The Attalid kingdom (colored olive) shown at its greatest extent in 188 BCEView of the Acropolis of ancient Pergamon, drawn by 19th-century German archaeologists
Founded sometime during the 3rd century BCE, during the Hellenistic Age, Pergamum or Pergamon was an important ancient Greek city, located in Anatolia. It is now the site of the modern Turkish town of Bergama, in the İzmir Province of western Turkey. Ruled by the Attalid dynasty from 281 to 133 BCE, the city rose to prominence as an administrative center under King Eumenes II, who formed an alliance with the Roman Republic, severing ties with Macedonia.
Under the rule of Eumenes II (197–160 BCE),[2] Pergamum was a wealthy, developing city with a population of over 200,000 people. Culturally it was rivaled only by the cities of Alexandria and Antioch. Many important works of sculpture and architecture were produced at this time, including the Great Altar of Pergamon. Upon the death of Attalus III, son of Eumenes II, in 133 BCE, Pergamum was bequeathed to the Roman Republic and then became part of the Roman province of Asia.
Pergamum was home to a library said to house approximately 200,000 volumes, according to the writings of Plutarch.[3] Built by Eumenes II between 220 and 159 BCE and situated at the northern end of the Acropolis, it became one of the most important libraries in the ancient world. The cultured Pergamene rulers built up the library to be second only to the Great Library at Alexandria.[4] Flavia Melitene, who was a distinguished citizen of Pergamum and wife of a town councillor, was instrumental in supplying the library.[5] She also presented a statue of the Roman Emperor Hadrian to the library as a gift.[5] It is known that a certain Artemon was employed in the library during the 2nd century BCE, though his personification is obscure.[6] No index or catalog of the holdings at Pergamum exists today, making it impossible to know the true size or scope of this collection.
The library consisted of four rooms, the largest of which was the main reading room (44.5 ft × 50 ft (13.6 m × 15.2 m)), lined with many shelves.[7] An empty space of approximately 50 cm (20 in) was left between the outer walls and the shelves to allow for air circulation, intending to prevent the library from becoming overly humid in the warm climate of Anatolia, an early attempt at library preservation.[7] A 3 m (9.8 ft) statue of the Greek goddess Athena, modeled after her statue in the Parthenon, stood in the main reading room.[7]
Library of Pergamum before excavation, 1885
Manuscripts were written on parchment, rolled, and then stored on the shelves. In fact, the word "parchment" itself is derived from Pergamum (via the Latin pergamenum and the French parchemin). Pergamum was a thriving center of parchment production during the Hellenistic period.[8] The city so dominated the trade that a legend later arose indicating that parchment had been invented in Pergamon to replace the use of papyrus, which had become monopolized by the rival city of Alexandria. This however is a myth; parchment had been in use in Anatolia and elsewhere long before the rise of Pergamon.[9] Parchment reduced the Roman Empire's dependency on Egyptian papyrus and allowed for the increased dissemination of knowledge throughout Roman-dominated Europe and Asia.
Competition
Although the library of Pergamum was built roughly a century after the library of Alexandria,[10] the two had a fierce rivalry, as libraries were often used to reflect wealth and culture. The two libraries competed for parchment, books, and even literary interpretation. Pergamum also hired some Homeric scholars, who studied the Iliad and the Odyssey. This resulted in a fierce rivalry in which each library tried to obtain copies of Homer's works, striving to have the most accurate and oldest works. They also tried to attract better scholars by offering competitive pay. Ultimately, this rivalry forced both libraries to innovate and improve.
Decline
The Attalid kingdom was annexed to the Roman Republic in 133 BCE and the library grew neglected. According to a legend relayed by Plutarch, the Roman general Mark Antony seized the collection of 200,000 rolls and presented them as a gift to his new wife Cleopatra, Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, in 43 BCE,[7][11] presumably in an effort to restock the Library of Alexandria, which had been damaged during Julius Caesar's war in 48 BCE.[3]
Roman Emperor Augustus returned some of the rolls to Pergamum after the death of Mark Antony, and the library remained extant well into the Late antiquity,[11] though it was not mentioned much by later historians, indicating its collection was no longer significant.[3] The ruins of the library sit on a hilltop near the Sanctuary of Athena and other buildings of the Acropolis of ancient Pergamon.
