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Leishmania tropica

March 06, 2023

Leishmania tropica is a flagellate parasite and the cause of anthroponotic[dubious – discuss] cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans.[2] This parasite is restricted to Afro-Eurasia and is a common cause of infection in Afghanistan, Iran, Syria, Yemen, Algeria, Morocco, and northern India.[3]

Leishmania tropica
Promastigotes of Leishmania tropica. Giemsa stain, 10×100.
Scientific classification
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Class: Kinetoplastea
Order: Trypanosomatida
Genus: Leishmania
Species:
L. tropica
Binomial name
Leishmania tropica
Wright, 1903
Red = cutaneous L. tropica[1]

History

The first description of Leishmania tropica was done in 1903 by James Homer Wright, an American pathologist. In 1914, it was suggested that L. tropica should be divided into two subspecies, namely L. tropica minor and L. tropica major, based on the size of the parasites found in skin lesions.[3] Later, these two subspecies turned out to be epidemiologically different and were correlated to different types of lesions. L. tropica minor causes dry nodular lesions in urban environments, while L. tropica major causes wet ulcerating lesions in rural regions.[4] Bray et al. therefore proposed in 1973 that the subspecies should be considered as two separate species, L. tropica major became L. major, and L. tropica minor became L. tropica,[4] which is the naming that is still being used.[3]

Biology

The parasite has an interesting biology since it is very heterogeneous biochemically, serologically, and genetically compared to other Leishmania species.[5] The different strains have been shown to cause different patterns of pathogenicity and humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice models.[3] Fusion and hybridization of different L. tropica strains can be efficiently induced in vitro by exposure of promastigotes (a stage of the life cycle) to DNA damage stress.[6]

Life cycle

Leishmania species alternate between two main life forms: intracellular amastigotes in the sandfly – the vector – and extracellular motile promastigotes in the mammal – the host.[8] In the mammalian host, promastigotes are introduced into the skin by the bite of a sandfly. After being taken up by phagocytes, they transform into intracellular amastigotes and stay in this form during the remaining life cycle in the mammalian host.[8] Through simple division, they can multiply and proceed to infect other phagocytotic cells. Later, depending partly on the immunity of the host, the infection can become symptomatic and result in leishmaniasis.[7] Sand flies become infected by ingesting phagocytes with Leishmania from a mammalian host. Then, in the sandfly stage, the process differs between Leishmania species. In the life cycle of L. tropica, it develops back into the promastigote stage inside the midgut of the sandfly vector and migrates to the proboscis of the sandfly, whereafter the life cycle can repeat itself.[7]

Hosts and vectors

Humans are the main reservoir hosts of L. tropica.[9] Rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis)[9] are a possible reservoir in Israel.[10] Natural infection by L. tropica has also been demonstrated in domestic dogs,[10] red foxes, golden jackals, gundis, and other species of wild rodents.[3] The main sandfly[10] vector for L. tropica is Phlebotomus sergenti. Other reported vector species are P. arabicus, P. guggisbergi, P. chabaudi, P. rossi, and P. saevus.[3]

Clinical manifestations

L. tropica causes a broad spectrum of leishmaniasis forms in humans. Most common is a variant called dry-type cutaneous leishmaniasis. After an incubation period lasting more than 2 months, a small brownish nodular lesion will appear with a slowly extending plaque reaching a size of 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) after 6 months. This will heal after about 1 year but leaves a scar.[11] Other forms of the disease, which occur more rarely in humans, include visceral leishmaniasis, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (a variant of visceral leishmaniasis), viscerotropic leishmaniasis, and leishmaniasis recidivans (a variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis).[3]

Dogs are known to rarely suffer from visceral, skin, and mucosal infection with this species.[10] In cats asymptomatic infection is thought to be common.[10] Skin and/or mucosal infection is the most common form, with or without visceral infection.[10] Feline visceral infection may occur alone.[10]

Leishmaniasis recidivans

This rare variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused solely by L. tropica in the Old World and by L. braziliensis in the New World. It causes a slowly progressing lesion, usually on the face, and is characterized by the development of papules or nodules which form mostly around or in the site of primary healed lesions. Lesions of leishmaniasis recidivans stay many years and rarely respond to treatment, thus causing disfigurement and becoming destructive with the years.[12]

