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Wikipedia

Leopard 1

January 09, 2023

The Leopard 1 (also styled Leopard I, before the Leopard 2 simply known as Leopard) is a main battle tank designed and produced by Porsche in West Germany that first entered service in 1965. Developed in an era when HEAT warheads were thought to make conventional heavy armour of limited value, the Leopard focused on firepower in the form of the German-built version of the British L7 105-mm gun, and improved cross-country performance that was unmatched by other designs of the era.

Leopard 1
German Leopard 1A5 at the 2015 Military Day in Uffenheim
TypeMain battle tank
Place of originWest Germany
Service history
In service1965–present
Wars
Production history
DesignerPorsche
Designed1956–1961
ManufacturerKraussMaffei
OTO Melara
Produced1965–1984
No. built6,565
4,744 main battle tanks
1,741 utility and anti-aircraft vehicles
80 prototypes and pre-series vehicles
Specifications
Mass42.2 tonnes (increased on later models from original 40.0 tonnes)[1]
Length9.54/8.29 m (gun forward/rearward)
Width3.37 m
Height2.39/2.70 m (turret roof/absolute)
Crew4 (commander, driver, gunner, radio operator/loader)
ArmourSteel: 10–70 mm RHAe
Main
armament
1 × 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7A3 L/52 rifled gun (13 rounds in turret 42 rounds in hull)
Secondary
armament
2 × 7.62 mm MG 3 or FN MAG (co-axial and commander's hatch) (5500 rounds)
EngineMTU MB 838 CaM 500, 10-cylinder, 37.4 litres, multi-fuel engine
830 PS (819 hp, 610 kW) at 2,200 RPM
Power/weight19.6 PS (14.5 kW) /tonne
SuspensionTorsion-bar
Operational
range
600 km (on road), 450 km (cross-country)
Maximum speed 65 km/h

The design started as a collaborative project during the 1950s between West Germany and France, and later joined by Italy,[1] but the partnership ended shortly after and the final design was ordered by the Bundeswehr, with full-scale production starting in 1965. In total, 6,485 Leopard tanks have been built, of which 4,744 were battle tanks and 1,741 were utility and anti-aircraft variants, not including 80 prototypes and pre-series vehicles.

The Leopard quickly became a standard of many European militaries, and eventually served as the main battle tank in over a dozen countries worldwide, with West Germany, Italy and the Netherlands being the largest operators until their retirement. Since 1990, the Leopard 1 has gradually been relegated to secondary roles in most armies. In the German Army, the Leopard 1 was completely phased out in 2003 by the Leopard 2, while Leopard 1-based vehicles are still widely used in utility roles.

The Leopard 2 has replaced the Leopard 1 in service with many other nations, with derived vehicles using the Leopard 1 hull still seeing service. Currently, the largest operators are Greece, with 520 vehicles, Turkey, with 397 vehicles, Brazil with 378 vehicles and Chile with 202 vehicles. Most of these vehicles have been upgraded with various improvements to armour, firepower and sensors to maintain their ability to engage modern threats.

Development history

Leopard 1

 
A Leopard 1 prototype

The Leopard project started in November 1956 in order to develop a modern tank, the Standard-Panzer, to replace the Bundeswehr's American-built M47 and M48 Patton tanks, which, though just delivered to West Germany's recently reconstituted army, were rapidly becoming outdated. On 25 July 1957, the detailed specifications were released. The new design needed to weigh no more than 30 tonnes, have a power-to-weight ratio of 30 horsepower per tonne, be able to withstand hits by 20 mm rapid-fire guns on every side as well as to operate in a battlefield contaminated with chemical weapons or radioactive fallout, the then-standard baseline for combat with the Warsaw Pact.[2]

The main armament had to consist of a 105 mm caliber weapon (the new British L7A3 105 mm gun was selected), carrying at least as many rounds as current US tank designs. Mobility had priority, while firepower came second. Armour was seen as less essential, as it was believed that no real protection against hollow charge weapons was possible anyway. At the time it was suspected that future conflicts would involve nuclear weapons, which no tank at the time could directly protect from.[2]

France was very interested in the design as its own AMX 50 project had just failed. In June 1957, West Germany and the French Fourth Republic signed an agreement to develop a common tank, designated in German Europa-Panzer. Three German (Arbeitsgruppe A, B and C) and one French design team were included in a competition, with each team producing two prototypes. In September 1958, Italy joined the development program. Several prototypes were entered for testing in 1960. Among the prototypes were Porsche's Model 734 from team A, sporting a cast turret, and that of team B (Rheinmetall), whose cast turret was somewhat higher. Team C from Borgward, designing a very futuristic tank, failed to have a prototype ready in time.

Even before these first prototypes were finished, it had (in 1959) been decided that a second phase with improved designs would be started: Team A had to build 26 phase II prototypes for testing, team B six. Only two tanks of the required six were constructed by team B.

 
A Leopard 1 Prototype II

The Porsche Prototype II was eventually selected as the winner of the contest in 1963. This did not come as a surprise: it had already been decided in 1961 to build a pre-series of 50 vehicles based on this design. Production of these was started that very year. This "0-series" was modified with a new cast turret and several hull changes to raise the rear deck to provide more room in the engine compartment and move some of the radiators to the upper sides of the hull. Before mass production of the standard version started, it was decided to add an optical range-finding system for better long-range gunnery, which required the turret to be somewhat taller, and added "bumps" on either side of the turret to mount the optics for triangulation. Germany dropped France from the joint program after France repeatedly missed deadlines for its contribution to the program.[3]

In February 1963 Defence Minister Kai-Uwe von Hassel announced he would soon ask the defense committee in Parliament to approve production of the tank. At this time the tank weighed 40 tons and cost $250,000 each.[3] In July the Defence Ministry ordered 1,500 tanks with production to take place between 1965 and 1970. Germany also announced its agreement to develop a successor with the United States. Called the MBT-70, the program failed to materialize a tenable design.[4]

Production was set up at KraussMaffei of Munich from early 1964 onward, with deliveries of the first batch between September 1965 and July 1966. The Leopard was soon being purchased from Germany by a number of NATO members and other allies, including (in chronological order) Belgium (1968), the Netherlands (1969), Norway (1970), Italy (1971), Denmark (1976), Australia (1976), Canada (1978), Turkey (1980) and Greece (1981). It is also key to note that Germany has a strict export-policy for their military equipment. Greece, Spain and Chile, while still under dictatorships, purchased the French AMX-30 instead.

Leopard 1A1

 
A German Army Leopard 1A1
 
A Norwegian Army Leopard 1A1

After the first batch was delivered, the next three batches were the Leopard 1A1 model, which included a new gun stabilization system from Cadillac Gage that allowed the tank to fire effectively on the move. The 1A1 added the now-famous "skirts" along the sides to protect the upper tracks, and a new thermal jacket on the gun barrel to control heating. A less important change was to use rectangular rubber blocks fastened to the treads with a single pin instead of the earlier two-pin "shaped" versions. The rubber blocks could be easily replaced with metal X-shaped crampons for movement on ice and snow in the winter.

Between 1974 and 1977, all of the machines in the first four batches were brought to the same Leopard 1A1A1 standard, and given additional turret armour developed by Blohm & Voss. An upgrade in the 1980s added leftover image-intensifier night sights, which were being handed down from the Leopard 2 as they were themselves upgraded. The PZB 200 image intensification system was mounted in a large box on the upper right of the gun, creating the Leopard 1A1A2. An upgrade with SEM80/90 all-digital radios created the Leopard 1A1A3. Later improvements to the image intensifier created the Leopard 1A1A4.

Leopard 1A2

 
A Leopard 1A2 crossing a river at night.

The first 232 tanks of the fifth production batch were delivered as the Leopard 1A2 between 1972 and 1974. The A2 included a heavier and better armoured turret, and therefore did not receive the B&V armour add-ons as did the earlier machines. They received the other upgrades; the Leopard 1A2A1 received the PZB 200, the Leopard 1A2A2 received digital radios, and the Leopard 1A2A3 got both.[citation needed]

Leopard 1A3

The next 110 vehicles in the fifth batch were fitted with a new welded turret, which was equipped with a new armour consisting of two spaced steel plates with a plastic filling between them (high-hardness armour[citation needed]), and a wedge-shaped gun mantlet, creating the Leopard 1A3. Although the level of armour area density was equivalent to the A2's new welded version, the internal volume was increased by 1.2 m³ and the effective protection level was increased by half. The improved TRP 2A independent sight was installed for the commander. Upgrades were identical to the 1A2 models, the Leopard 1A3A1 with the night sights, Leopard 1A3A2 with the new radios, and the Leopard 1A3A3 with both.

Leopard 1A4

The Leopard 1A4 formed the sixth batch of 250 vehicles, starting delivery in 1974. The 1A4 was externally similar to the 1A3, but included a new computerized fire control system and the new EMES 12A1 sighting system to aim it. The commander was provided with his own independent night sighting system, the PERI R12. The new equipment used up space and the ammunition load was reduced to 55 rounds, of which 42 were stored in the magazine to the left of the driver.

Leopard 1A5

 
A Brazilian Army Leopard 1A5 BR tank.

In 1980, a research program was undertaken to study further improvements to the Leopard 1, providing it with a completely modern fire control system and fully effective night/bad-weather vision system. The decision was made to base the upgrades on the earlier models, which were no longer competitive.

The resulting Leopard 1A5 was based on 1,225 vehicles of the Leopard 1A1A1 model. The turrets were again modified for the 1A5, both in order to store all of the new equipment, as well as to move more of the ammunition into the rear of the turret, as opposed to the left side of the driver where it had previously been stored. The new turret was able to mount the newer 120 mm gun from the Leopard 2 if desired, although this option has not been used.

After trials, the Krupp-Atlas Elektronik EMES 18 fire control system, which was developed from the EMES 15 used on the Leopard 2, was selected in December 1983. The EMES 18 included two new sights on the top of the turret, and no longer required the "bumps" as the earlier optical systems did. A crucial part of the upgrade was the introduction of more effective ammunition, including new APFSDS rounds.

 
A Chilean Army Leopard 1V

The Leopard tank could be fitted with bolt-on polycarbonate (Lexan) armour panels, which have increased the effectiveness of the armour. The first modified vehicle was delivered in early 1987. Since then, almost all users of the Leopard 1 have applied similar changes to their own vehicles, and in most ways the 1A5 can be considered the "standard" Leopard 1 today.

