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LePage v. Center for Reproductive Medicine

April 12, 2024

James LePage, et al. v. The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Mobile Infirmary Association[a] is a 2024 Alabama Supreme Court case in which the court held that frozen embryos should be considered as living beings, allowing for in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics to be held liable for the accidental loss of embryos under Alabama's Wrongful Death of a Minor law.

LePage v. Center for Reproductive Medicine
CourtSupreme Court of Alabama
Full case nameJames LePage, Emily LePage, William Tripp Fonde, and Caroline Fonde v. The Center for Reproductive Medicine, P.C. and Mobile Infirmary Association d/b/a Mobile Infirmary Medical Center
Verdict8-1[1]
Citation(s)SC-2022-0515

The ruling was highly criticized from political speakers on both sides of the spectrum, particularly in the wake of the overturning of Roe v. Wade by the U.S. Supreme Court two years earlier. Several IVF clinics in the state suspended operations following the ruling.

Background edit

Embryo destruction incident edit

Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about 1 in 5 people are unable to get pregnant after a year of trying, with a recent survey reporting that 42% of all American adults indicated they have used or know someone who used fertility treatments.[3] In in vitro fertilization (IVF) a fertilized egg can be manufactured in a lab and cultivated for about five or six days to create a blastocyst that is then flash frozen with liquid nitrogen.[4] One round of IVF in Alabama can cost between $15,000 to $25,000.[5]

In 2020, a patient at the Center for Reproductive Medicine in Mobile, Alabama improperly accessed the cryogenic freezer where frozen embryos were stored, removing and dropping them on the floor after their hands suffered from cold burns.[6] Four parents—James and Emily LePage and Felicia and Scott Aysenne—sued against the Center for Reproductive Medicine, with William Tripp and Caroline Fonde serving as plaintiffs in LePage's lawsuit.[7]

Lower court rulings edit

The Mobile Circuit Court ruled in favor of the defendants.[7][5]

Alabama Supreme Court edit

On February 20, 2024, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that the state's Wrongful Death of a Minor Act covered frozen embryos, which allowed the case to return to the lower court to be ruled on the liability of the defendants.[7][8]

The ruling decision cited an 1872 Alabama state law that allowed for parents to sue over the death of a minor child, a right that applies to all unborn children regardless of their location. Therefore, if a frozen embryo is destroyed, those responsible could be sued under the Alabama Wrongful Death of a Minor law.[9] Justice Jay Mitchell wrote in the opinion that an unborn child is a child, without any exception based on developmental stage, physical location, or any other characteristics, concluding that nothing would therefore exclude unborn children located outside the uterus from the law.[10][11] Mitchell's opinion also referenced a 2018 amendment to the state constitution,[12] arguing that its approval showed that "the public policy of this state [is] to recognize and support the sanctity of unborn life and the rights of unborn children."[8]

Chief Justice Tom Parker wrote a concurring opinion to the ruling, citing the Bible's Book of Jeremiah and Book of Genesis; the Sixth Commandment; the Manhattan Declaration; as well as Christian theologians such as Thomas Aquinas and John Calvin.[13][14][15][16] Parker stated:

In summary, the theologically based view of the sanctity of life adopted by the People of Alabama encompasses the following: (1) God made every person in His image; (2) each person therefore has a value that far exceeds the ability of human beings to calculate; and (3) human life cannot be wrongfully destroyed without incurring the wrath of a holy God, who views the destruction of His image as an affront to Himself.[13]

Alabama's Human Life Protection Act, which states that it is a felony for a doctor to perform any type of abortion, was discussed by Justice Brady E. Mendheim in an opinion concurring with the result of the ruling decision.[16][17]

Impact edit

In vitro fertilization access edit

Following the Alabama Supreme Court's ruling, the University of Alabama at Birmingham announced that it was pausing in vitro fertilization treatments.[18] Two other IVF clinics also paused treatments following the ruling.[8] Alabama's attorney general Steve Marshall that he "has no intention of using the recent Alabama Supreme Court decision as a basis for prosecuting IVF families or providers."[19] The next day, an explosive device was detonated outside of Marshall's office in Montgomery, although no one was harmed in the incident.[20]