References

  1. ^ Aoun, K.; Bouratbine, A. (2014). "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review". Parasite. EDP Sciences. 21: 14. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014014. PMC 3952656. PMID 24626301.
  2. ^ Karimi, Taiebeh; Sharifi, Iraj; Aflatoonian, Mohammad Reza; Aflatoonian, Behnaz; Mohammadi, Mohammad Ali; Salarkia, Ehsan; Babaei, Zahra; Zarinkar, Farzaneh; Sharifi, Fatemeh; Hatami, Nima; Khosravi, Ahmad; Eskandari, Arsalan; Solimani, Elyas; Shafiee, Mehdi; Mozaffari, Masoumeh (2021). "A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor". Parasites & Vectors. 14 (1): 122. doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04619-3. ISSN 1756-3305. PMID 33627184. S2CID 232036410.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Rostamian, Mosayeb; Niknam, Hamid M. (2019). "Leishmania tropica: What we know from its experimental models". Advances in Parasitology. 104: 6–7 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  4. ^ a b Bray, R.S.; Ashford, R.W.; Bray, M.A. (1973). "The parasite causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 67 (3): 345–348. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(73)90111-9. PMID 4778189 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  5. ^ Magill, Alan J (2013-01-01). "99 - Leishmaniasis". In Magill, Alan J.; Hill, David R; Solomon, Tom; Ryan, Edward T (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease (Ninth ed.). London: W.B. Saunders. pp. 739–760. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00099-0. ISBN 978-1-4160-4390-4. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
  6. ^ Louradour, I; Ferreira, TR; Duge, E; Karunaweera, N; Paun, A; Sacks, D (2022-01-07). "Stress conditions promote Leishmania hybridization in vitro marked by expression of the ancestral gamete fusogen HAP2 as revealed by single-cell RNA-seq". eLife. 11. doi:10.7554/eLife.73488. PMID 34994687. S2CID 245835348. e73488.
  7. ^ a b c CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020-02-18). "CDC - Leishmaniasis - Biology". CDC. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
  8. ^ a b Gossage, Sharon M; Rogers, Matthew E; Bates, Paul A (2003). "Two separate growth phases during the development of Leishmania in sand flies: implications for understanding the life cycle". International Journal for Parasitology. 33 (10): 1027–1034. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00142-5. PMC 2839921. PMID 13129524.
  9. ^ a b Ashford, Richard W. (1996). "Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control". Clinics in Dermatology. 14 (5): 523–532. doi:10.1016/0738-081X(96)00041-7.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Iowa State University; Institute for Cooperation in Animal Biologics; Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine; World Organisation for Animal Health/OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis of Animal Disease and Vaccine Evaluation in the Americas; OIE Collaborating Centre for Day-One Veterinary Competencies and Continuing Education; United States Department of Agriculture (2017). "Leishmaniasis" (PDF).
  11. ^ Meymandi, Simin; Dabiri, Shahriar; Dabiri, Darya; Crawford, Richard I.; Kharazmi, Arsalan (2004). "A quantitative study of epidermal Langerhans cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica". International Journal of Dermatology. 43 (11): 819–823. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02359.x. ISSN 0011-9059. S2CID 22132211.
  12. ^ Sharifi, Iraj; Fekri, Ali Reza; Aflatoonian, Mohammad Reza; Khamesipour, Ali; Mahboudi, Fereidoun; Dowlati, Yahya; Nadim, Abolhassan; Modabber, Farrokh (2010). "Leishmaniasis recidivans among school children in Bam, South-east Iran, 1994-2006". International Journal of Dermatology. 49 (5): 557–561. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04419.x. ISSN 1365-4632. PMID 20534092. S2CID 8747858.

Further reading

  • Saroufim, Maya; Charafeddine, Khalil; Issa, Grace (October 2014). "Ongoing Epidemic of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among Syrian Refugees, Lebanon". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (10): 1712–1715. doi:10.3201/eid2010.140288. PMC 4193275. PMID 25279543.
  • Solomon, Michal; Schwartz, Eli; Pavlotsky, Felix (Aug 2014). "Leishmania tropica in children: A retrospective study". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 71 (2): 271–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.047. PMID 24775403.
  • Krayter, Lena; Alam, Mohammad Zahangir; Rhajaoui, Mohamed; Schnur, Lionel F. (December 2014). "Multilocus Microsatellite Typing reveals intra-focal genetic diversity among strains of Leishmania tropica in Chichaoua Province, Morocco". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 28: 233–239. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.037.
  • Hammoudeh, Nour; Kweider, Mahmoud; Abbady, Abdul-Qader; Soukkarieh, Chadi (Oct 2014). "Sequencing and Gene Expression Analysis of Leishmania tropica LACK Gene" (PDF). Iranian Journal of Parasitology. 9 (4): 574–583. PMC 4345098. PMID 25759740. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  • Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam H, Kiaei SS, Iravani D (2007). "Leishmania tropica infection, in comparison to Leishmania major, induces lower delayed type hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice". Korean Journal Parasitology. 45 (2): 103–9. doi:10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.103. PMC 2526302. PMID 17570972.