In the Netherlands, an improved version equivalent to the A5 called "Leopard 1 Verbeterd" (improved) was developed.[5] The same version is still in service with the Chilean Army.[6]

Leopard 1A6

The Leopard 1A6 prototype was a single Leopard 1 A1A1 testbed, modified with additional armour on the turret and equipped with a 120 mm L/44 gun. The project was ended in 1987, as the Leopard 2 was in widespread service at this point and the 1A5 offered a more reasonable upgrade path for a fraction of the cost.[citation needed]

Modified and derivative vehicles

 
An armoured engineering vehicle "Dachs" (Badger) German Army.
 
A Bergepanzer 2 (Armoured recovery vehicle) German Army.
 
A bridgelayer "Biber" (Beaver) with armoured vehicle-launched bridge.

Simultaneous to the production of the battle tanks, a number of engineering, bridging and recovery vehicles were developed, as well as a number of versions used in the anti-aircraft role.

The most well known Leopard variants are the Bridgelayer "Biber" (Beaver), "Bergepanzer 2" armoured recovery vehicle, "Pionierpanzer 2 Dachs" (Badger) armoured engineer vehicle and the "Gepard" self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. The Warsaw Pact equivalent of the Gepard is the ZSU-23-4. Marconi Electronic Systems once offered conversions to the Marksman SPAAG for existing users of the Leopard 1. The Leopard 1 chassis would be used to carry the Marksman turret.

The Canadian Army operates the Beaver Armoured vehicle-launched bridge, Taurus ARV, and Badger AEV, all based on the Leopard 1.

The United Kingdom's Royal Marines operate a vehicle known as the Hippo beach armoured recovery vehicle. The Hippo is a conversion of a Leopard 1A5 chassis by Alvis Moelv. The main alteration has been the replacement of the turret with a raised superstructure that resembles the wheelhouse of a boat. The original 830 hp (634 kW) diesel engine has been retained, but the gearing of the transmission had been lowered, reducing the vehicle's road speed to 32 km/h (20 mph), but increasing tractive effort to 250 kN (56,000 lbf).

Other modifications include the addition of working platforms, a nosing block, raised air intakes and an Auxiliary power unit. This raised the weight of the vehicle from 42.5 tonnes to 50 tonnes. The Hippo has a fording depth of 2.95 m (10 ft) and can pull vehicles up to 50 tonnes weight or push off from the beach a 240 tonne displacement landing craft.

Gilded Leopard, Eber and Keiler

Almost as soon as the Leopard was introduced into service in 1965, Porsche was awarded a contract to study further improvements to the existing design, while awaiting deliveries of the MBT-70 in the mid-1970s. This original Gilded Leopard (vergoldeter Leopard) program expired in 1967 with no production order. In 1967, it had already become obvious that the MBT-70 would be a failure. The agreement between the US and the Federal Republic of Germany forbade any national development of an MBT apart from technological experimentation, so a new tank project was begun under the designation of Experimentalentwicklung or "experimental development", two prototypes of which were built.

When the MBT-70 program was ended, a further contract was offered under the name Boar (Eber), with an emphasis on using as many technologies from the MBT-70 as possible, but without the problematic XM150 152 mm (6.0 in) combined gun/MGM-51 Shillelagh missile launcher. Two prototype vehicles were constructed using a new chassis from Porsche with the road wheels from the MBT-70 and the original Leopard engine. This was combined with a new Wegmann turret, mounting the MBT-70's Rheinmetall 120 mm smoothbore gun. Some also mounted the original 105 mm L7.

These were considered promising enough that seven more were ordered, this time powered by the MTU engine designed for the MBT-70. When this happened, the Experimentalentwicklung team went public with their alternative design which they called the Keiler (a synonym of Eber). In 1971, the minister of defence, Helmut Schmidt, decided to abandon the Eber-project and build 17 prototypes of a Leopard 2, based on the Keiler design, which had a turret with spaced sloped armour. The maximum weight was to be 50 tonnes.

During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, 1950s and 1960s generation tanks were badly beaten by wire-guided missiles, and it was realized that dramatically improved armour protection was needed. The decision was made to allow the tank to increase its weight to the next classification, Military Loading Class 60 (tonnes). A new design effort was started, with the spaced armour replaced with a much denser perforated armour assemblage. The new design would go on to augment and, after the Cold War, sometimes replace the Leopard in many countries' armies.[citation needed]

Operational history

Australia

 
Australian Army Leopard AS1 on exercise, 2005

In 1974, the Australian government confirmed the purchase of the Leopard, with a total of 101 vehicles being acquired, consisting of 90 MBTs, five Bridgelayers and six Armoured Recovery Vehicles. Two more ARVs were purchased later. The first Leopards arrived in Australia from Germany in 1976, ending a selection and trial process against the US M60[7] series that started in 1971, when the army decided it needed a replacement for its British Centurions, which had served since 1952 and had been deployed during the Vietnam war.

In March 2004, the decision was made to replace the Leopard 1 with reconditioned US M1A1 Abrams AIM.[8] The first 18 of 59 M1A1 Abrams arrived in September 2006. The M88A2 Hercules is concurrently replacing the Leopard family of support variants in Australian service. The Leopard 1 was operated by the 1st Armoured Regiment and was officially withdrawn from service in July 2007. Their guns were never fired in combat operations. Some of the retired tanks were offered to military museums or RSL clubs.[9]

Belgium

The Belgian Army received 334 Leopard 1BE between 1968 and 1971. They equipped eight tank regiments, each equipped with 40 Leopards, and the Armour School. The first regiment to receive the Leopard was the 4th Lancers, followed by the 1st Lancers, 2nd Lancers, 3rd Lancers, 8th Lancers, 1st Guides, 2nd Guides and finally the 2nd Mounted Rifles. From 1974, they were modified with a gun stabilization system and an Automatic firing direction system (Automatisch VuurLeidingsSysteem, AVLS) from SABCA. This system allowed the gun to fire on the move.

In 1984, the Army Command decided to upgrade 132 Leopard to the A5 standard as Leopard 1A5(BE). At the end of the Cold War, there was a drastic cut in the number of tanks and 128 were sold to Brazil. The upgrade started in 1993 and was completed in 1997. The upgrade included a new gun firing direction system with thermal imaging, a laser rangefinder and a muzzle reference system. At that time, four regiments were still equipped with the Leopard 1A5(BE). At the end of the 1990s, the remaining four regiments amalgamated into two tank regiments, the 1st/3rd Lancers and the 2nd/4th Lancers. In 2010, the 2nd/4th Lancers was disbanded.

Around 40 Leopard 1A5(BE) were kept operational in the 1st/3rd Lancers and Carabiniers Prins Boudewijn – Grenadiers. The 1st/3rd Lancers is no longer a tank regiment, but a medium infantry battalion, identical to the rest of the medium infantry battalions of the Belgian Army except for having a single squadron of Leopard 1A5(BE). Belgian Leopards have served in Kosovo. In 2014, following the government's decision to replace all Land Component tracked vehicles (Leopards, AIFV, and M113) with PIRANHA DF90s,[10] Belgian Leopards were retired from service with most tanks being sold, put on display, or used for target practice.[11]

During Eurosatory 2022, John Cockerill offered the Cockerill Medium Tank 3105 upgrade package for Leopard 1 tanks. The prototype for the upgrade integrated the hull of the Leopard 1A5(BE) with a Cockerill 3105 turret. The only modification to the hull is the installation of an adaptor ring for the new turret and an electronic cable. The turret is armed with a 105 mm Cockerill 105HP with a 12-round autoloader and a 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun, with both thermal and day sights. The installation of the new turret reduces the tank's weight by 5 tonnes and the tank crew to 3 personnel. The prototype was converted at the John Cockerill facility in Aubange and underwent firing tests at the Suippes military base in March 2022.[12][13]

The Belgian Army also had the following variants:

  • 36 armoured recovery vehicles (ARV – TRV)
  • 17 Pionier tanks (armoured engineers)
  • 55 Gepard anti-aircraft tanks (withdrawn from service)
  • 12 driving school tanks
  • 9 Leguan AVLB (armoured vehicle-launched bridge)

Canada

 
A Canadian Leopard C1 at Base Borden Military Museum
 
A Canadian Leopard C2 on display at the Royal Military College of Canada
 
A Canadian Leopard C2 MEXAS, en route to Afghanistan, October 2006

As a replacement for the Centurion Tank, Canada acquired 114 Leopard C1 tanks (equivalent to Leopard 1A3 with laser rangefinder) in 1978–79 for its Land Forces. Most of these tanks were stationed in Germany during the Cold War, with a few retained at Canadian Forces Base Gagetown, New Brunswick for training. In 1976, prior to delivery of these new Leopards, the Canadian government leased 35 Leopard 1A2 tanks from the contractor in order to begin training crews from the 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (4CMBG) based in West Germany.[14] These tanks equipped the Royal Canadian Dragoons (RCD) that competed against other NATO tank crews and won the Canadian Army Tank competition in 1977.[14]

While investigating the possibilities of increasing the Leopards' armour prior to a refit, the turret armour on close-up inspection was 1.5-inch + turret wall cast 0.75-inch steel, the 'belly' armour was approx. 2.25-inch + cast frame steel 0.75-inch steel, skirt covering treads (tracks) was 1-inch rubber – not steel. Additional armour was applied on the forward half of the skirt during the refit as well as increased 0.6-inch steel on the upper hull sides and 1.1-inch steel on the upper Glacis – although only a small handful of C1s received a complete refit.[clarification needed]

The refit included adding thermal night-vision equipment. Five or six Leopard C1 tanks had an extremely thick MEXAS appliqué armour kit applied, made by German firm IBD Deisenroth Engineering. These tanks, designated Leopard C1 MEXAS, served with Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) in the 1999 KFOR mission in Kosovo. They were later upgraded with the same sights and fire-control system as the Leopard C2 (see below).

Starting in 1996, the 114 Leopard C1 tanks in service were due to be upgraded to the Leopard 1A5 standard, designated as the Leopard C2, at a cost of CA$139 million. The turrets of 123 surplus Leopard 1A5 tanks purchased from the German Defence Ministry were fitted into the existing hulls (nine turrets were reserved for spare parts and training), and the German tank hulls sold back to the upgrade contractor. For the process, the original Leopard 1A3 turrets had their main armament removed first, then were removed from the original C1 hulls. The modified Leopard 1A5 turrets were then fitted onto the C1 hulls. The removed L7A3 105mm guns were refitted onto the new turrets. Due to the complexity of the upgrade process, of the 114 tanks, 66 tanks were successfully upgraded. The first updated Leopards, now named the Leopard C2, entered service in November 1999, at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick.

The Leopard C2's turret was modified according to the Canadian Army's request, with new radios being installed, and new stowage containers being fitted to the rear of the turret. Aside from the requested add-ons, the biggest update for the Canadian Leopard tank fleet was the implementation of the Atlas-Elektronik EMES-18 Fire Control System module, which featured a similar computerized setup as the C1's SABCA FCS, a laser rangefinder, and thermal imager. Eighteen Leopard Crew Gunnery Trainers were purchased at the same time.

