Lee San Choon
Lee San Choon (Chinese: 李三春; pinyin: Lǐ Sānchūn; 24 March 1935 – 3 March 2023) was a Malaysian politician and businessman. He was the fourth president of Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), a major component party of the ruling coalition Barisan Nasional (BN) from 1975 to 1983. He led the party in three general elections in Malaysia, most successfully in the 1982 general election. He held various ministerial posts in the cabinet of the Malaysian government from 1969 to 1983, such as Labour and Manpower Minister, Works and Public Utilities Minister, as well as Transport Minister.
Lee San Choon | |
|---|---|
| 李三春 | |
Lee in 2006 | |
| 4th President of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) | |
| In office August 1975 – 25 March 1983 | |
| Preceded by | Tan Siew Sin |
| Succeeded by | Tan Koon Swan |
| Ministerial roles | |
| 1964–1969 | Parliamentary Secretary of Labour |
| 1969–1971 | Deputy Minister with Special Functions |
| 1971–1973 | Assistant Minister of Labour |
| 1973–1974 | Minister of Technology, Research and Coordination of New Villages |
| 1974–1978 | Minister of Labour and Manpower |
| 1978–1979 | Minister of Works and Public Amenities |
| 1979–1983 | Minister of Transport |
| Faction represented in Dewan Rakyat | |
| 1959–1974 | Alliance Party |
| 1974–1983 | Barisan Nasional |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Lee Soon Seng 24 March 1935 Pekan, Pahang, Federated Malay States, British Malaya (now Malaysia) |
| Died | 3 March 2023 (aged 87) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Political party | MCA |
| Other political affiliations | BN |
| Spouse | Mok Thye Yuen (m. 1962) |
| Children | 2 |
| Occupation |
|
Early life
Lee San Choon was born on 24 March 1935 in Pekan, Pahang to Lee Debin (Chinese: 李德斌) and Yang Zhenling (Chinese: 楊貞齡), immigrant parents from Tianmen, Hubei in China.[1] The third of six children, he lost his mother at the age of ten. He had five other half-siblings after his father remarried.[1] Lee had his early education in a Chinese-medium school, Chung Hwa School in Pekan, before being transferred to Sultan Ahmad School for a year of English education. The family moved when he was 12 to Johor Bahru in Johor, where he started his secondary education at the English College.[2] After obtaining his Cambridge GCE O-Level, he taught English at a primary school in Geylang, Singapore.[3] He completed his A-Level in 1955, and although he had intended to continue his education abroad, family financial constraint forced him to abandon the plan.[4] He held a minor position in the government's Social Welfare Department, then worked as a clerk in a textile factory.[5]
Political career
Lee San Choon joined the Malayan Chinese Association in 1957. He was elected a member of parliament in the Kluang Utara parliamentary seat in the 1959 Malayan general election, winning the former socialist stronghold by a majority of 1,458 votes, and became the youngest MP in Malaya at the age of 24.[6] After Kluang Utara, he represented the Segamat Selatan constituency from 1964 to 1974 and Segamat until 1982. He was elected Chairman of MCA Youth in 1962. He caused a stir when he urged the leaders of MCA to resign in 1963. In 1965, MCA Youth supported the campaign to make Chinese a national language. Still, due to the issue's political sensitivity, he offered to resign but was persuaded to stay.[7] In 1968, as MCA Youth leader, he was involved in the creation of the Koperatif Serbaguna Malaysia Bhd (KSM), a business organization based on the cooperative principle.[5]
After the 13 May incident in 1969, Lee was appointed Deputy Minister with Special Functions in the Cabinet by the National Operations Council. When parliamentary democracy was restored in 1971, he was appointed Assistant Labour Minister in the new cabinet. He became the Deputy President of MCA in 1972. He was made Minister with Special Functions in 1973, then the Minister of Technology, Research, and New Village Coordination the same year.[8] On 8 April 1974, just before the 1974 general election, he was made Acting President of MCA after Tun Tan Siew Sin resigned on the grounds of ill health.[9] He was then elected President of MCA in August 1975. The cabinet posts allocated to MCA had declined in importance as the influence of MCA waned after the expanded coalition Barisan Nasional dominated by UMNO was formed,[10] and the various offices in the Malaysian government held by Lee as President of MCA included the Labour and Manpower Minister, the Works and Public Utilities Minister, and the Transport Minister.[6]