State lawmakers from both political parties reacted the same week to protect IVF. A bill with bipartisan support and backing from Alabama's governor Kay Ivey was introduced that "would provide that any fertilized human egg or human embryo that exists outside of a human uterus is not considered an unborn child or human being for any purpose under state law" and allow IVF clinics to proceed as normal.[21][22] On February 29, 2024, the two houses of the Alabama legislature passed similar bills, stating "no action, suit, or criminal prosecution for the damage to or death of an embryo shall be brought or maintained against any individual or entity when providing or receiving goods or services related to in vitro fertilization."[23] Ivey signed the law on March 6, 2024, with two of the IVF clinics stating they will immediately resume services.[24]

At the federal level, a bill called the Access to Family Building Act was introduced in both houses of Congress in January 2024, which would override any state law so as to offer additional protections to IVF clinics. The bill's co-sponsor Senator Tammy Duckworth urged action on the bill in light of the Alabama court ruling.[21] However, Senate Republicans blocked the bill during voting on February 28, 2024.[25]

According to David Schultz, professor of law at University of Minnesota, this ruling cannot be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, as the decision is solely an interpretation of Alabama state law. Schultz also argues that this ruling would have been possible prior to the overturning of federal abortion protection in the 2022 Dobbs decision, because it does not directly relate to abortion.[26]

2024 U.S. presidential election edit

The Alabama case was seen to have a potentially significant impact on the pending 2024 United States presidential election, following the U.S. Supreme Court decision to overturn Roe v. Wade in the 2022 case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. The Democratic party started to immediately add the issue of protecting IVF treatments to its campaign platform in addition to its fight to protect abortion and other womens' rights. President Joe Biden condemned the ruling, stating it was only possible due to the decision from Dobbs and that "the disregard for women's ability to make these decisions for themselves and their families is outrageous and unacceptable."[27][28][6] Vice President Kamala Harris said, "On the one hand, the proponents are saying that an individual doesn't have a right to end an unwanted pregnancy and, on the other hand, the individual does not have the right to start a family."[28][6]

Some members of the Republican party, already trying to push their stance on abortion to the background so as to draw votes from women and swing voters, were critical of the Alabama Supreme Court decision since it left no carve out to protect IVF.[28] [29] Former president Donald Trump, running in 2024 for a second term as president, stated that IVF should remain legal.[30] Nikki Haley, another Republican candidate, initially stated that "embryos are babies," but later said she would need to review the law, stating, "We don't want fertility treatments to shut down."[28] New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu and Tennessee Governor Bill Lee also spoke out against the decision.[27] Other Republican leaders in the U.S. House of Representatives praised the decision, having previously backed a bill that would codify that life begins at conception.[31]

Parker's concurrence and Christian nationalism edit

Chief Justice Tom Parker's concurring opinion rested heavily on Christian principles, leading to concern about his overall approach to judiciary duties. The same day of the decision, an interview with Parker was released where he expressed his beliefs in Christian nationalism and support of the Seven Mountain Mandate. Parker said in this interview, "God created government, and the fact that we have let it go into the possession of others, it's heartbreaking. That's why he is calling and equipping people to step back into these mountains right now."[32]