Canada also operates the Leopard 1-based Beaver armoured bridgelayer vehicle and Taurus armoured recovery vehicle, bought with the original Leopard C1, and the Badger armoured engineer vehicle with a dozer blade and excavator bucket, which entered service in 1990.

A number of the Canadian Leopard tanks were pulled out of service during the mid-2000s in anticipation of replacing them with the eight-wheeled Mobile Gun System. These plans were put on hold after US experience revealed serious shortcomings related to stability and weight. Of the obsolescent tanks, 23 were sold to companies in North America, four put in museums or used as monuments, including two at the Bovington Tank Museum,[15] and 21 used as hard targets on ranges.

Canada sent a squadron of Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) to Afghanistan in the fall of 2006, equipped with 17 Leopard C2 tanks with the MEXAS add-on armour, as well as four recovery vehicles and four engineering vehicles.[16][17] The armoured squadron was intended to provide convoy protection, supporting Canada's Provincial Reconstruction Teams and other organizations equipped with lighter vehicles, and combat operations. The first tanks arrived in Kandahar in mid-October 2006.[18] On 2 December 2006, the Leopards stationed in Kandahar entered the field, marking the first time since the Korean War that a Canadian armoured squadron had sent tanks into an active war zone. They fired their guns in combat for the first time in as many years the following day, in response to a Taliban rocket attack.

The deployed tank squadron was in combat operations from late 2006 until July 2011. The first squadron deployed with C2 MEXAS. In mid July 2007, a thermal cover and a cooling unit with crew vests was added to the tanks. The tank squadron was augmented in mid September 2007 with the 20 Leopard 2A6Ms with slat bar type armour. The Barracuda system was added in mid-2008. In late 2010, the tank squadron added five of the new Leopard 2A4Ms. The tank squadron operated with the three different Leopards until it was pulled from combat operations. The C2 MEXAS with the mine ploughs, mine rollers and the dozers were used alongside the Leopard 2's, until a bracket was installed for the Leopard 2A6M to mount them.

After an initial assessment of the performance of the Leopard C2 in Afghanistan, Canada decided to invest in Leopard 2 tanks. It was determined that the lack of adequate air conditioning, essential in the searing heat of Afghanistan, was degrading the tank crew's war fighting ability.[19] The Army later downplayed this factor, citing increased armour protection and the main gun armament as reasons for upgrading to the Leopard 2.[20] After some public speculation, Canadian Defence Minister Hon. Gordon O'Connor clarified the situation in April 2007.[21]

To meet immediate needs in Afghanistan, 20 of the Bundeswehr's stock of Leopard 2A6s were upgraded to the 2A6M standard and loaned to Canada at no cost by the German government. Two Leopard 2 Büffel Armoured Recovery Vehicles were acquired at the same time. These vehicles were shipped from Germany to Afghanistan, with the first arriving on 16 August 2007.[22]

For the long term, Canada plans to replace the borrowed Leopard 2 tanks with a purchase of 100 surplus vehicles from the Netherlands, including 20 Leopard 2A6Ms for combat service, 40 Leopard 2A4s for training, and 20 support vehicles, such as Armoured Recovery Vehicles, Bridge-Layers and Armoured Engineer vehicles.

The older Leopard C2 tanks are considered to become completely obsolete by 2015, but specific plans for them have not yet been announced. Until deployment with the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan, the Leopard 1 C2 had never seen active combat.[23]

In February 2018, Canada attempted to sell the surplus Leopard 1C2 tanks to the Jordanian Armed Forces. In July, it was announced that the plan to sell the older Leopard tanks to Jordan fell through and the Canadian Department of National Defence has yet to decide what to do with the surplus vehicles.[24] Daniel Le Bouthillier, a spokesperson for the Canadian Department of National Defense, said "the last option would be to destroy the tanks."[25]

As of November, 2021, no buyer was found for the Canadian Army's Leopard 1C2 tanks, "About 45 retired Canadian Army tanks will soon be used for target practice at the Cold Lake Air Weapons Range."[26][27] A Vegreville Alberta company, Quest Disposal & Recycling Inc., was contracted to repurpose them to be used for target practice at Cold Lake Air Weapons Range, and the tanks were at the company's site being processed in December 2021.[28]

Denmark

See also: Operation Bøllebank
 
A Danish Leopard 1A5-DK at the Stevnsfortet museum

In 1976, Denmark acquired 120 Leopard 1A3 tanks, which were designated Leopard 1 DK. Delivery was completed in 1978. In 1992, Denmark acquired another 110 1A3 tanks, partly through Conventional Forces Europe treaty AFV reduction requirements. These tanks were upgraded to Leopard 1A5-DK, along with the first 120 Leopards. Being fitted with the welded turret of the Leopard 1A3, the Danish Leopard 1A5-DK tanks were not identical to the German Leopard 1A5, which were fitted with the cast turrets. Denmark had 230 Leopard 1A5-DKs in service from 1993, until their retirement and complete replacement by the Leopard 2A5-DK tanks in 2005.

These Leopards were involved in one of the most important engagements in modern Danish military history. Denmark was the only Scandinavian country to send a significant tank force to support their peacekeeping operations in Croatia and Bosnia. On 29 April 1994 near the city of Tuzla seven Danish Leopard 1A5 tanks were involved in a skirmish between UNPROFORs Nordic Battalion (NORDBAT 2) and Bosnian-Serb military forces from the Šekovići brigade. The tanks were sent out to relieve a Swedish-manned observation post that had come under ambush fire by the Bosnian-Serb forces. Upon the tanks arrival at the observation post they were shelled by mortar fire and anti-tank rockets, which led the UN marked and white-painted Leopard 1A5 tanks to return fire. No casualties were suffered by Swedish observation post nor the Danish tank. Serbian casualties were estimated as high as 150 soldiers. This is believed to be the first hostile engagement involving the Leopard 1 tank.[29][30]

The Danish Army had/has the following variants:

  • 120 Leopard 1A3 (1976-1993) All upgraded into 1A5
  • 230 Leopard 1A5 (1993-2005)
  • 16 Berger ARV (1993-2011) All Upgraded into FFG Wisent's (10 ARV + 6 AEV)
  • 10 Biber AVLB (1994 – present)
  • 10 FFG Wisent ARV (2011 – present)
  • 4 FFG Wisnet AEV Mine clearing vehicle (2011 – present)
  • 2 FFG Wisent AEV (2011 – present)
  • 6 driving school cabin (1976-?)

Greece

 
An ex-Greek Leopard 1V at Military Museum Lešany

Greece bought its first 104 Leopard 1A3 GR tanks during 1983–1984. They are actually Leopard 1A3s, but came with an EMES 12A3 FCS and some other modifications required by the Greek army at that time. During 1992, the Greek army received a batch of 75 Leopard 1A5 as offsets for the construction of 4 MEKO 200 frigates. Some months later, Greece received another batch of 170 Leopard 1V and 2 Leopard 1A5 from the Royal Netherlands army – the Leopard 1V is actually an 1A1A4 with an EMES 12A3 AFSL-2 FCS.

From 1998 until 2000, Greece bought 192 used Leopard 1A5s as offsets for the upgrade of the Greek F-4 aircraft in Germany in a symbolic price. In 2001, the Greek army decided to upgrade 104 Leopard 1A4GR and 120 Leopard 1V to the A5+ version, costing 234 million dollars. The programme was cancelled because Greece received a batch of 150 Leopard 1A5s along with the newly built Leopard 2A6 HEL. As of 2011, Greece is the largest user of Leopard 1 tanks, having over 500 Leopard 1A5 GR MBTs as well as many ST, Biber and Leguan versions.

Italy

 
An Italian Leopard 1A5 in 2008

Italy had to replace an enormous amount of M47 Patton, with over 2,000 received from US stocks, but unlike other NATO members did not instigate a national project to achieve this. Its army, not entirely satisfied by the M60 Patton (300 delivered, of those 200 were produced by OTO-Melara), placed its first order for the Leopard 1 in 1970. 200 Leopard 1A1 and 69 Bergepanzer 2 were delivered between 1971 and 1972. The vehicles replaced the M47 in the Italian Army's Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli".

A further 600 Leopard 1A2 and 67 Bergepanzer 2 were built in Italy by OTO Melara with deliveries starting in 1975, with a second batch of 120 build by OTO Melara between 1980 and 1983. All Italian-built Leopards were A2, but without stabilizer and skirts. The 200 A1s originally bought from Germany were partially upgraded lately at this standard. Forty Pionierleopard (AEV), nine school (for drivers, without armament) and 64 Biber (AVLB) were ordered in 1985. Twelve of the Pionierleopard were produced in Germany and 28 by OTO Melara in Italy. All of the Biber were assembled by OTO Melara in Italy.

By the end, Italy was the biggest customer of the Leopard outside Germany with 920 plus 250 special versions, the only one with a licence production, and the only country that produced both the M60 and Leopard 1. The Leopard was the basis for Italian MBTs and heavy artillery systems, starting with Leone/Lion and the following OF-40, leading to other developments like the Palmaria and OTOMATIC artillery systems (both on an OF-40 hull).[31] The experience made possible the development of the C1 Ariete, after the Italian army decided in 1984 to have a new national tank, rather than buying 300 Leopard 2s.[32]

At the end of the Cold War, the Italian Army began an upgrade and a downsizing of its armoured units. A number of Leopards were retired in 1991, along with its fleet of M60 tanks. In 1995, Italy bought 120 A5 surplus turrets from the Bundeswehr, which were mounted on the same number of reworked A2 hulls. These tanks took part in the various peacekeeping missions in the Balkans, never seeing action.

The last A1/A2 was retired in 2003, with the last A5 going in 2008, leaving the Ariete as the sole tank in Italian service. The AEVs, ARVs, and AVLBs have been reduced in number and some have been modified to work with the Ariete. They are stated to serve for some more years, as no replacement has been selected yet.