While he was president of MCA, Lee launched five significant initiatives. These were the building of Wisma MCA, the headquarters of the party; the setting up of a building fund for Tunku Abdul Rahman College to expand opportunity for tertiary education for the Chinese population; the founding of Multi-Purpose Holdings Berhad, an investment holding company; the establishment of Malaysian Chinese Cultural Society; and a drive to increase MCA membership.[6][9] Lee continued with the attempt to broaden the appeal of the party and brought in professionals, including some leftists.[9] The membership of MCA doubled from 200,000 to 400,000 during his tenure.[2]
In 1978, Lee did not support the attempt to make Chinese a national language or the establishment of an independent Chinese university, and he also proposed converting Chinese secondary schools into national-type schools, all of which disappointed many in the Chinese community.[1] Education was a contentious issue in the 1978 general election, and MCA saw a small loss of support, winning 17 of the 28 parliamentary seats contested.[2] However, in a bid to improve Chinese participation in government universities which had declined due to government policy of positive discrimination in favour of Malays, Lee led a delegation to persuade the prime minister Tun Hussein Onn to fix the intake of non-Bumiputras in the five government universities at 45 percent in 1979.[11] Also in 1979, in a period of internal political struggle, he fought off a challenge from Michael Chen for the presidency of MCA and was re-elected.[12]
In the 1982 general election, in response to a taunt by the opposition Democratic Action Party (DAP) that the MCA's leadership did not dare contest seats with a large urban Chinese majority, Lee accepted the challenge and contested the parliamentary seat for Seremban against the DAP chairman Chen Man Hin who had held that seat since 1969.[13] Lee won the contest by a small majority, and also led his party to a landslide victory, winning 24 out of 28 allocated parliamentary seats and 55 out of 62 state seats.[6]
However, on 24 March 1983, at the height of his career, Lee unexpectedly resigned his cabinet post of Minister of Transport for unspecified reasons and relinquished his position as President of MCA a day later.[14] He never gave an explanation for his resignation, apart from stating in an interview with the Chinese edition of Asiaweek in 2000 that he was "stabbed in the back" by UMNO leaders in the 1982 election.[15][4]
Business career
After he retired from politics, Lee was appointed chair/chief executive officer of Multi-Purpose Holdings Bhd, Chair of Malaysian French Bank Bhd, and Chair of Industrial Oxygen Incorporated Bhd. He was also Chairman of Lee & Mok Sdn Bhd, Sunrise Bhd, Magerk Sdn Bhd, and Worldspan Travel (M) Sdn Bhd.[16]
Personal life
Lee married Mok Thye Yuen (Chinese: 莫泰媛) in 1962. They have two children.[3]
He received an Honorary Doctorate of Law from Campbell University, North Carolina, United States.[17]
Death
Election results
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | P095 Kluang Utara, Johore | Lee San Choon (MCA) | 5,985 | 56.92% | Wee Lee Fong (SF) | 4,530 | 43.08% | 10,594 | 1,455 | 77.99% | ||
| 1964 | P090 Segamat Selatan, Johore | Lee San Choon (MCA) | 11,355 | 63.33% | Chiu Siu Meng (SF) | 4,956 | 27.64% | 18,693 | 6,399 | 82.43% | ||
| Tan Luan Hong (UDP) | 1,619 | 9.03% | ||||||||||
| 1969 | Lee San Choon (MCA) | 14,470 | 73.63% | Abdul Rahman Abdul Rasool (IND) | 5,183 | 26.37% | 21,305 | 9,287 | 71.66% | |||
| 1974 | P100 Segamat, Johore | Lee San Choon (MCA) | 17,369 | 74.42% | Lee Ah Meng (DAP) | 5,971 | 25.58% | 24,298 | 11,398 | 81.28% | ||
| 1978 | Lee San Choon (MCA) | 22,098 | 82.22% | Abdul Hak Fadzil (PAS) | 4,780 | 17.78% | 17,318 | |||||
| 1982 | P091 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan | Lee San Choon (MCA) | 23,258 | 50.93% | Chen Man Hin (DAP) | 22,413 | 49.07% | 46,903 | 845 | 77.22% | ||
Honours
- Malaya :
- Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1963)[22]
- Malaysia :
- Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) – Tan Sri (1990)[23]
- Johor:
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) – Dato (1973)[24]
- Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor (SSIJ) – Dato (1977)[25]
Places named after him
- Dewan San Choon Wisma MCA, a Hall for the Annual General Meeting of Malaysian Chinese Association[26]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Wong Wun Bin (2012). Leo Suryadinata (ed.). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 534–536. ISBN 978-9814345217.