Parker's comments, in addition to his judicial opinion, have led to concern about the push of Christian nationalism by conservative politicians and the Republican party, and the attempted weakening of the separation of church and state.[32][33][34]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Decided with Felicia Burdick-Aysenne and Scott Aysenne v. The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Mobile Infirmary Association.[2]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Gunther, Brad (2024-02-16). "Alabama Supreme court rules in-vitro embryos are children". WPMI. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  2. ^ Brown, Elizabeth (February 21, 2024). "Frozen Embryos Are Now Children Under Alabama Law". Reason. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  3. ^ Moniuszko, Sara; Cohen, Paula (2024-02-21). "Alabama court ruled frozen embryos are children. Experts explain potential impacts to IVF treatment. - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  4. ^ Ungar, Laura (2024-02-22). "Alabama's frozen embryo ruling is now having its 1st effects | See what to expect". 6abc Philadelphia. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  5. ^ a b Hitson, Hadley (February 22, 2024). "Women reconsider IVF plans as fertility practices across Alabama pause procedures". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  6. ^ a b c Rabin, Roni; Ghorayshi, Azeen (February 20, 2024). "Alabama Rules Frozen Embryos Are Children, Raising Questions About Fertility Care". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c Hoffman, Jan (February 20, 2024). "Alabama Says Embryos in a Lab Are Children. What Are the Implications?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Pierson, Brendan (February 23, 2024). "Explainer: Alabama's highest court ruled frozen embryos are people. What is next?". Reuters. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  9. ^ Hitson, Hadley (February 22, 2024). "Women reconsider IVF plans as fertility practices across Alabama pause procedures". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  10. ^ Chandler, Kim (2024-02-20). "Warnings of the impact of fertility treatments in Alabama rush in after frozen embryo ruling". AP News. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  11. ^ Moniuszko, Sara; Cohen, Paula (2024-02-21). "Alabama court ruled frozen embryos are children. Experts explain potential impacts to IVF treatment. - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  12. ^ Ravitz, Jessica (November 7, 2018). "Two states passed abortion amendments to their constitutions in the midterm. What does that mean?". CNN. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  13. ^ a b Hughes, Trevor; Arshad, Minnah (February 22, 2024). "Alabama justice invoked 'the wrath of a holy God' in IVF opinion. Is that allowed?". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  14. ^ Hixenbaugh, Mike (February 22, 2024). "Alabama justice who ruled embryos are people says American law should be rooted in the Bible". NBC News. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  15. ^ Smith, Peter; Stanley, Tiffany (February 24, 2024). "Chief justice's Christian reasoning in IVF opinion sparks alarm over church-state separation". Associated Press. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  16. ^ a b Brown, Elizabeth (February 21, 2024). "Frozen Embryos Are Now Children Under Alabama Law". Reason. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  17. ^ Hughes, Trevor (February 21, 2024). "IVF supporters are 'freaking out' over Alabama court decision treating embryos as children". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  18. ^ "After Ruling, University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System Pauses I.V.F. Procedures".
  19. ^ Wolfe, Elizabeth; Gallagher, Dianne; Kallingal, Mallika (February 23, 2024). "Alabama attorney general's office says it has 'no intention' to prosecute IVF families, providers". CNN. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  20. ^ Shapiro, Emily (February 26, 2024). "Explosive detonated outside Alabama attorney general's office on Saturday". ABC News. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  21. ^ a b Howard, Jacquiline (February 24, 2024). "How the reversal of Roe v. Wade led to the Alabama Supreme Court ruling that frozen embryos are children". CNN. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  22. ^ Capelouto, Susanna; Gassiott, Kyle; Hodgin, Mary Scott (February 23, 2024). "Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey says she wants to protect IVF treatment after court ruling". NPR. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  23. ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/alabama-senate-house-pass-bills-protect-ivf-rcna141184
  24. ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/alabama-lawmakers-ivf-protection-bill-vote-rcna141710
  25. ^ Jalonick, Mary Clare; Groves, Stephen (February 28, 2024). "Republicans block Senate bill to protect nationwide access to IVF treatments". Associated Press. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  26. ^ "Embryo Ruling Doesn't Rely on Federal Cases, But May Erode Them". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  27. ^ a b Chidi, George (22 February 2024). "'Outrageous and unacceptable': Biden and Harris decry Alabama court ruling on IVF". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  28. ^ a b c d Zurcher, Anthony; McCausland, Phil (February 23, 2024). "Alabama IVF ruling a political gift for Democrats, headache for Republicans". BBC News. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  29. ^ Fox, Lauren; Zenona, Melenie (February 23, 2024). "GOP lawmakers and candidates race to distance themselves from Alabama court decision". CNN. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  30. ^ "Trump says he supports I.V.F. and calls for the treatment to remain legal-though this is in contradiction to his numerous past statements that he believes life begins at fertilization".
  31. ^ Metzger, Bryan (February 23, 2024). "125 House Republicans — including Speaker Mike Johnson — back a 'life at conception' bill without any IVF exception". Business Insider. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  32. ^ a b Hixenbaugh, Mike (February 22, 2024). "Alabama justice who ruled embryos are people says American law should be rooted in the Bible". NBC News. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  33. ^ Smith, Peter; Stanley, Tiffany (February 23, 2024). "Chief justice's Christian reasoning in IVF opinion sparks alarm over church-state separation". Associated Press. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  34. ^ Hughes, Trevor; Arshad, Minnah (February 22, 2024). "Alabama justice invoked 'the wrath of a holy God' in IVF opinion. Is that allowed?". USA Today. Retrieved February 25, 2024.

