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Deroceras reticulatum

April 13, 2024

Deroceras reticulatum, common names the "grey field slug", "grey garden slug", and "milky slug", is a species of small air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae. This species is an important agricultural pest.

Deroceras reticulatum
Adult Deroceras reticulatum
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Agriolimacidae
Genus: Deroceras
Species:
D. reticulatum
Binomial name
Deroceras reticulatum
Synonyms[2]

Agriolimax reticulatus (Müller, 1774) Limax reticulatus Müller, 1774

Distribution edit

Deroceras reticulatum is native to Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Islands.[2][3] It occurs widely in Europe, but is more rare and restricted to cultivated fields in the southeast, particularly in the Balkans, and is probably absent from Greece and the Bulgarian mountains.[2] In the north and central European lowlands, Great Britain, and Ireland, it is probably the most widely occurring slug.[2] In northern Scandinavia it is scarce, and is mainly found as a synanthrope.[2]

This species occurs in countries and islands including:

The species has been widely introduced as a synanthrope to many regions:

Description edit

 
Drawing of the reproductive system of Deroceras reticulatum.
a – atrium
p – penis
s – stimulator
mr – musculus retractor penis
gp – glandula penis
bc – bursa copulatrix
ov – oviductus.
 
Deroceras reticulatum

As all other Deroceras it has a short keel at the back of the body. Deroceras reticulatum is very variable in colour, creamy or light coffee cream, rarely blackish spotted (slugs with spots may appear blackish).[2] Behind the mantle there is the dark spots form a reticulate pattern.[2] The skin is thick.[2] Mucus is colourless, on irritation milky white.[2] The slug cannot be distinguished from many other Deroceras species based only on its external appearance.[2]

This slug can be up to 40–60 mm long (preserved 25–30 mm).[2] The size varies according to the habitat.[2]

Reproductive system: Penis is fleshy and with a silky sheen, in the shape of an irregular sac, in fully mature specimens divided into 2 parts by a deep lateral constriction.[2] Penial gland has very variable shape, usually a few branches or a single long branch.[2] Stimulator is large, conical and narrow.[2] Retractor of the penis is inserted laterally.[2] Vas deferens opens into penis wall facing the external body side.[2] Rectal caecum is large.[2]

This slug can travel up to 40 feet (12.2 m) in one night.[11]

Ecology edit

Habitat edit

Deroceras reticulatum is almost exclusively restricted to cultivated areas, usually in open habitats, in meadows, near roadsides, in ruins, gardens and parks, not inside forests.[2] External appearance is very similar to Deroceras rodnae, Deroceras praecox and the internal anatomy is very similar to Deroceras turcicum, but those three species lives in natural habitats – in woods – and they co-occur with Deroceras reticulatum very rarely.[3] It shelters under stones and ground litter (It does not burrow into the soil).[2] It is active at night.[2]

Feeding habits edit

This species is omnivorous, feeding mainly on fresh leaves and fruits or seedings.[2] Deroceras reticulatum is a serious pest of agricultural crops, garden cultivations[2] and horticulture.[11] After several years with continuous moist weather conditions abundance can seriously increase.[2]

Life cycle edit

 
A mating pair of Deroceras reticulatum

Life cycle covers a few months, usually two generations.[2] The main reproductive phase is in summer and autumn.[2] It lays hundreds of eggs which hatch during early summer.[11]

Maximum age is about a year.[2] Slugs die at the first frosts.[2] Usually only eggs hibernate, sometimes also juveniles.[2]

 
Nebria brevicollis, and numerous other kinds of carabid beetles, feed on this slug species

Predators edit

Various carabid beetles are predators of Deroceras reticlatum, including:

Parasites edit

The bacterium Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.[13] In nature, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors Moraxella osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host Deroceras reticulatum in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug.[13]

Deroceras reticulatum can transfer Escherichia coli on its body surface.[14]

Parasites of Deroceras reticulatum include:

References edit

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference [13] and public domain text from the reference.[2]