Lebanon

Lebanon and Belgium finalized the transfer of 43 Leopard 1A5 tanks to the Lebanese Armed Forces in a deal worth 3.5 million euros, which also includes a number of ex-Belgian APCs.[33][34] The purchased ex-Belgian APCs include 16 AIFV-B-C25s and 12 M113 armoured ambulances. In 2008 a sale of 43 Leopard 1A5(BE) to Lebanon was concluded, but as of 2018 was not finalized due to "the absence of licensing for export from Germany."[35][36][25]

Turkey

The Turkish Army upgraded its Leopard 1 tanks to a version called the Leopard 1T 'Volkan'. The modernization program included the serial production and integration of the Volkan fire control system developed by ASELSAN.[37] The new indigenous system provides the capability of detecting the targets in daylight or at night in all weather conditions and combat environments. It significantly increases the first round hit probability on the move and also improve the usage life over 20 years.[38][39]

Current operators

  •   Brazil – 128 Leopard 1BEs and 250 Leopard 1A5s.
  •   Chile – 202 Leopard 1Vs
  •   Greece – 501 Leopard 1A5GR and 19 Leopard 1A4GR in service, some of the remaining 85 Leopard 1A4GR and 170 Leopard 1V/INL have been converted to support vehicles or have been used for parts, the rest will be scrapped.
  •   Turkey – 170 A1s and 227 A3s were bought. A1s upgraded to Leopard 1T 'Volkan'.[40][41]

Current specialist variant operators

  •   Denmark – 230 Leopard 1A5DK, replaced with Leopard 2. Only 10 ARVs (Wisent), 6 AEVs (based on Wisent), and 10 Bridgelayers remain in service.
  •   Estonia – 2 AVLBs, 5 AEVs and 4 ARVs in service.
  •   Finland – 16 Leopard 1's as Engineer and Evacuation tanks.
  •   Indonesia – 3 AEVs and 3 AVLBs in service.[42][43]
  •   Italy – 920 (+250 special versions), retired by the end of 2008 (replaced by Ariete main battle tank), the AEVs, ARVs and ABLVs remain in service.
  •   Netherlands – 468 originally; replaced by Leopard 2. Only ARVs, BARVs and Bridgelayers remain in service.
  •   United Kingdom – 4 Leopard 1A5 hulls have been adapted through extensive modification to create the Hippo beach armoured recovery vehicle.
  •   Ukraine - 30 anti-aircraft guns "Gepard" and 10 Bergepanzer 2 ARV were delivered to Ukraine by Germany. At least 5 more ARVs, 16 "Biber" bridgelayers and 5 armored engineering vehicles "Dachs" were promised to be delivered in the future. The first Bergepanzer 2 arrived in Ukraine at an unknown date.[44][45][46]

Former operators

  •   Australia – 71; 90 Leopard 1A4s were originally delivered as Leopard AS1, later upgraded, and since replaced by 59 M1A1 Abrams from the US
  •   Belgium – 132 Leopard 1A5(BE)s; 334 originally; all are going to be replaced by 21 Mowag Piranha III with a 90 mm cannon.[47]
  •   Canada – 66 Leopard C2s (Leopard C1s updated to Leopard 1A5). The Leopard C2 was in active service until 2015 and replaced with Leopard 2s, original order was for 114 Leopard C1 tanks (equivalent to Leopard 1A3 with laser rangefinder) received 1978–79.
  •   Germany – 2,437 originally. They were replaced by the Leopard 2. The remaining Leopard 1 tanks are in long-term storage for resale.
  •   Norway – 172 originally; replaced by Leopard 2. The final remaining Leopard 1A5 were decommissioned in 2011 after a ceremony marking 42 years of service.[48] ARVs and Bridgelayers remain in service.

Potential operators

See also

Tanks of comparable role, performance and era

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b Gelbart, Marsh (1996). Tanks main battle and light tanks. Brassey’s UK Ltd. pp. 109–110. ISBN 1-85753-168-X.
  2. ^ a b Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles, Robert Jackson, 2007 Paragon Publishing, P. 189
  3. ^ a b Wilcke, Gerd (17 February 1963). "Bonn to Build Own Tanks Despite Pact With France; Approval Is Sought". The New York Times. from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  4. ^ "M'Namara Holds Bonn Talks today; Due to Conclude Accord on Joint Tank Development. 1,500 Tanks Ordered". The New York Times. Bonn. 30 July 1993. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara is expected to conclude a research agreement here this week for the joint development of a tank to be used by the United States and West German armies in the nineteen seventies
  5. ^ Jerchel, Michael (1995). Leopard 1 : main battle tank, 1965-1995. London: Osprey Military. ISBN 1-85532-520-9. OCLC 33837331.
  6. ^ Familia Acorazada del Ejército de Chile, Memoria chilena.
  7. ^ Hunnicutt, p. 6 & 408
  8. ^ "Australian Defence Force maintains a supportable, survivable and interoperable tank capability until at least 2020". Defence.gov.au. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  9. ^ McPhederan, Ian Leopard tanks up for grabs Herald Sun Retrieved May 12, 2016
  10. ^ . LA DEFENSE. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  11. ^ Verboven, Stijn. "LE LÉOPARD TIRE SA RÉVÉRENCE". LA DEFENSE. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  12. ^ "John Cockerill presents new modernization of Leopard 1 tank fitted with 3105 weapon station". armyrecognition.com. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  13. ^ "Despite Kf-51, Leopard A5 BE with 105mm C3105 turret was shown". bulgarianmilitary.com. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  14. ^ a b Kellen Kurschinski (10 April 2014). "From Centurion to Leopard 1A2 by Frank Maas". Canadianmilitaryhistory.ca. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  15. ^ A Brace of Leopards 2007-09-14 at the Wayback Machine, Bovington Tank Museum
  16. ^ www.theglobeandmail.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ . Ctv.ca. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  18. ^ . www.strathconas.ca. Archived from the original on 1 May 2006.
  19. ^ "The announcement will likely be welcome news to soldiers who have had to endure searing heat driving their current Leopard C2s in the Afghan desert during the summer months. Heat-related health risks have threatened before to cause the tanks to be pulled from service. O'Connor said the newer tanks will be equipped with a cooling system for the crews before they reach Afghan soil." CBC News 2007-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, April 12, 2007
  20. ^ Military touts tougher image as tanks roll out in Kandahar – 'It could give our soldiers more confidence and be a bit of a shock for enemy troops' 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine CBC News, August 16, 2007
  21. ^ "Canadian Forces to refresh aging fleet of tanks – World – CBC News". Cbc.ca. 12 April 2007. from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  22. ^ "Canadian Forces to refresh aging fleet of tanks" 2007-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, CBC news, April 12, 2007.
  23. ^ "Renewing the Canadian Forces' Tank Capability" 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, Official DND/CF Backgrounder.
  24. ^ Akin, David. "Canada fails to find buyer for surplus army tanks, final attempt to sell to Jordan Armed Forces fizzles". Global News. from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  25. ^ a b Trevithick, Joseph (9 July 2018). "Canada Has Given Up Trying To Find A Good Home For Its Retired Leopard Tanks". The Drive.
  26. ^ "Tanks that saved the day in Afghanistan to be used for target practice in Cold Lake". coldlakesun.
  27. ^ "A Farewell To The Leopard 1 Main Battle Tank". espritdecorps.
  28. ^ "Repurposed Leopard 1 tanks invade Vegreville". Global News.
  29. ^ Operation Bøllebank
  30. ^ Tak for turen!, Lars R. Møller, ISBN 978-8711348437
  31. ^ Il carro armato Leaopard 1, Storia Militare N.10-2018, Ed. Storia Militare srl, Genova
  32. ^ Dossier MBT, ED AI editions, Florence, 1990 p.22
  33. ^ "Feu vert pour la vente d'armes belges au Liban". RTL info (in French). Mouvement pour le Liban. 27 August 2008. from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  34. ^ (in French). MSN Actualités. 31 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  35. ^ "Lebanon still waiting for its Leopard tanks purchased from Belgium". 25 November 2010.
  36. ^ Axe, David. "Belgium Ditched Its Tanks—And Never Got Them Back". Forbes.
  37. ^ 13 KASIM 2009, CUMA (13 November 2009). . Sabah.com.tr. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  38. ^ VOLKAN – Fire Control System for Leopard 1 Tanks 2008-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ . www.hurriyet.com.tr. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008.
  40. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  41. ^ 13 KASIM 2009, CUMA (13 November 2009). . Sabah.com.tr. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  42. ^ "Pionierpanzer 2Ri Dachs TNI AD: Armoured Engineer Vehicle dari Platform MBT Leopard". Indomiliter.com (in Indonesian). 22 December 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  43. ^ "BRLPZ-1 Beaver AVLB: Gelar Jembatan Taktis Darurat Untuk MBT Leopard 2A4 TNI AD". Indomiliter.com (in Indonesian). 24 December 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  44. ^ "Fact Sheet on German Military Aid to Ukraine".
  45. ^ https://twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1579458699370041344[bare URL]
  46. ^ "Militärische Unterstützungsleistungen für die Ukraine" (in German). Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  47. ^ "Laatste schot Leopard-tank | Belgium Defence" (in Dutch). Mil.be. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  48. ^ Harald Jacobsen hja@tv2.no (13 October 2014). "Leopard 1 har skutt sin siste granat". TV2.no. from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  49. ^ "German Rheinmetall Ready To Supply Leopard Tanks To Ukraine To Battle Russia; Awaits Final Nod From Berlin". 13 April 2022.
  50. ^ Germany’s military muddle over Ukraine. The Spectator. 24 April 2022.
Bibliography
  • Hunnicutt, R. P. Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank. 1984, Presidio Press; ISBN 0-89141-230-1.
  • MacNeill, Marvin Craig The New Evil: Memories from Afghanistan 2006-2008. 2017, Trackpad Publishing ISBN 978-0-9928425-7-4.
  • Smitt, Willem Dutch Leopard 1: Armoured Fist of the Royal Dutch Army. 2014, Trackpad Publishing ISBN 978-0-9928425-0-5.
  • Cecil, Michael K. Leopard AS1: Leopard in Australian Service. 2015, Trackpad Publishing ISBN 978-0-9928425-2-9.
  • Lobitz, Frank. The Leopard 1 MBT in German Army Service - Early Years. 2006, Tankograd Publishing.
  • Lobitz, Frank. The Leopard 1 MBT in German Army Service - Late Years. 2006, Tankograd Publishing.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopard 1 tanks.
Australian Leopard external links
  • – Australian Army Journal, Vol.3(1), Summer 2005–6.
  • Leopard 1 in Australia – Anzac Steel
  • Australian plans to retire stocks
  • Leopards being withdrawn from service – Official ceremony July, 2007.
Canadian Leopard external links
  • at CASR
  • at CASR
  • at CASR
  • at CASR – Dec 2006
  • at CASR
  • at the Governor General's Horse Guard militia regiment
  • at the Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) regiment
  • Canadian Leopard C2 walk-around
  • Raw footage of Canadian Leopards in Kandahar, Afghanistan at Youtube.com