Notes
^Broggiato, Maria (2009). "Textual Criticism in Pergamum: Hermias on "Iliad" 16.207". Mnemosyne. 62 (4): 624–627. doi:10.1163/156852509X340002. JSTOR 27736381.
^Casson, Lionel (2001). Libraries in the ancient world. Yale University Press. ISBN0300097212. OCLC 232160789.
^ abcEvans, Richard (2012). A History of Pergamum: Beyond Hellenistic Kingship. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN9781441162366.
^"Pergamum". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. Columbia University.
^ abPearcy, L. T. (1988). Galen's Pergamum. Archaeology, 38(6), 33–39.
^Broggiato, M. (2011). Artemon of Pergamum: A historian in context. Classical Quarterly, 61(2), 545–552.
library, pergamum, greek, Βιβλιοθήκη, του, Πέργαμον, ancient, greek, building, pergamon, anatolia, today, located, nearby, modern, town, bergama, izmir, province, western, turkey, most, important, libraries, ancient, world, acropolis, pergamon, seen, from, tec. The Library of Pergamum Greek Biblio8hkh toy Pergamon is an ancient Greek building in Pergamon Anatolia today located nearby the modern town of Bergama in the Izmir Province of western Turkey It was one of the most important libraries in the ancient world 1 Library of PergamumThe Acropolis of Pergamon seen from the Via Tecta at the entrance to the AsklepionLocationPergamon TurkeyTypeNational libraryEstablished3rd century BCE Contents 1 The city of Pergamum 2 The Library of Pergamum 3 Competition 4 Decline 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksThe city of Pergamum EditMain articles Attalid kingdom and Pergamon The Attalid kingdom colored olive shown at its greatest extent in 188 BCE View of the Acropolis of ancient Pergamon drawn by 19th century German archaeologistsFounded sometime during the 3rd century BCE during the Hellenistic Age Pergamum or Pergamon was an important ancient Greek city located in Anatolia It is now the site of the modern Turkish town of Bergama in the Izmir Province of western Turkey Ruled by the Attalid dynasty from 281 to 133 BCE the city rose to prominence as an administrative center under King Eumenes II who formed an alliance with the Roman Republic severing ties with Macedonia Under the rule of Eumenes II 197 160 BCE 2 Pergamum was a wealthy developing city with a population of over 200 000 people Culturally it was rivaled only by the cities of Alexandria and Antioch Many important works of sculpture and architecture were produced at this time including the Great Altar of Pergamon Upon the death of Attalus III son of Eumenes II in 133 BCE Pergamum was bequeathed to the Roman Republic and then became part of the Roman province of Asia Pergamum was also an important city in the New Testament and was explicitly mentioned by John of Patmos as one of the Seven churches of Asia in the Book of Revelation The ruins of Pergamum and its library are now major archaeological sites in Turkey The Library of Pergamum EditPergamum was home to a library said to house approximately 200 000 volumes according to the writings of Plutarch 3 Built by Eumenes II between 220 and 159 BCE and situated at the northern end of the Acropolis it became one of the most important libraries in the ancient world The cultured Pergamene rulers built up the library to be second only to the Great Library at Alexandria 4 Flavia Melitene who was a distinguished citizen of Pergamum and wife of a town councillor was instrumental in supplying the library 5 She also presented a statue of the Roman Emperor Hadrian to the library as a gift 5 It is known that a certain Artemon was employed in the library during the 2nd century BCE though his personification is obscure 6 No index or catalog of the holdings at Pergamum exists today making it impossible to know the true size or scope of this collection The library consisted of four rooms the largest of which was the main reading room 44 5 ft 50 ft 13 6 m 15 2 m lined with many shelves 7 An empty space of approximately 50 cm 20 in was left between the outer walls and the shelves to allow for air circulation intending to prevent the library from becoming overly humid in the warm climate of Anatolia an early attempt at library preservation 7 A 3 m 9 8 ft statue of the Greek goddess Athena modeled after her statue in the Parthenon stood in the main reading room 7 Library of Pergamum before excavation 1885Manuscripts