- ^ a b c . 马华公会 Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA). Archived from the original on 9 August 2011.
- ^ a b Wong, Win Bin (黄文斌) (2003). "李三春 时势英雄之得失功〉". In Ho Khai Leong (何启良) (ed.). 马来西亚华人历史与人物 政治篇 匡政与流变 (in Chinese). Kuala Lumpur: Centre for Malaysian Chinese Studies. pp. 200–242. ISBN 983-9673-72-6.
- ^ a b "大选撼赢曾敏兴如日中天李三春突引退未解之谜". Sinchew.com.my (in Chinese). 3 March 2023.
- ^ a b Edmund Terence Gomez (2012). Chinese Business in Malaysia: Accumulation, Ascendance, Accommodation. Routledge. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0415517379.
- ^ a b c d . Malaysian Chinese Association. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011.
- ^ "马华第四任总会长 李三春逝世". Orient Online. 3 March 2023.
- ^ "Tan Sri Lee San Choon (President April 1974 – March 1983)" (PDF). MCA.
- ^ a b c Ting Hui Lee (2011). Chinese Schools in Peninsular Malaysia: The Struggle for Survival. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 127–128. ISBN 9789814279215.
- ^ Diane K. Mauzy, R. S. Milne (1999). Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir. Routledge. p. 91. ISBN 978-0415171434.
- ^ "李三春与巫统谈判达"628方案" 大学新生土著55". Sinchew.com.my. 3 March 2023.
- ^ Harold A. Crouch (1982). Malaysia's 1982 General Election. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-9971902452.
- ^ Harold A. Crouch (1982). Malaysia's 1982 General Election. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 48. ISBN 978-9971902452.
- ^ "San Choon Resigns". New Straits Times. 24 March 1983.
- ^ Adbullah Ahmad (26 September 2000). "Backstabbing: Et tu San Choon?". New Straits Times.
- ^ "Annual Report 2001". Sunrise Berhad. p. 12 – via i3investor.
- ^ "Tan Sri Lee San Choon" (PDF). Malaysian Chinese Association.
- ^ "马华前总会长李三春与世长辞". Sinchew.com.my (in Chinese).
- ^ "Former MCA President Lee San Choon Passes Away". The Star. 3 March 2023.
- ^ "CLEA Lower Chamber Elections Archive". University of Michigan. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ . singapore-elections.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021.
- ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1963" (PDF).
- ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1990" (PDF).
- ^ Johore Sultan's Birthday List Parade. New Straits Times. 3 November 1973.
- ^ Kamdi Kamil, ed. (2014). Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar (English College) : Sejarah dan Biografi 100 Tokoh Melakar Kegemilangan (1st ed.). Johor Bahru: Percetakan Bumi Restu Sdn Bhd. p. 130. ISBN 978-983-42249-8-1. OCLC 892514524.
- ^ Hana Naz Harun (3 March 2023). "Former MCA president Lee San Choon dies". New Straits Times. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
External links
- "Tan Sri Lee San Choon" (PDF). Malaysian Chinese Association.
- . Malaysia Factbook. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013.