January 09, 2023
leopard, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, october, 2007, lea. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Leopard 1 news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Leopard 1 also styled Leopard I before the Leopard 2 simply known as Leopard is a main battle tank designed and produced by Porsche in West Germany that first entered service in 1965 Developed in an era when HEAT warheads were thought to make conventional heavy armour of limited value the Leopard focused on firepower in the form of the German built version of the British L7 105 mm gun and improved cross country performance that was unmatched by other designs of the era Leopard 1German Leopard 1A5 at the 2015 Military Day in UffenheimTypeMain battle tankPlace of originWest GermanyService historyIn service1965 presentWarsBosnian War Kurdish Turkish conflict War in AfghanistanProduction historyDesignerPorscheDesigned1956 1961ManufacturerKraussMaffeiOTO MelaraProduced1965 1984No built6 565 4 744 main battle tanks1 741 utility and anti aircraft vehicles80 prototypes and pre series vehiclesSpecificationsMass42 2 tonnes increased on later models from original 40 0 tonnes 1 Length9 54 8 29 m gun forward rearward Width3 37 mHeight2 39 2 70 m turret roof absolute Crew4 commander driver gunner radio operator loader ArmourSteel 10 70 mm RHAeMainarmament1 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7A3 L 52 rifled gun 13 rounds in turret 42 rounds in hull Secondaryarmament2 7 62 mm MG 3 or FN MAG co axial and commander s hatch 5500 rounds EngineMTU MB 838 CaM 500 10 cylinder 37 4 litres multi fuel engine830 PS 819 hp 610 kW at 2 200 RPMPower weight19 6 PS 14 5 kW tonneSuspensionTorsion barOperationalrange600 km on road 450 km cross country Maximum speed65 km hThe design started as a collaborative project during the 1950s between West Germany and France and later joined by Italy 1 but the partnership ended shortly after and the final design was ordered by the Bundeswehr with full scale production starting in 1965 In total 6 485 Leopard tanks have been built of which 4 744 were battle tanks and 1 741 were utility and anti aircraft variants not including 80 prototypes and pre series vehicles The Leopard quickly became a standard of many European militaries and eventually served as the main battle tank in over a dozen countries worldwide with West Germany Italy and the Netherlands being the largest operators until their retirement Since 1990 the Leopard 1 has gradually been relegated to secondary roles in most armies In the German Army the Leopard 1 was completely phased out in 2003 by the Leopard 2 while Leopard 1 based vehicles are still widely used in utility roles The Leopard 2 has replaced the Leopard 1 in service with many other nations with derived vehicles using the Leopard 1 hull still seeing service Currently the largest operators are Greece with 520 vehicles Turkey with 397 vehicles Brazil with 378 vehicles and Chile with 202 vehicles Most of these vehicles have been upgraded with various improvements to armour firepower and sensors to maintain their ability to engage modern threats Contents 1 Development history 1 1 Leopard 1 1 2 Leopard 1A1 1 3 Leopard 1A2 1 4 Leopard 1A3 1 5 Leopard 1A4 1 6 Leopard 1A5 1 7 Leopard 1A6 1 8 Modified and derivative vehicles 1 9 Gilded Leopard Eber and Keiler 2 Operational history 2 1 Australia 2 2 Belgium 2 3 Canada 2 4 Denmark 2 5 Greece 2 6 Italy 2 7 Lebanon 2 8 Turkey 2 9 Current operators 2 10 Current specialist variant operators 2 11 Former operators 2 12 Potential operators 3 See also 3 1 Tanks of comparable role performance and era 4 References 5 External linksDevelopment history EditLeopard 1 Edit A Leopard 1 prototype The Leopard project started in November 1956 in order to develop a modern tank the Standard Panzer to replace the Bundeswehr s American built M47 and M48 Patton tanks which though just delivered to West Germany s recently reconstituted army were rapidly becoming outdated On 25 July 1957 the detailed specifications were released The new design needed to weigh no more than 30 tonnes have a power to weight ratio of 30 horsepower per tonne be able to withstand hits by 20 mm rapid fire guns on every side as well as to operate in a battlefield contaminated with chemical weapons or radioactive fallout the then standard baseline for combat with the Warsaw Pact 2 The main armament had to consist of a 105 mm caliber weapon the new British L7A3 105 mm gun was selected carrying at least as many rounds as current US tank designs Mobility had priority while firepower came second Armour was seen as less essential as it was believed that no real protection against hollow charge weapons was possible anyway At the time it was suspected that future conflicts would involve nuclear weapons which no tank at the time could directly protect from 2 France was very interested in the design as its own AMX 50 project had just failed In June 1957 West Germany and the French Fourth Republic signed an agreement to develop a common tank designated in German Europa Panzer Three German Arbeitsgruppe A B and C and one French design team were included in a competition with each team producing two prototypes In September 1958 Italy joined the development program Several prototypes were entered for testing in 1960 Among the prototypes were Porsche s Model 734 from team A sporting a cast turret and that of team B Rheinmetall whose cast turret was somewhat higher Team C from Borgward designing a very futuristic tank failed to have a prototype ready in time Even before these first prototypes were finished it had in 1959 been decided that a second phase with improved designs would be started Team A had to build 26 phase II prototypes for testing team B six Only two tanks of the required six were constructed by team B A Leopard 1 Prototype II The Porsche Prototype II was eventually selected as the winner of the contest in 1963 This did not come as a surprise it had already been decided in 1961 to build a pre series of 50 vehicles based on this design Production of these was started that very year This 0 series was modified with a new cast turret and several hull changes to raise the rear deck to provide more room in the engine compartment and move some of the radiators to the upper sides of the hull Before mass production of the standard version started it was decided to add an optical range finding system for better long range gunnery which required the turret to be somewhat taller and added bumps on either side of the turret to mount the optics for triangulation Germany dropped France from the joint program after France repeatedly missed deadlines for its contribution to the program 3 In February 1963 Defence Minister Kai Uwe von Hassel announced he would soon ask the defense committee in Parliament to approve production of the tank At this time the tank weighed 40 tons and cost 250 000 each 3 In July the Defence Ministry ordered 1 500 tanks with production to take place between 1965 and 1970 Germany also announced its agreement to develop a successor with the United States Called the MBT 70 the program failed to materialize a tenable design 4 Production was set up at KraussMaffei of Munich from early 1964 onward with deliveries of the first batch between September 1965 and July 1966 The Leopard was soon being purchased from Germany by a number of NATO members and other allies including in chronological order Belgium 1968 the Netherlands 1969 Norway 1970 Italy 1971 Denmark 1976 Australia 1976 Canada 1978 Turkey 1980 and Greece 1981 It is also key to note that Germany has a strict export policy for their military equipment Greece Spain and Chile while still under dictatorships purchased the French AMX 30 instead Leopard 1A1 Edit A German Army Leopard 1A1 A Norwegian Army Leopard 1A1 After the first batch was delivered the next three batches were the Leopard 1A1 model which included a new gun stabilization system from Cadillac Gage that allowed the tank to fire effectively on the move The 1A1 added the now famous skirts along the sides to protect the upper tracks and a new thermal jacket on the gun barrel to control heating A less important change was to use rectangular rubber blocks fastened to the treads with a single pin instead of the earlier two pin shaped versions The rubber blocks could be easily replaced with metal X shaped crampons for movement on ice and snow in the winter Between 1974 and 1977 all of the machines in the first four batches were brought to the same Leopard 1A1A1 standard and given additional turret armour developed by Blohm amp Voss An upgrade in the 1980s added leftover image intensifier night sights which were being handed down from the Leopard 2 as they were themselves upgraded The PZB 200 image intensification system was mounted in a large box on the upper right of the gun creating the Leopard 1A1A2 An upgrade with SEM80 90 all digital radios created the Leopard 1A1A3 Later improvements to the image intensifier created the Leopard 1A1A4 Leopard 1A2 Edit A Leopard 1A2 crossing a river at night The first 232 tanks of the fifth production batch were delivered as the Leopard 1A2 between 1972 and 1974 The A2 included a heavier and better armoured turret and therefore did not receive the B amp V armour add ons as did the earlier machines They received the other upgrades the Leopard 1A2A1 received the PZB 200 the Leopard 1A2A2 received digital radios and the Leopard 1A2A3 got both citation needed Leopard 1A3 Edit The next 110 vehicles in the fifth batch were fitted with a new welded turret which was equipped with a new armour consisting of two spaced steel plates with a plastic filling between them high hardness armour citation needed and a wedge shaped gun mantlet creating the Leopard 1A3 Although the level of armour area density was equivalent to the A2 s new welded version the internal volume was increased by 1 2 m and the effective protection level was increased by half The improved TRP 2A independent sight was installed for the commander Upgrades were identical to the 1A2 models the Leopard 1A3A1 with the night sights Leopard 1A3A2 with the new radios and the Leopard 1A3A3 with both Leopard 1A4 Edit The Leopard 1A4 formed the sixth batch of 250 vehicles starting delivery in 1974 The 1A4 was externally similar to the 1A3 but included a new computerized fire control system and the new EMES 12A1 sighting system to aim it The commander was provided with his own independent night sighting system the PERI R12 The new equipment used up space and the ammunition load was reduced to 55 rounds of which 42 were stored in the magazine to the left of the driver Leopard 1A5 Edit A Brazilian Army Leopard 1A5 BR tank In 1980 a research program was undertaken to study further improvements to the Leopard 1 providing it with a completely modern fire control system and fully effective night bad weather vision system The decision was made to base the upgrades on the earlier models which were no longer competitive The resulting Leopard 1A5 was based on 1 225 vehicles of the Leopard 1A1A1 model The turrets were again modified for the 1A5 both in order to store all of the new equipment as well as to move more of the ammunition into the rear of the turret as opposed to the left side of the driver where it had previously been stored The new turret was able to mount the newer 120 mm gun from the Leopard 2 if desired although this option has not been used After trials the Krupp Atlas Elektronik EMES 18 fire control system which was developed from the EMES 15 used on the Leopard 2 was