  1. ^ Müller O. F. (1774). Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. pp. I-XXXVI, 1–214, [1–10]. Havniae & Lipsiae. (Heineck & Faber).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "Species summary for Deroceras reticulatum". AnimalBase, last modified 29 August 2010, accessed 10 December 2010.
  3. ^ a b Horsák M., Juřičková L. & Picka J. (2013). Měkkýši České a Slovenské republiky. Molluscs of the Czech and Slovak Republics. Kabourek, Zlín, 264 pp. (in Czech and English).
  4. ^ a b (in Czech) Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, Suppl. 1: 1–37. PDF.
  5. ^ Juřičková, L.; Horsák, M.; Beran, L. (2001). "Check-list of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic". Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 65: 25–40.
  6. ^ "Anemoon > Flora en Fauna > Soorteninformatie". www.anemoon.org.
  7. ^ Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. Journal of Conchology. 41 (1): 91–109.
  8. ^ Hausdorf B. (May 2002). (PDF). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 68 (2): 127–131. doi:10.1093/mollus/68.2.127. PMID 12011238. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2006.
  9. ^ a b c d Tulli M. C., Carmona D. M., López A. N., Manetti P. L., Vincini A. M. & Cendoya G. (2009). "Predation on the slug Deroceras reticulatum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) by Scarites anthracinus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)". Ecología Austral. 19: 55–61. PDF.
  10. ^ Crowley, T.E. & Pain, T. 1977. Mollusca not Charopidae. pp. 534–575, pl. 9–10. In: Basilewsky, P. (Ed.). La faune terrestre de l'île de Sainte-Hélène. Quatrième partie. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Zoologie. 220:1–575.
  11. ^ a b c d "PACIFIC NORTHWEST NURSERY IPM. Snails/Slugs". Oregon State University, last modified 29 July 2005.
  12. ^ a b Oberholzer F. & Frank T. (2003). "Predation by the carabid Beetles Pterostichus melanarius and Poecilus cupreus on Slugs and Slug Eggs". Biocontrol Science and Technology 13(1): 99–110. doi:10.1080/0958315021000054421.
  13. ^ a b c An R., SreevatsanS. & Grewal P. S. (2008). "Moraxella osloensis Gene Expression in the Slug Host Deroceras reticulatum". BMC Microbiology 8: 19. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-19.
  14. ^ Sproston, E. L.; MacRae, M.; Ogden, I. D.; Wilson, M. J.; Strachan, N. J. C. (2006). "Slugs: Potential Novel Vectors of Escherichia coli O157". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (1): 144–149. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72..144S. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.1.144-149.2006. PMC 1352200. PMID 16391036.
  15. ^ Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment. "Brainworm". accessed 14 December 2010.
  • Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp 196–219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch

External links edit

  Media related to Deroceras reticulatum at Wikimedia Commons

April 13, 2024
deroceras, reticulatum, common, names, grey, field, slug, grey, garden, slug, milky, slug, species, small, breathing, land, slug, terrestrial, pulmonate, gastropod, mollusc, family, agriolimacidae, this, species, important, agricultural, pest, adult, conservat. Deroceras reticulatum common names the grey field slug grey garden slug and milky slug is a species of small air breathing land slug a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae This species is an important agricultural pest Deroceras reticulatumAdult Deroceras reticulatumConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass GastropodaSubclass HeterobranchiaOrder StylommatophoraFamily AgriolimacidaeGenus DerocerasSpecies D reticulatumBinomial nameDeroceras reticulatum O F Muller 1774 1 Synonyms 2 Agriolimax reticulatus Muller 1774 Limax reticulatus Muller 1774 Contents 1 Distribution 2 Description 3 Ecology 3 1 Habitat 3 2 Feeding habits 3 3 Life cycle 3 4 Predators 3 5 Parasites 4 References 5 External linksDistribution editDeroceras reticulatum is native to Europe North Africa and the Atlantic Islands 2 3 It occurs widely in Europe but is more rare and restricted to cultivated fields in the southeast particularly in the Balkans and is probably absent from Greece and the Bulgarian mountains 2 In the north and central European lowlands Great Britain and Ireland it is probably the most widely occurring slug 2 In northern Scandinavia it is scarce and is mainly found as a synanthrope 2 This species occurs in countries and islands including Great Britain Ireland Austria Spain Bulgaria Czech Republic 4 least concern LC 5 Netherlands 6 Poland Slovakia 4 Sweden Latvia Ukraine 7 The species has been widely introduced as a synanthrope to many regions North America 2 in parts of Northern Michigan and Southern Michigan Canada citation needed Colombia 8 Peru 2 Argentina major slug pest in Buenos Aires province 9 Saint Helena 10 Tasmania 2 New Zealand 2 central Asia 2 Description edit nbsp Drawing of the reproductive system of Deroceras reticulatum a atriump peniss stimulatormr musculus retractor penisgp glandula penisbc bursa copulatrixov oviductus nbsp Deroceras reticulatumAs all other Deroceras it has a short keel at the back of the body Deroceras reticulatum is very variable in colour creamy or light coffee cream rarely blackish spotted slugs with spots may appear blackish 2 Behind the mantle there is the dark spots form a reticulate pattern 2 The skin is thick 2 Mucus is colourless on irritation milky white 2 The slug cannot be distinguished from many other Deroceras species based only on its external appearance 2 This slug can be up to 40 60 mm long preserved 25 30 mm 2 The size varies according to the habitat 2 Reproductive system Penis is fleshy and with a silky sheen in the shape of an irregular sac in fully mature specimens divided into 2 parts by a deep lateral constriction 2 Penial gland has very variable shape usually a few branches or a single long branch 2 Stimulator is large conical and narrow 2 Retractor of the penis is inserted laterally 2 Vas deferens opens into penis wall facing the external body side 2 Rectal caecum is large 2 This slug can travel up to 40 feet 12 2 m in one night 11 Ecology editHabitat edit Deroceras reticulatum is almost exclusively restricted to cultivated areas usually in open habitats in meadows near roadsides in ruins gardens and parks not inside forests 2 External appearance is very similar to Deroceras rodnae Deroceras praecox and the internal anatomy is very similar to Deroceras turcicum but those three species lives in natural habitats in woods and they co occur with Deroceras reticulatum very rarely 3 It shelters under stones and ground litter It does not burrow into the soil 2 It is active at night 2 Feeding habits edit This species is omnivorous feeding mainly on fresh leaves and fruits or seedings 2 Deroceras reticulatum is a serious pest of agricultural crops garden cultivations 2 and horticulture 11 After several years with continuous moist weather conditions abundance can seriously increase 2 Life cycle edit nbsp A mating pair of Deroceras reticulatumLife cycle covers a few months usually two generations 2 The main reproductive phase is in summer and autumn 2 It lays hundreds of eggs which hatch during early summer 11 Maximum age is about a year 2 Slugs die at the first frosts 2 Usually only eggs hibernate sometimes also juveniles 2 nbsp Nebria brevicollis and numerous other kinds of carabid beetles feed on this slug speciesPredators edit Various carabid beetles are predators of Deroceras reticlatum including the European garden beetle Carabus nemoralis is a beneficial predator from the human perspective because it eats the young of this species and also their eggs 11 Pterostichus melanarius 12 Pterostichus madidus 9 Nebria brevicollis 9 Scarites anthracinus eats eggs and slugs in Argentina 9 Poecilus cupreus 12 Parasites edit The bacterium Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita 13 In nature Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors Moraxella osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host Deroceras reticulatum in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug 13 Deroceras reticulatum can transfer Escherichia coli on its body surface 14 Parasites of Deroceras reticulatum include Parelaphostrongylus tenuis 15 References editThis article incorporates CC BY 2 0 text from the reference 13 and public domain text from the reference 2 Muller O F 1774 Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium seu animalium infusoriorum helminthicorum et testaceorum non marinorum succincta historia Volumen alterum pp I XXXVI 1 214 1 10 Havniae amp Lipsiae Heineck amp Faber a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Species summary for Deroceras reticulatum AnimalBase last modified 29 August 2010 accessed 10 December 2010 a b Horsak M Jurickova L amp Picka J 2013 Mekkysi Ceske a Slovenske republiky Molluscs of the Czech and Slovak Republics Kabourek Zlin 264 pp in Czech and English a b in Czech Horsak M Jurickova L Beran L Cejka T amp Dvorak L 2010 Komentovany seznam mekkysu zjistenych ve volne prirode Ceske a Slovenske republiky Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics Malacologica Bohemoslovaca Suppl 1 1 37 PDF Jurickova L Horsak M Beran L 2001 Check list of the molluscs Mollusca of the Czech Republic Acta Soc Zool Bohem 65 25 40 Anemoon gt Flora en Fauna gt Soorteninformatie www anemoon org Balashov I amp Gural Sverlova N 2012 An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine Journal of Conchology 41 1 91 109 Hausdorf B May 2002 Introduced Land Snails and Slugs in Colombia PDF Journal of Molluscan Studies 68 2 127 131 doi 10 1093 mollus 68 2 127 PMID 12011238 Archived from the original PDF on 2 November 2006 a b c d Tulli M C Carmona D M Lopez A N Manetti P L Vincini A M amp Cendoya G 2009 Predation on the slug Deroceras reticulatum Pulmonata Stylommatophora by Scarites anthracinus Coleoptera Carabidae Ecologia Austral 19 55 61 PDF Crowley T E amp Pain T 1977 Mollusca not Charopidae pp 534 575 pl 9 10 In Basilewsky P Ed La faune terrestre de l ile de Sainte Helene Quatrieme partie Annales du Musee Royal de l Afrique Centrale Zoologie 220 1 575 a b c d PACIFIC NORTHWEST NURSERY IPM Snails Slugs Oregon State University last modified 29 July 2005 a b Oberholzer F amp Frank T 2003 Predation by the carabid Beetles Pterostichus melanarius and Poecilus cupreus on Slugs and Slug Eggs Biocontrol Science and Technology 13 1 99 110 doi 10 1080 0958315021000054421 a b c An R SreevatsanS amp Grewal P S 2008 Moraxella osloensis Gene Expression in the Slug Host Deroceras reticulatum BMC Microbiology 8 19 doi 10 1186 1471 2180 8 19 Sproston E L MacRae M Ogden I D Wilson M J Strachan N J C 2006 Slugs Potential Novel Vectors of Escherichia coli O157 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 1 144 149 Bibcode 2006ApEnM 72 144S doi 10 1128 AEM 72 1 144 149 2006 PMC 1352200 PMID 16391036 Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment Brainworm accessed 14 December 2010 Spencer H G Marshall B A amp Willan R C 2009 Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca pp 196 219 in Gordon D P ed New Zealand inventory of biodiversity Volume one Kingdom Animalia Radiata Lophotrochozoa Deuterostomia Canterbury University Press ChristchurchExternal links edit nbsp Media related to Deroceras reticulatum at Wikimedia Commons Deroceras reticulatum images at Encyclopedia of Life Fauna Europaea Search Distribution Deroceras reticulatum Archived 19 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine on the UF IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Deroceras reticulatum amp oldid 1209322031, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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