External links edit

  • Opinion by the Supreme Court of Alabama released on February 16, 2024

April 12, 2024
lepage, center, reproductive, medicine, james, lepage, center, reproductive, medicine, mobile, infirmary, association, 2024, alabama, supreme, court, case, which, court, held, that, frozen, embryos, should, considered, living, beings, allowing, vitro, fertiliz. James LePage et al v The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Mobile Infirmary Association a is a 2024 Alabama Supreme Court case in which the court held that frozen embryos should be considered as living beings allowing for in vitro fertilization IVF clinics to be held liable for the accidental loss of embryos under Alabama s Wrongful Death of a Minor law LePage v Center for Reproductive MedicineCourtSupreme Court of AlabamaFull case nameJames LePage Emily LePage William Tripp Fonde and Caroline Fonde v The Center for Reproductive Medicine P C and Mobile Infirmary Association d b a Mobile Infirmary Medical CenterVerdict8 1 1 Citation s SC 2022 0515The ruling was highly criticized from political speakers on both sides of the spectrum particularly in the wake of the overturning of Roe v Wade by the U S Supreme Court two years earlier Several IVF clinics in the state suspended operations following the ruling Contents 1 Background 1 1 Embryo destruction incident 1 2 Lower court rulings 2 Alabama Supreme Court 3 Impact 3 1 In vitro fertilization access 3 2 2024 U S presidential election 3 3 Parker s concurrence and Christian nationalism 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksBackground editEmbryo destruction incident edit Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about 1 in 5 people are unable to get pregnant after a year of trying with a recent survey reporting that 42 of all American adults indicated they have used or know someone who used fertility treatments 3 In in vitro fertilization IVF a fertilized egg can be manufactured in a lab and cultivated for about five or six days to create a blastocyst that is then flash frozen with liquid nitrogen 4 One round of IVF in Alabama can cost between 15 000 to 25 000 5 In 2020 a patient at the Center for Reproductive Medicine in Mobile Alabama improperly accessed the cryogenic freezer where frozen embryos were stored removing and dropping them on the floor after their hands suffered from cold burns 6 Four parents James and Emily LePage and Felicia and Scott Aysenne sued against the Center for Reproductive Medicine with William Tripp and Caroline Fonde serving as plaintiffs in LePage s lawsuit 7 Lower court rulings edit The Mobile Circuit Court ruled in favor of the defendants 7 5 Alabama Supreme Court editOn February 20 2024 the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that the state s Wrongful Death of a Minor Act covered frozen embryos which allowed the case to return to the lower court to be ruled on the liability of the defendants 7 8 The ruling decision cited an 1872 Alabama state law that allowed for parents to sue over the death of a minor child a right that applies to all unborn children regardless of their location Therefore if a frozen embryo is destroyed those responsible could be sued under the Alabama Wrongful Death of a Minor law 9 Justice Jay Mitchell wrote in the opinion that an unborn child is a child without any exception based on developmental stage physical location or any other characteristics concluding that nothing would therefore exclude unborn children located outside the uterus from the law 10 11 Mitchell s opinion also referenced a 2018 amendment to the state constitution 12 arguing that its approval showed that the public policy of this state is to recognize and support the sanctity of unborn life and the rights of unborn children 8 Chief Justice Tom Parker wrote a concurring opinion to the ruling citing the Bible s Book of Jeremiah and Book of Genesis the Sixth Commandment the Manhattan Declaration as well as Christian theologians such as Thomas Aquinas and John Calvin 13 14 15 16 Parker stated In summary the theologically based view of the sanctity of life adopted by the People of Alabama encompasses the following 1 God made every person in His image 2 each person therefore has a value that far exceeds the ability of human beings to calculate and 3 human life cannot be wrongfully destroyed without incurring the wrath of a holy God who views the destruction of His image as an affront to Himself 13 Alabama s Human Life Protection Act which states that it is a felony for a doctor to perform any type of abortion was discussed by Justice Brady E Mendheim in an opinion concurring with the result of the ruling decision 16 17 Impact editIn vitro fertilization access edit Following the Alabama Supreme Court s ruling the University of Alabama at Birmingham announced that it was pausing in vitro fertilization treatments 18 Two other IVF clinics also paused treatments following the ruling 8 Alabama s attorney general Steve Marshall that he has no intention of using the recent Alabama Supreme Court decision as a basis for prosecuting