selected in December 1983 The EMES 18 included two new sights on the top of the turret and no longer required the bumps as the earlier optical systems did A crucial part of the upgrade was the introduction of more effective ammunition including new APFSDS rounds A Chilean Army Leopard 1V The Leopard tank could be fitted with bolt on polycarbonate Lexan armour panels which have increased the effectiveness of the armour The first modified vehicle was delivered in early 1987 Since then almost all users of the Leopard 1 have applied similar changes to their own vehicles and in most ways the 1A5 can be considered the standard Leopard 1 today In the Netherlands an improved version equivalent to the A5 called Leopard 1 Verbeterd improved was developed 5 The same version is still in service with the Chilean Army 6 Leopard 1A6 Edit The Leopard 1A6 prototype was a single Leopard 1 A1A1 testbed modified with additional armour on the turret and equipped with a 120 mm L 44 gun The project was ended in 1987 as the Leopard 2 was in widespread service at this point and the 1A5 offered a more reasonable upgrade path for a fraction of the cost citation needed Modified and derivative vehicles Edit An armoured engineering vehicle Dachs Badger German Army A Bergepanzer 2 Armoured recovery vehicle German Army A bridgelayer Biber Beaver with armoured vehicle launched bridge Simultaneous to the production of the battle tanks a number of engineering bridging and recovery vehicles were developed as well as a number of versions used in the anti aircraft role The most well known Leopard variants are the Bridgelayer Biber Beaver Bergepanzer 2 armoured recovery vehicle Pionierpanzer 2 Dachs Badger armoured engineer vehicle and the Gepard self propelled anti aircraft gun The Warsaw Pact equivalent of the Gepard is the ZSU 23 4 Marconi Electronic Systems once offered conversions to the Marksman SPAAG for existing users of the Leopard 1 The Leopard 1 chassis would be used to carry the Marksman turret The Canadian Army operates the Beaver Armoured vehicle launched bridge Taurus ARV and Badger AEV all based on the Leopard 1 The United Kingdom s Royal Marines operate a vehicle known as the Hippo beach armoured recovery vehicle The Hippo is a conversion of a Leopard 1A5 chassis by Alvis Moelv The main alteration has been the replacement of the turret with a raised superstructure that resembles the wheelhouse of a boat The original 830 hp 634 kW diesel engine has been retained but the gearing of the transmission had been lowered reducing the vehicle s road speed to 32 km h 20 mph but increasing tractive effort to 250 kN 56 000 lbf Other modifications include the addition of working platforms a nosing block raised air intakes and an Auxiliary power unit This raised the weight of the vehicle from 42 5 tonnes to 50 tonnes The Hippo has a fording depth of 2 95 m 10 ft and can pull vehicles up to 50 tonnes weight or push off from the beach a 240 tonne displacement landing craft Gilded Leopard Eber and Keiler Edit Almost as soon as the Leopard was introduced into service in 1965 Porsche was awarded a contract to study further improvements to the existing design while awaiting deliveries of the MBT 70 in the mid 1970s This original Gilded Leopard vergoldeter Leopard program expired in 1967 with no production order In 1967 it had already become obvious that the MBT 70 would be a failure The agreement between the US and the Federal Republic of Germany forbade any national development of an MBT apart from technological experimentation so a new tank project was begun under the designation of Experimentalentwicklung or experimental development two prototypes of which were built When the MBT 70 program was ended a further contract was offered under the name Boar Eber with an emphasis on using as many technologies from the MBT 70 as possible but without the problematic XM150 152 mm 6 0 in combined gun MGM 51 Shillelagh missile launcher Two prototype vehicles were constructed using a new chassis from Porsche with the road wheels from the MBT 70 and the original Leopard engine This was combined with a new Wegmann turret mounting the MBT 70 s Rheinmetall 120 mm smoothbore gun Some also mounted the original 105 mm L7 These were considered promising enough that seven more were ordered this time powered by the MTU engine designed for the MBT 70 When this happened the Experimentalentwicklung team went public with their alternative design which they called the Keiler a synonym of Eber In 1971 the minister of defence Helmut Schmidt decided to abandon the Eber project and build 17 prototypes of a Leopard 2 based on the Keiler design which had a turret with spaced sloped armour The maximum weight was to be 50 tonnes During the 1973 Yom Kippur War 1950s and 1960s generation tanks were badly beaten by wire guided missiles and it was realized that dramatically improved armour protection was needed The decision was made to allow the tank to increase its weight to the next classification Military Loading Class 60 tonnes A new design effort was started with the spaced armour replaced with a much denser perforated armour assemblage The new design would go on to augment and after the Cold War sometimes replace the Leopard in many countries armies citation needed Operational history EditAustralia Edit Australian Army Leopard AS1 on exercise 2005 In 1974 the Australian government confirmed the purchase of the Leopard with a total of 101 vehicles being acquired consisting of 90 MBTs five Bridgelayers and six Armoured Recovery Vehicles Two more ARVs were purchased later The first Leopards arrived in Australia from Germany in 1976 ending a selection and trial process against the US M60 7 series that started in 1971 when the army decided it needed a replacement for its British Centurions which had served since 1952 and had been deployed during the Vietnam war In March 2004 the decision was made to replace the Leopard 1 with reconditioned US M1A1 Abrams AIM 8 The first 18 of 59 M1A1 Abrams arrived in September 2006 The M88A2 Hercules is concurrently replacing the Leopard family of support variants in Australian service The Leopard 1 was operated by the 1st Armoured Regiment and was officially withdrawn from service in July 2007 Their guns were never fired in combat operations Some of the retired tanks were offered to military museums or RSL clubs 9 Belgium Edit The Belgian Army received 334 Leopard 1BE between 1968 and 1971 They equipped eight tank regiments each equipped with 40 Leopards and the Armour School The first regiment to receive the Leopard was the 4th Lancers followed by the 1st Lancers 2nd Lancers 3rd Lancers 8th Lancers 1st Guides 2nd Guides and finally the 2nd Mounted Rifles From 1974 they were modified with a gun stabilization system and an Automatic firing direction system Automatisch VuurLeidingsSysteem AVLS from SABCA This system allowed the gun to fire on the move In 1984 the Army Command decided to upgrade 132 Leopard to the A5 standard as Leopard 1A5 BE At the end of the Cold War there was a drastic cut in the number of tanks and 128 were sold to Brazil The upgrade started in 1993 and was completed in 1997 The upgrade included a new gun firing direction system with thermal imaging a laser rangefinder and a muzzle reference system At that time four regiments were still equipped with the Leopard 1A5 BE At the end of the 1990s the remaining four regiments amalgamated into two tank regiments the 1st 3rd Lancers and the 2nd 4th Lancers In 2010 the 2nd 4th Lancers was disbanded Around 40 Leopard 1A5 BE were kept operational in the 1st 3rd Lancers and Carabiniers Prins Boudewijn Grenadiers The 1st 3rd Lancers is no longer a tank regiment but a medium infantry battalion identical to the rest of the medium infantry battalions of the Belgian Army except for having a single squadron of Leopard 1A5 BE Belgian Leopards have served in Kosovo In 2014 following the government s decision to replace all Land Component tracked vehicles Leopards AIFV and M113 with PIRANHA DF90s 10 Belgian Leopards were retired from service with most tanks being sold put on display or used for target practice 11 During Eurosatory 2022 John Cockerill offered the Cockerill Medium Tank 3105 upgrade package for Leopard 1 tanks The prototype for the upgrade integrated the hull of the Leopard 1A5 BE with a Cockerill 3105 turret The only modification to the hull is the installation of an adaptor ring for the new turret and an electronic cable The turret is armed with a 105 mm Cockerill 105HP with a 12 round autoloader and a 7 62 mm coaxial machine gun with both thermal and day sights The installation of the new turret reduces the tank s weight by 5 tonnes and the tank crew to 3 personnel The prototype was converted at the John Cockerill facility in Aubange and underwent firing tests at the Suippes military base in March 2022 12 13 The Belgian Army also had the following variants 36 armoured recovery vehicles ARV TRV 17 Pionier tanks armoured engineers 55 Gepard anti aircraft tanks withdrawn from service 12 driving school tanks 9 Leguan AVLB armoured vehicle launched bridge Canada Edit A Canadian Leopard C1 at Base Borden Military Museum A Canadian Leopard C2 on display at the Royal Military College of Canada A Canadian Leopard C2 MEXAS en route to Afghanistan October 2006 As a replacement for the Centurion Tank Canada acquired 114 Leopard C1 tanks equivalent to Leopard 1A3 with laser rangefinder in 1978 79 for its Land Forces Most of these tanks were stationed in Germany during the Cold War with a few retained at Canadian Forces Base Gagetown New Brunswick for training In 1976 prior to delivery of these new Leopards the Canadian government leased 35 Leopard 1A2 tanks from the contractor in order to begin training crews from the 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group 4CMBG based in West Germany 14 These tanks equipped the Royal Canadian Dragoons RCD that competed against other NATO tank crews and won the Canadian Army Tank competition in 1977 14 While investigating the possibilities of increasing the Leopards armour prior to a refit the turret armour on close up inspection was 1 5 inch turret wall cast 0 75 inch steel the belly armour was approx 2 25 inch cast frame steel 0 75 inch steel skirt covering treads tracks was 1 inch rubber not steel Additional armour was applied on the forward half of the skirt during the refit as well as increased 0 6 inch steel on the upper hull sides and 1 1 inch steel on the upper Glacis although only a small handful of C1s received a complete refit clarification needed The refit included adding thermal night vision equipment Five or six Leopard C1 tanks had an extremely thick MEXAS applique armour kit applied made by German firm IBD Deisenroth Engineering These tanks designated Leopard C1 MEXAS served with Lord Strathcona s Horse Royal Canadians in the 1999 KFOR mission in Kosovo They were later upgraded with the same sights and fire control system as the Leopard C2 see below Starting in 1996 the 114 Leopard C1 tanks in service were due to be upgraded to the Leopard 1A5 standard designated as the Leopard C2 at a cost of CA 139 million The turrets of 123 surplus Leopard 1A5 tanks purchased from the German Defence Ministry were fitted into the existing hulls nine turrets were reserved for spare parts and training and the German tank hulls sold back to the upgrade contractor For the process the original Leopard 1A3 turrets had their main armament removed first then were removed from the original C1 hulls The modified Leopard 1A5 turrets were then fitted onto the C1 hulls