were written on parchment rolled and then stored on the shelves In fact the word parchment itself is derived from Pergamum via the Latin pergamenum and the French parchemin Pergamum was a thriving center of parchment production during the Hellenistic period 8 The city so dominated the trade that a legend later arose indicating that parchment had been invented in Pergamon to replace the use of papyrus which had become monopolized by the rival city of Alexandria This however is a myth parchment had been in use in Anatolia and elsewhere long before the rise of Pergamon 9 Parchment reduced the Roman Empire s dependency on Egyptian papyrus and allowed for the increased dissemination of knowledge throughout Roman dominated Europe and Asia Competition EditAlthough the library of Pergamum was built roughly a century after the library of Alexandria 10 the two had a fierce rivalry as libraries were often used to reflect wealth and culture The two libraries competed for parchment books and even literary interpretation Pergamum also hired some Homeric scholars who studied the Iliad and the Odyssey This resulted in a fierce rivalry in which each library tried to obtain copies of Homer s works striving to have the most accurate and oldest works They also tried to attract better scholars by offering competitive pay Ultimately this rivalry forced both libraries to innovate and improve Decline EditThe Attalid kingdom was annexed to the Roman Republic in 133 BCE and the library grew neglected According to a legend relayed by Plutarch the Roman general Mark Antony seized the collection of 200 000 rolls and presented them as a gift to his new wife Cleopatra Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt in 43 BCE 7 11 presumably in an effort to restock the Library of Alexandria which had been damaged during Julius Caesar s war in 48 BCE 3 Roman Emperor Augustus returned some of the rolls to Pergamum after the death of Mark Antony and the library remained extant well into the Late antiquity 11 though it was not mentioned much by later historians indicating its collection was no longer significant 3 The ruins of the library sit on a hilltop near the Sanctuary of Athena and other buildings of the Acropolis of ancient Pergamon Notes Edit Broggiato Maria 2009 Textual Criticism in Pergamum Hermias on Iliad 16 207 Mnemosyne 62 4 624 627 doi 10 1163 156852509X340002 JSTOR 27736381 Casson Lionel 2001 Libraries in the ancient world Yale University Press ISBN 0300097212 OCLC 232160789 a b c Evans Richard 2012 A History of Pergamum Beyond Hellenistic Kingship Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 9781441162366 Pergamum Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 6th Edition 1 Columbia University a b Pearcy L T 1988 Galen s Pergamum Archaeology 38 6 33 39 Broggiato M 2011 Artemon of Pergamum A historian in context Classical Quarterly 61 2 545 552 a b c d Clyde E Fant amp Mitchell G Reddish 2003 A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195139174 parchment writing material Britannica Online Encyclopedia 2012 Retrieved 23 May 2012 Green Peter Alexander to Actium The historical evolution of the Hellenistic age p 168 The Fierce Forgotten Library Wars of the Ancient World 26 August 2016 a b Harris Michael H 1999 History of Libraries of the Western World The Scarecrow Press ISBN 9780810877153 References EditAll About Archaeology http www allaboutarchaeology org seven churches in revelation htm accessed on April 16 2007 All About Turkey http www allaboutturkey com pergamum htm accessed on April 16 2007 An Illustrated History of the Roman Empire http www roman empire net accessed on April 16 2007 Cities of Revelation http www luthersem edu ckoester Revelation Pergamum Library htm accessed on April 16 2007 Encyclopaedia Britannica Online http www britannica com eb accessed on April 16 2007 Turkish Odyssey https web archive org web 20070928072838 http www turkishodyssey com places aegean aegean1 htm accessed on April 16 2007 Kekec Tevhit 1989 Pergamon Istanbul Turkey Hitit Color ISBN 9789757487012 External links EditThe Library of Pergamum Pergamon is Founded 197 BCE 159 BCE 39 7 56 N 27 11 3 E 39 13222 N 27 18417 E 39 13222 27 18417 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Library of Pergamum amp oldid 1169357169, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