External links

  •   Media related to Leishmania tropica at Wikimedia Commons
  • Leishmaniasis – General Information US Center for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Cancer Web

March 06, 2023
leishmania, tropica, flagellate, parasite, cause, anthroponotic, dubious, discuss, cutaneous, leishmaniasis, humans, this, parasite, restricted, afro, eurasia, common, cause, infection, afghanistan, iran, syria, yemen, algeria, morocco, northern, india, promas. Leishmania tropica is a flagellate parasite and the cause of anthroponotic dubious discuss cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans 2 This parasite is restricted to Afro Eurasia and is a common cause of infection in Afghanistan Iran Syria Yemen Algeria Morocco and northern India 3 Leishmania tropicaPromastigotes of Leishmania tropica Giemsa stain 10 100 Scientific classificationPhylum EuglenozoaClass KinetoplasteaOrder TrypanosomatidaGenus LeishmaniaSpecies L tropicaBinomial nameLeishmania tropicaWright 1903Red cutaneous L tropica 1 Contents 1 History 2 Biology 2 1 Life cycle 3 Hosts and vectors 4 Clinical manifestations 4 1 Leishmaniasis recidivans 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory EditThe first description of Leishmania tropica was done in 1903 by James Homer Wright an American pathologist In 1914 it was suggested that L tropica should be divided into two subspecies namely L tropica minor and L tropica major based on the size of the parasites found in skin lesions 3 Later these two subspecies turned out to be epidemiologically different and were correlated to different types of lesions L tropica minor causes dry nodular lesions in urban environments while L tropica major causes wet ulcerating lesions in rural regions 4 Bray et al therefore proposed in 1973 that the subspecies should be considered as two separate species L tropica major became L major and L tropica minor became L tropica 4 which is the naming that is still being used 3 Biology EditThe parasite has an interesting biology since it is very heterogeneous biochemically serologically and genetically compared to other Leishmania species 5 The different strains have been shown to cause different patterns of pathogenicity and humoral immune responses in BALB c mice models 3 Fusion and hybridization of different L tropica strains can be efficiently induced in vitro by exposure of promastigotes a stage of the life cycle to DNA damage stress 6 Life cycle 7 Life cycle Edit Leishmania species alternate between two main life forms intracellular amastigotes in the sandfly the vector and extracellular motile promastigotes in the mammal the host 8 In the mammalian host promastigotes are introduced into the skin by the bite of a sandfly After being taken up by phagocytes they transform into intracellular amastigotes and stay in this form during the remaining life cycle in the mammalian host 8 Through simple division they can multiply and proceed to infect other phagocytotic cells Later depending partly on the immunity of the host the infection can become symptomatic and result in leishmaniasis 7 Sand flies become infected by ingesting phagocytes with Leishmania from a mammalian host Then in the sandfly stage the process differs between Leishmania species In the life cycle of L tropica it develops back into the promastigote stage inside the midgut of the sandfly vector and migrates to the proboscis of the sandfly whereafter the life cycle can repeat itself 7 Hosts and vectors EditHumans are the main reservoir hosts of L tropica 9 Rock hyraxes Procavia capensis 9 are a possible reservoir in Israel 10 Natural infection by L tropica has also been demonstrated in domestic dogs 10 red foxes golden jackals gundis and other species of wild rodents 3 The main sandfly 10 vector for L tropica is Phlebotomus sergenti Other reported vector species are P arabicus P guggisbergi P chabaudi P rossi and P saevus 3 Clinical manifestations EditL tropica causes a broad spectrum of leishmaniasis forms in humans Most common is a variant called dry type cutaneous leishmaniasis After an incubation period lasting more than 2 months a small brownish nodular lesion will appear with a slowly extending plaque reaching a size of 1 2 centimetres 0 39 0 79 in after 6 months This will heal after about 1 year but leaves a scar 11 Other forms of the disease which occur more rarely in humans include visceral leishmaniasis post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis a variant of visceral leishmaniasis viscerotropic leishmaniasis and leishmaniasis recidivans a variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis 3 Dogs are known to rarely suffer from visceral skin and mucosal infection with this species 10 In cats asymptomatic infection is thought to be common 10 Skin and or mucosal infection is the most common form with or without visceral infection 10 Feline visceral infection may occur alone 10 Leishmaniasis recidivans Edit This rare variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused solely by L tropica in the Old World and by L braziliensis in the New World It causes a slowly progressing lesion usually on the face and is characterized by the development of papules or nodules