The removed L7A3 105mm guns were refitted onto the new turrets Due to the complexity of the upgrade process of the 114 tanks 66 tanks were successfully upgraded The first updated Leopards now named the Leopard C2 entered service in November 1999 at CFB Gagetown New Brunswick The Leopard C2 s turret was modified according to the Canadian Army s request with new radios being installed and new stowage containers being fitted to the rear of the turret Aside from the requested add ons the biggest update for the Canadian Leopard tank fleet was the implementation of the Atlas Elektronik EMES 18 Fire Control System module which featured a similar computerized setup as the C1 s SABCA FCS a laser rangefinder and thermal imager Eighteen Leopard Crew Gunnery Trainers were purchased at the same time Canada also operates the Leopard 1 based Beaver armoured bridgelayer vehicle and Taurus armoured recovery vehicle bought with the original Leopard C1 and the Badger armoured engineer vehicle with a dozer blade and excavator bucket which entered service in 1990 A number of the Canadian Leopard tanks were pulled out of service during the mid 2000s in anticipation of replacing them with the eight wheeled Mobile Gun System These plans were put on hold after US experience revealed serious shortcomings related to stability and weight Of the obsolescent tanks 23 were sold to companies in North America four put in museums or used as monuments including two at the Bovington Tank Museum 15 and 21 used as hard targets on ranges Canada sent a squadron of Lord Strathcona s Horse Royal Canadians to Afghanistan in the fall of 2006 equipped with 17 Leopard C2 tanks with the MEXAS add on armour as well as four recovery vehicles and four engineering vehicles 16 17 The armoured squadron was intended to provide convoy protection supporting Canada s Provincial Reconstruction Teams and other organizations equipped with lighter vehicles and combat operations The first tanks arrived in Kandahar in mid October 2006 18 On 2 December 2006 the Leopards stationed in Kandahar entered the field marking the first time since the Korean War that a Canadian armoured squadron had sent tanks into an active war zone They fired their guns in combat for the first time in as many years the following day in response to a Taliban rocket attack The deployed tank squadron was in combat operations from late 2006 until July 2011 The first squadron deployed with C2 MEXAS In mid July 2007 a thermal cover and a cooling unit with crew vests was added to the tanks The tank squadron was augmented in mid September 2007 with the 20 Leopard 2A6Ms with slat bar type armour The Barracuda system was added in mid 2008 In late 2010 the tank squadron added five of the new Leopard 2A4Ms The tank squadron operated with the three different Leopards until it was pulled from combat operations The C2 MEXAS with the mine ploughs mine rollers and the dozers were used alongside the Leopard 2 s until a bracket was installed for the Leopard 2A6M to mount them After an initial assessment of the performance of the Leopard C2 in Afghanistan Canada decided to invest in Leopard 2 tanks It was determined that the lack of adequate air conditioning essential in the searing heat of Afghanistan was degrading the tank crew s war fighting ability 19 The Army later downplayed this factor citing increased armour protection and the main gun armament as reasons for upgrading to the Leopard 2 20 After some public speculation Canadian Defence Minister Hon Gordon O Connor clarified the situation in April 2007 21 To meet immediate needs in Afghanistan 20 of the Bundeswehr s stock of Leopard 2A6s were upgraded to the 2A6M standard and loaned to Canada at no cost by the German government Two Leopard 2 Buffel Armoured Recovery Vehicles were acquired at the same time These vehicles were shipped from Germany to Afghanistan with the first arriving on 16 August 2007 22 For the long term Canada plans to replace the borrowed Leopard 2 tanks with a purchase of 100 surplus vehicles from the Netherlands including 20 Leopard 2A6Ms for combat service 40 Leopard 2A4s for training and 20 support vehicles such as Armoured Recovery Vehicles Bridge Layers and Armoured Engineer vehicles The older Leopard C2 tanks are considered to become completely obsolete by 2015 but specific plans for them have not yet been announced Until deployment with the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan the Leopard 1 C2 had never seen active combat 23 In February 2018 Canada attempted to sell the surplus Leopard 1C2 tanks to the Jordanian Armed Forces In July it was announced that the plan to sell the older Leopard tanks to Jordan fell through and the Canadian Department of National Defence has yet to decide what to do with the surplus vehicles 24 Daniel Le Bouthillier a spokesperson for the Canadian Department of National Defense said the last option would be to destroy the tanks 25 As of November 2021 no buyer was found for the Canadian Army s Leopard 1C2 tanks About 45 retired Canadian Army tanks will soon be used for target practice at the Cold Lake Air Weapons Range 26 27 A Vegreville Alberta company Quest Disposal amp Recycling Inc was contracted to repurpose them to be used for target practice at Cold Lake Air Weapons Range and the tanks were at the company s site being processed in December 2021 28 Denmark Edit See also Operation Bollebank A Danish Leopard 1A5 DK at the Stevnsfortet museum In 1976 Denmark acquired 120 Leopard 1A3 tanks which were designated Leopard 1 DK Delivery was completed in 1978 In 1992 Denmark acquired another 110 1A3 tanks partly through Conventional Forces Europe treaty AFV reduction requirements These tanks were upgraded to Leopard 1A5 DK along with the first 120 Leopards Being fitted with the welded turret of the Leopard 1A3 the Danish Leopard 1A5 DK tanks were not identical to the German Leopard 1A5 which were fitted with the cast turrets Denmark had 230 Leopard 1A5 DKs in service from 1993 until their retirement and complete replacement by the Leopard 2A5 DK tanks in 2005 These Leopards were involved in one of the most important engagements in modern Danish military history Denmark was the only Scandinavian country to send a significant tank force to support their peacekeeping operations in Croatia and Bosnia On 29 April 1994 near the city of Tuzla seven Danish Leopard 1A5 tanks were involved in a skirmish between UNPROFORs Nordic Battalion NORDBAT 2 and Bosnian Serb military forces from the Sekovici brigade The tanks were sent out to relieve a Swedish manned observation post that had come under ambush fire by the Bosnian Serb forces Upon the tanks arrival at the observation post they were shelled by mortar fire and anti tank rockets which led the UN marked and white painted Leopard 1A5 tanks to return fire No casualties were suffered by Swedish observation post nor the Danish tank Serbian casualties were estimated as high as 150 soldiers This is believed to be the first hostile engagement involving the Leopard 1 tank 29 30 The Danish Army had has the following variants 120 Leopard 1A3 1976 1993 All upgraded into 1A5 230 Leopard 1A5 1993 2005 16 Berger ARV 1993 2011 All Upgraded into FFG Wisent s 10 ARV 6 AEV 10 Biber AVLB 1994 present 10 FFG Wisent ARV 2011 present 4 FFG Wisnet AEV Mine clearing vehicle 2011 present 2 FFG Wisent AEV 2011 present 6 driving school cabin 1976 Greece Edit An ex Greek Leopard 1V at Military Museum Lesany Greece bought its first 104 Leopard 1A3 GR tanks during 1983 1984 They are actually Leopard 1A3s but came with an EMES 12A3 FCS and some other modifications required by the Greek army at that time During 1992 the Greek army received a batch of 75 Leopard 1A5 as offsets for the construction of 4 MEKO 200 frigates Some months later Greece received another batch of 170 Leopard 1V and 2 Leopard 1A5 from the Royal Netherlands army the Leopard 1V is actually an 1A1A4 with an EMES 12A3 AFSL 2 FCS From 1998 until 2000 Greece bought 192 used Leopard 1A5s as offsets for the upgrade of the Greek F 4 aircraft in Germany in a symbolic price In 2001 the Greek army decided to upgrade 104 Leopard 1A4GR and 120 Leopard 1V to the A5 version costing 234 million dollars The programme was cancelled because Greece received a batch of 150 Leopard 1A5s along with the newly built Leopard 2A6 HEL As of 2011 Greece is the largest user of Leopard 1 tanks having over 500 Leopard 1A5 GR MBTs as well as many ST Biber and Leguan versions Italy Edit An Italian Leopard 1A5 in 2008 Italy had to replace an enormous amount of M47 Patton with over 2 000 received from US stocks but unlike other NATO members did not instigate a national project to achieve this Its army not entirely satisfied by the M60 Patton 300 delivered of those 200 were produced by OTO Melara placed its first order for the Leopard 1 in 1970 200 Leopard 1A1 and 69 Bergepanzer 2 were delivered between 1971 and 1972 The vehicles replaced the M47 in the Italian Army s Cavalry Brigade Pozzuolo del Friuli A further 600 Leopard 1A2 and 67 Bergepanzer 2 were built in Italy by OTO Melara with deliveries starting in 1975 with a second batch of 120 build by OTO Melara between 1980 and 1983 All Italian built Leopards were A2 but without stabilizer and skirts The 200 A1s originally bought from Germany were partially upgraded lately at this standard Forty Pionierleopard AEV nine school for drivers without armament and 64 Biber AVLB were ordered in 1985 Twelve of the Pionierleopard were produced in Germany and 28 by OTO Melara in Italy All of the Biber were assembled by OTO Melara in Italy By the end Italy was the biggest customer of the Leopard outside Germany with 920 plus 250 special versions the only one with a licence production and the only country that produced both the M60 and Leopard 1 The Leopard was the basis for Italian MBTs and heavy artillery systems starting with Leone Lion and the following OF 40 leading to other developments like the Palmaria and OTOMATIC artillery systems both on an OF 40 hull 31 The experience made possible the development of the C1 Ariete after the Italian army decided in 1984 to have a new national tank rather than buying 300 Leopard 2s 32 At the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began an upgrade and a downsizing of its armoured units A number of Leopards were retired in 1991 along with its fleet of M60 tanks In 1995 Italy bought 120 A5 surplus turrets from the Bundeswehr which were mounted on the same number of reworked A2 hulls These tanks took part in the various peacekeeping missions in the Balkans never seeing action The last A1 A2 was retired in 2003 with the last A5 going in 2008 leaving the Ariete as the sole tank in Italian service The AEVs ARVs and AVLBs have been reduced in number and some have been modified to work with the Ariete They are stated to serve for some more years as no replacement has been selected yet Lebanon Edit Lebanon and Belgium finalized the transfer of 43 Leopard 1A5 tanks to the Lebanese Armed Forces in a deal worth 3 5 million euros which also includes a number of ex Belgian APCs 33 34 The purchased ex Belgian APCs include 16 AIFV B C25s and 12 M113 armoured ambulances In 2008 a sale of 43 Leopard 1A5 BE to Lebanon was concluded but as of 2018 was not finalized due to the absence of licensing for export from Germany 35 36 25 Turkey Edit The Turkish Army upgraded its Leopard 1 tanks to a version called the Leopard 1T Volkan The modernization program included the serial production and integration of the Volkan fire control system developed by ASELSAN 37 The new indigenous system