Schmidt 1855 4 18 Xeropicta zeevbari Mienis amp Rittner 2020 20 Xerotricha apicina Lamarck 1822 2 Xerotricha conspurcata Draparnaud 1801 non indigenous 5 nbsp Cornu aspersum is non indigenous in IsraelHelicidae Cornu aspersum O F Muller 1774 non indigenous 2 5 Eobania vermiculata O F Muller 1774 2 5 21 Eremina desertorum Forsskal 1775 2 Eremina kobelti Westerlund 1889 2 Helix engaddensis Bourguignat 1852 2 22 including Helix prasinata Roth 1855 2 Helix pachya Bourguignat 1860 22 often under the synonymous name Helix texta auct 2 Levantina spiriplana Olivier 1801 Levantina spiriplana caesareana Mousson 1854 2 4 Levantina spiriplana spiriplana Olivier 1801 including Levantina hierosolyma Mousson 1854 2 Theba pisana O F Muller 1774 2 Hygromiidae Metafruticicola berytensis L Pfeiffer 1841 2 23 including Metafruticicola fourousi Bourguignat 1863 2 Metafruticicola hermonensis Forcart 1981 2 3 23 Monacha bari Forcart 1981 2 3 Monacha crispulata Mousson 1861 2 Monacha obstructa Ferussac 1821 2 Monacha syriaca Ehrenberg 1831 2 4 Sphincterochilidae Sphincterochila cariosa Olivier 1804 2 Sphincterochila fimbriata Bourguignat 1852 2 Sphincterochila prophetarum Bourguignat 1852 2 Sphincterochila zonata Bourguignat 1853 2 Sphincterochila zonata filia Mousson 1861 2 Sphincterochila zonata zonata Bourguignat 1853 including Sphincterochila boissieri Charpentier 1847 Trissexodontidae Caracollina lenticula Michaud 1831 2 This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2009 See also editWildlife of IsraelReferences edit Commonwealth of Australia 2002 April Citrus Imports from the Arab Republic of Egypt A Review Under Existing Import Conditions for Citrus from Israel Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry Australia Caption Gastropods p 12 and Appendix 2 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw Heller J 2009 Land Snails of the Land of Israel Natural History and a Field Guide Sofia Moscow Pensoft a b c d e f g h i j k Forcart L 1981 Neubeschreibungen von Landschnecken aus Palastina Basteria 45 4 5 97 108 a b c d e f Raz S Schwartz N P Mienis H K Nevo E amp Graham J H 2012 Fluctuating Helical Asymmetry and Morphology of Snails Gastropoda in Divergent Microhabitats at Evolution Canyons I and II Israel PLoS ONE 7 7 e41840 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0041840 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Roll Uri Dayan Tamar Simberloff Daniel Mienis Henk K 2009 Non indigenous land and freshwater gastropods in Israel Biological Invasions 11 8 1963 1972 Bibcode 2009BiInv 11 1963R doi 10 1007 s10530 008 9373 4 S2CID 40013109 Gittenberger E amp Bank R A 1996 A new start in Pyramidula Gastropoda Pulmonata Pyramidulidae Basteria 60 71 78 Neubert Eike Amr Zuhair 2016 On a new species of Euchondrus Boettger 1883 from Syria Pulmonata Enidae Zoology in the Middle East 62 1 58 60 doi 10 1080 09397140 2015 1132564 S2CID 88116790 Bank R A Bar Z Neubert E 2015 Notes on Enidae 6 On Euchondrus pseudovularis an endemic species in Israel Gastropoda Pulmonata Enidae Quaternary International 390 69 74 Bibcode 2015QuInt 390 69B doi 10 1016 j quaint 2015 05 039 Heller J 1996 Euchondrus ramonensis 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Downloaded on 7 August 2007 a b c Bank R A Neubert E 2020 Conchological revision of the eastern Mediterranean genus Pene Pallary 1929 with description of a new species Gastropoda Pulmonata Basteria 84 4 6 317 344 Heller J 1996 Pene galilaea 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Downloaded on 7 August 2007 a b c d e f g h Forcart L 1975 Palestine Clausiliidae Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 41 5 467 476 Nordsieck H 1977 Zur Anatomie und Systematik der Clausilien XVIII Neue Taxa rezenter Clausilien Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 108 1 3 73 107 Mienis H K Rittner O Vaisman S First record of Cecilioides tumulorum from Israel Triton 25 24 25 a b Mienis H K 2003 A new colony ofRumina saharicadiscovered in Israel Tentacle No 11 January 2003 11 12 Mienis H K Rittner O Hershkovitz Y Eshcoly T 2016 A first record of the Marsh Hive Euconulus praticola from Israel Gastropoda Pulmonata Euconulidae Triton 34 21 23 Mienis H K Rittner O 2013 Various notes concerning Milax barypus Bourguignat 1866 Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata Milacidae MalaCo 9 457 459 a b c d e f g h i j k Forcart L 1976 Die Cochlicellinae und Helicellinae von Palastina und Sinai Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 106 4 6 123 189 Mienis H K 2017 Xerocrassa zviae a new species of land snail from the Judean Desert Israel Mollusca Gastropoda Hygromiidae Triton 35 24 28 Mienis H K Rittner O 2020 Xeropicta zeevbari a new species from Har Harif Negev Israel Triton 39 17 20 Mienis H K Rittner O Vaisman S 2016 Information concerning Eobania vermiculata I On the presence of this exotic species in Israel Mollusca Gastropoda Helicidae Triton 34 29 36 a b Neubert E 2014 Revision of Helix Linnaeus 1758 in its eastern Mediterranean distribution area and reassignment of Helix godetiana Kobelt 1878 to Maltzanella Hesse 1917 Gastropoda Pulmonata Helicidae Contributions to Natural History 26 1 200 a b Bank R A Gittenberger E Neubert E 2013 Radiation of an eastern Mediterranean landsnail genus revision of the taxa belonging to Metafruticicola von Ihering 1892 Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 142 1 67 136 doi 10 1127 arch moll 1869 0963 142 067 136 External links editIsrael s Land Molluscs Nature of Israel by Oz Rittner Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of non marine molluscs of Israel amp oldid 1208150041, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.