which form mostly around or in the site of primary healed lesions Lesions of leishmaniasis recidivans stay many years and rarely respond to treatment thus causing disfigurement and becoming destructive with the years 12 References Edit Aoun K Bouratbine A 2014 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa a review Parasite EDP Sciences 21 14 doi 10 1051 parasite 2014014 PMC 3952656 PMID 24626301 Karimi Taiebeh Sharifi Iraj Aflatoonian Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian Behnaz Mohammadi Mohammad Ali Salarkia Ehsan Babaei Zahra Zarinkar Farzaneh Sharifi Fatemeh Hatami Nima Khosravi Ahmad Eskandari Arsalan Solimani Elyas Shafiee Mehdi Mozaffari Masoumeh 2021 A long lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran population movement and peri urban settlements as a major risk factor Parasites amp Vectors 14 1 122 doi 10 1186 s13071 021 04619 3 ISSN 1756 3305 PMID 33627184 S2CID 232036410 a b c d e f g Rostamian Mosayeb Niknam Hamid M 2019 Leishmania tropica What we know from its experimental models Advances in Parasitology 104 6 7 via Elsevier Science Direct a b Bray R S Ashford R W Bray M A 1973 The parasite causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67 3 345 348 doi 10 1016 0035 9203 73 90111 9 PMID 4778189 via Elsevier Science Direct Magill Alan J 2013 01 01 99 Leishmaniasis In Magill Alan J Hill David R Solomon Tom Ryan Edward T eds Hunter s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease Ninth ed London W B Saunders pp 739 760 doi 10 1016 b978 1 4160 4390 4 00099 0 ISBN 978 1 4160 4390 4 Retrieved 2022 12 15 Louradour I Ferreira TR Duge E Karunaweera N Paun A Sacks D 2022 01 07 Stress conditions promote Leishmania hybridization in vitro marked by expression of the ancestral gamete fusogen HAP2 as revealed by single cell RNA seq eLife 11 doi 10 7554 eLife 73488 PMID 34994687 S2CID 245835348 e73488 a b c CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020 02 18 CDC Leishmaniasis Biology CDC Retrieved 2022 12 15 a b Gossage Sharon M Rogers Matthew E Bates Paul A 2003 Two separate growth phases during the development of Leishmania in sand flies implications for understanding the life cycle International Journal for Parasitology 33 10 1027 1034 doi 10 1016 S0020 7519 03 00142 5 PMC 2839921 PMID 13129524 a b Ashford Richard W 1996 Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control Clinics in Dermatology 14 5 523 532 doi 10 1016 0738 081X 96 00041 7 a b c d e f g Iowa State University Institute for Cooperation in Animal Biologics Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine World Organisation for Animal Health OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis of Animal Disease and Vaccine Evaluation in the Americas OIE Collaborating Centre for Day One Veterinary Competencies and Continuing Education United States Department of Agriculture 2017 Leishmaniasis PDF Meymandi Simin Dabiri Shahriar Dabiri Darya Crawford Richard I Kharazmi Arsalan 2004 A quantitative study of epidermal Langerhans cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica International Journal of Dermatology 43 11 819 823 doi 10 1111 j 1365 4632 2004 02359 x ISSN 0011 9059 S2CID 22132211 Sharifi Iraj Fekri Ali Reza Aflatoonian Mohammad Reza Khamesipour Ali Mahboudi Fereidoun Dowlati Yahya Nadim Abolhassan Modabber Farrokh 2010 Leishmaniasis recidivans among school children in Bam South east Iran 1994 2006 International Journal of Dermatology 49 5 557 561 doi 10 1111 j 1365 4632 2010 04419 x ISSN 1365 4632 PMID 20534092 S2CID 8747858 Further reading EditSaroufim Maya Charafeddine Khalil Issa Grace October 2014 Ongoing Epidemic of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among Syrian Refugees Lebanon Emerging Infectious Diseases 20 10 1712 1715 doi 10 3201 eid2010 140288 PMC 4193275 PMID 25279543 Solomon Michal Schwartz Eli Pavlotsky Felix Aug 2014 Leishmania tropica in children A retrospective study Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 71 2 271 7 doi 10 1016 j jaad 2013 12 047 PMID 24775403 Krayter Lena Alam Mohammad Zahangir Rhajaoui Mohamed Schnur Lionel F December 2014 Multilocus Microsatellite Typing reveals intra focal genetic diversity among strains of Leishmania tropica in Chichaoua Province Morocco Infection Genetics and Evolution 28 233 239 doi 10 1016 j meegid 2014 09 037 Hammoudeh Nour Kweider Mahmoud Abbady Abdul Qader Soukkarieh Chadi Oct 2014 Sequencing and Gene Expression Analysis of Leishmania tropica LACK Gene PDF Iranian Journal of Parasitology 9 4 574 583 PMC 4345098 PMID 25759740 Retrieved 9 February 2015 Mahmoudzadeh Niknam H Kiaei SS Iravani D 2007 Leishmania tropica infection in comparison to Leishmania major induces lower delayed type hypersensitivity in BALB c mice Korean Journal Parasitology 45 2 103 9 doi 10 3347 kjp 2007 45 2 103 PMC 2526302 PMID 17570972 External links Edit Media related to Leishmania tropica at Wikimedia Commons Leishmaniasis General Information US Center for Disease Control and Prevention Cancer Web Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leishmania tropica amp oldid 1136274259, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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