provides the capability of detecting the targets in daylight or at night in all weather conditions and combat environments It significantly increases the first round hit probability on the move and also improve the usage life over 20 years 38 39 Current operators Edit Brazil 128 Leopard 1BEs and 250 Leopard 1A5s Chile 202 Leopard 1Vs Greece 501 Leopard 1A5GR and 19 Leopard 1A4GR in service some of the remaining 85 Leopard 1A4GR and 170 Leopard 1V INL have been converted to support vehicles or have been used for parts the rest will be scrapped Turkey 170 A1s and 227 A3s were bought A1s upgraded to Leopard 1T Volkan 40 41 Current specialist variant operators Edit Denmark 230 Leopard 1A5DK replaced with Leopard 2 Only 10 ARVs Wisent 6 AEVs based on Wisent and 10 Bridgelayers remain in service Estonia 2 AVLBs 5 AEVs and 4 ARVs in service Finland 16 Leopard 1 s as Engineer and Evacuation tanks Indonesia 3 AEVs and 3 AVLBs in service 42 43 Italy 920 250 special versions retired by the end of 2008 replaced by Ariete main battle tank the AEVs ARVs and ABLVs remain in service Netherlands 468 originally replaced by Leopard 2 Only ARVs BARVs and Bridgelayers remain in service United Kingdom 4 Leopard 1A5 hulls have been adapted through extensive modification to create the Hippo beach armoured recovery vehicle Ukraine 30 anti aircraft guns Gepard and 10 Bergepanzer 2 ARV were delivered to Ukraine by Germany At least 5 more ARVs 16 Biber bridgelayers and 5 armored engineering vehicles Dachs were promised to be delivered in the future The first Bergepanzer 2 arrived in Ukraine at an unknown date 44 45 46 Former operators Edit Australia 71 90 Leopard 1A4s were originally delivered as Leopard AS1 later upgraded and since replaced by 59 M1A1 Abrams from the US Belgium 132 Leopard 1A5 BE s 334 originally all are going to be replaced by 21 Mowag Piranha III with a 90 mm cannon 47 Canada 66 Leopard C2s Leopard C1s updated to Leopard 1A5 The Leopard C2 was in active service until 2015 and replaced with Leopard 2s original order was for 114 Leopard C1 tanks equivalent to Leopard 1A3 with laser rangefinder received 1978 79 Germany 2 437 originally They were replaced by the Leopard 2 The remaining Leopard 1 tanks are in long term storage for resale Norway 172 originally replaced by Leopard 2 The final remaining Leopard 1A5 were decommissioned in 2011 after a ceremony marking 42 years of service 48 ARVs and Bridgelayers remain in service Potential operators Edit Ukraine In April 2022 Rheinmetall said it could supply 50 Leopard 1 tanks to Ukraine in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 49 but the deal fell through due to a lack of available ammunition and the refusal of other NATO Leopard 1 operators to supply it 50 See also EditLeopard 2 Flakpanzer GepardTanks of comparable role performance and era Edit AMX 30 French main battle tank T 62 Soviet main battle tank M60 Patton US main battle tank Chieftain British main battle tank Stridsvagn 103 Swedish main battle tank TAM Argentine main battle tank TR 85 Romanian main battle tank OF 40 Italian main battle tank Type 74 Japanese main battle tankReferences EditNotes a b Gelbart Marsh 1996 Tanks main battle and light tanks Brassey s UK Ltd pp 109 110 ISBN 1 85753 168 X a b Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles Robert Jackson 2007 Paragon Publishing P 189 a b Wilcke Gerd 17 February 1963 Bonn to Build Own Tanks Despite Pact With France Approval Is Sought The New York Times Archived from the original on 19 August 2018 Retrieved 19 August 2018 M Namara Holds Bonn Talks today Due to Conclude Accord on Joint Tank Development 1 500 Tanks Ordered The New York Times Bonn 30 July 1993 Secretary of Defense Robert S McNamara is expected to conclude a research agreement here this week for the joint development of a tank to be used by the United States and West German armies in the nineteen seventies Jerchel Michael 1995 Leopard 1 main battle tank 1965 1995 London Osprey Military ISBN 1 85532 520 9 OCLC 33837331 Familia Acorazada del Ejercito de Chile Memoria chilena Hunnicutt p 6 amp 408 Australian Defence Force maintains a supportable survivable and interoperable tank capability until at least 2020 Defence gov au Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 13 November 2015 McPhederan Ian Leopard tanks up for grabs Herald Sun Retrieved May 12 2016 PIRANHA DF90 LA DEFENSE Archived from the original on 13 July 2019 Retrieved 13 July 2019 Verboven Stijn LE LEOPARD TIRE SA REVERENCE LA DEFENSE Retrieved 13 July 2019 John Cockerill presents new modernization of Leopard 1 tank fitted with 3105 weapon station armyrecognition com 15 June 2022 Retrieved 16 June 2022 Despite Kf 51 Leopard A5 BE with 105mm C3105 turret was shown bulgarianmilitary com 14 June 2022 Retrieved 16 June 2022 a b Kellen Kurschinski 10 April 2014 From Centurion to Leopard 1A2 by Frank Maas Canadianmilitaryhistory ca Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 13 November 2015 A Brace of Leopards Archived 2007 09 14 at the Wayback Machine Bovington Tank Museum www theglobeandmail com https web archive org web 20070313145052 http www theglobeandmail com servlet story RTGAM 20060915 wafghantroop0915 BNStory National home Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help CTV News Top Stories Breaking News Top News Headlines Ctv ca 8 May 2014 Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 Retrieved 13 November 2015 Lord Strathconas Horse Royal Canadians Latest News www strathconas ca Archived from the original on 1 May 2006 The announcement will likely be welcome news to soldiers who have had to endure searing heat driving their current Leopard C2s in the Afghan desert during the summer months Heat related health risks have threatened before to cause the tanks to be pulled from service O Connor said the newer tanks will be equipped with a cooling system for the crews before they reach Afghan soil CBC News Archived 2007 04 16 at the Wayback Machine April 12 2007 Military touts tougher image as tanks roll out in Kandahar It could give our soldiers more confidence and be a bit of a shock for enemy troops Archived 2008 12 05 at the Wayback Machine CBC News August 16 2007 Canadian Forces to refresh aging fleet of tanks World CBC News Cbc ca 12 April 2007 Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 Retrieved 13 November 2015 Canadian Forces to refresh aging fleet of tanks Archived 2007 04 16 at the Wayback Machine CBC news April 12 2007 Renewing the Canadian Forces Tank Capability Archived 2008 05 14 at the Wayback Machine Official DND CF Backgrounder Akin David Canada fails to find buyer for surplus army tanks final attempt to sell to Jordan Armed Forces fizzles Global News Archived from the original on 13 July 2018 Retrieved 13 July 2018 a b Trevithick Joseph 9 July 2018 Canada Has Given Up Trying To Find A Good Home For Its Retired Leopard Tanks The Drive Tanks that saved the day in Afghanistan to be used for target practice in Cold Lake coldlakesun A Farewell To The Leopard 1 Main Battle Tank espritdecorps Repurposed Leopard 1 tanks invade Vegreville Global News Operation Bollebank Tak for turen Lars R Moller ISBN 978 8711348437 Il carro armato Leaopard 1 Storia Militare N 10 2018 Ed Storia Militare srl Genova Dossier MBT ED AI editions Florence 1990 p 22 Feu vert pour la vente d armes belges au Liban RTL info in French Mouvement pour le Liban 27 August 2008 Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 Retrieved 11 December 2008 Le Liban achete 71 blindes a la Belgique dont 43 chars Leopard in French MSN Actualites 31 December 2007 Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 Retrieved 11 December 2008 Lebanon still waiting for its Leopard tanks purchased from Belgium 25 November 2010 Axe David Belgium Ditched Its Tanks And Never Got Them Back Forbes 13 KASIM 2009 CUMA 13 November 2009 Tanks Improvement Project Sabah com tr Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 13 November 2015 VOLKAN Fire Control System for Leopard 1 Tanks Archived 2008 12 21 at the Wayback Machine Firtina obusu iste bu tesislerde yapiliyor www hurriyet com tr Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 Scandinavian Armor Leopard 1 world wide Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 15 July 2006 13 KASIM 2009 CUMA 13 November 2009 Aselsan in Volkan sistemi ile Leopard lar ilk atista vuracak Ekonomi Haberleri Sabah com tr Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 13 November 2015 Pionierpanzer 2Ri Dachs TNI AD Armoured Engineer Vehicle dari Platform MBT Leopard Indomiliter com in Indonesian 22 December 2014 Retrieved 28 March 2021 BRLPZ 1 Beaver AVLB Gelar Jembatan Taktis Darurat Untuk MBT Leopard 2A4 TNI AD Indomiliter com in Indonesian 24 December 2014 Retrieved 28 March 2021 Fact Sheet on German Military Aid to Ukraine https twitter com UAWeapons status 1579458699370041344 bare URL Militarische Unterstutzungsleistungen fur die Ukraine in German Presse und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung Retrieved 9 November 2022 Laatste schot Leopard tank Belgium Defence in Dutch Mil be Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 13 November 2015 Harald Jacobsen hja tv2 no 13 October 2014 Leopard 1 har skutt sin siste granat TV2 no Archived from the original on 12 November 2014 Retrieved 13 November 2015 German Rheinmetall Ready To Supply Leopard Tanks To Ukraine To Battle Russia Awaits Final Nod From Berlin 13 April 2022 Germany s military muddle over Ukraine The Spectator 24 April 2022 BibliographyHunnicutt R P Patton A History of the American Main Battle Tank 1984 Presidio Press ISBN 0 89141 230 1 MacNeill Marvin Craig The New Evil Memories from Afghanistan 2006 2008 2017 Trackpad Publishing ISBN 978 0 9928425 7 4 Smitt Willem Dutch Leopard 1 Armoured Fist of the Royal Dutch Army 2014 Trackpad Publishing ISBN 978 0 9928425 0 5 Cecil Michael K Leopard AS1 Leopard in Australian Service 2015 Trackpad Publishing ISBN 978 0 9928425 2 9 Lobitz Frank The Leopard 1 MBT in German Army Service Early Years 2006 Tankograd Publishing Lobitz Frank The Leopard 1 MBT in German Army Service Late Years 2006 Tankograd Publishing External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopard 1 tanks Leopard 1 at Krauss Maffei Wegmann Leopard 1 worldwide Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine at Scandinavian Armor Battle tank Leopard 1 A5 at FAS orgAustralian Leopard external linksAcquiring Armour Some Aspects of the Australian Army s Leopard Tank Purchase Australian Army Journal Vol 3 1 Summer 2005 6 Leopard 1 in Australia Anzac Steel Australian plans to retire stocks Leopards being withdrawn from service Official ceremony July 2007 Canadian Leopard external linksCanadian Tanks to Kandahar the Leopard C2 at CASR Passage to Panjwaii Canadian Tanks Go to Afghanistan at CASR Assessing the Threats to CF Leopard Tanks in Afghanistan at CASR Punching at Panjwaii Canadian Leopard Tanks in Combat at CASR Dec 2006 Leopard 2A4 2A6M Tanks for the Canadian Forces at CASR Canadian Army Leopard C2 Leopard C2 at the Governor General s Horse Guard militia regiment Leopard C2 at the Lord Strathcona s Horse Royal Canadians regiment Canadian Leopard C2 walk around Raw footage of Canadian Leopards in Kandahar Afghanistan at Youtube com Official DND CF Backgrounder Renewing the Canadian Forces Tank CapabilityPortals Military of Germany TanksLeopard 1 at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leopard 1 amp oldid 1131952126 Canada, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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