IVF families or providers 19 The next day an explosive device was detonated outside of Marshall s office in Montgomery although no one was harmed in the incident 20 State lawmakers from both political parties reacted the same week to protect IVF A bill with bipartisan support and backing from Alabama s governor Kay Ivey was introduced that would provide that any fertilized human egg or human embryo that exists outside of a human uterus is not considered an unborn child or human being for any purpose under state law and allow IVF clinics to proceed as normal 21 22 On February 29 2024 the two houses of the Alabama legislature passed similar bills stating no action suit or criminal prosecution for the damage to or death of an embryo shall be brought or maintained against any individual or entity when providing or receiving goods or services related to in vitro fertilization 23 Ivey signed the law on March 6 2024 with two of the IVF clinics stating they will immediately resume services 24 At the federal level a bill called the Access to Family Building Act was introduced in both houses of Congress in January 2024 which would override any state law so as to offer additional protections to IVF clinics The bill s co sponsor Senator Tammy Duckworth urged action on the bill in light of the Alabama court ruling 21 However Senate Republicans blocked the bill during voting on February 28 2024 25 According to David Schultz professor of law at University of Minnesota this ruling cannot be appealed to the U S Supreme Court as the decision is solely an interpretation of Alabama state law Schultz also argues that this ruling would have been possible prior to the overturning of federal abortion protection in the 2022 Dobbs decision because it does not directly relate to abortion 26 2024 U S presidential election edit The Alabama case was seen to have a potentially significant impact on the pending 2024 United States presidential election following the U S Supreme Court decision to overturn Roe v Wade in the 2022 case Dobbs v Jackson Women s Health Organization The Democratic party started to immediately add the issue of protecting IVF treatments to its campaign platform in addition to its fight to protect abortion and other womens rights President Joe Biden condemned the ruling stating it was only possible due to the decision from Dobbs and that the disregard for women s ability to make these decisions for themselves and their families is outrageous and unacceptable 27 28 6 Vice President Kamala Harris said On the one hand the proponents are saying that an individual doesn t have a right to end an unwanted pregnancy and on the other hand the individual does not have the right to start a family 28 6 Some members of the Republican party already trying to push their stance on abortion to the background so as to draw votes from women and swing voters were critical of the Alabama Supreme Court decision since it left no carve out to protect IVF 28 29 Former president Donald Trump running in 2024 for a second term as president stated that IVF should remain legal 30 Nikki Haley another Republican candidate initially stated that embryos are babies but later said she would need to review the law stating We don t want fertility treatments to shut down 28 New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu and Tennessee Governor Bill Lee also spoke out against the decision 27 Other Republican leaders in the U S House of Representatives praised the decision having previously backed a bill that would codify that life begins at conception 31 Parker s concurrence and Christian nationalism edit Chief Justice Tom Parker s concurring opinion rested heavily on Christian principles leading to concern about his overall approach to judiciary duties The same day of the decision an interview with Parker was released where he expressed his beliefs in Christian nationalism and support of the Seven Mountain Mandate Parker said in this interview God created government and the fact that we have let it go into the possession of others it s heartbreaking That s why he is calling and equipping people to step back into these mountains right now 32 Parker s comments in addition to his judicial opinion have led to concern about the push of Christian nationalism by conservative politicians and the Republican party and the attempted weakening of the separation of church and state 32 33 34 Notes edit Decided with Felicia Burdick Aysenne and Scott Aysenne v The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Mobile Infirmary Association 2 See also editComstock lawsReferences edit Gunther Brad 2024 02 16 Alabama Supreme court rules in vitro embryos are children WPMI Retrieved 2024 02 25 Brown Elizabeth February 21 2024 Frozen Embryos Are Now Children Under Alabama Law Reason Retrieved February 23 2024 Moniuszko Sara Cohen Paula 2024 02 21 Alabama court ruled frozen embryos are children Experts explain potential impacts to IVF treatment CBS News www cbsnews com Retrieved 2024 02 23 Ungar Laura 2024 02 22 Alabama s frozen embryo ruling is now having its 1st effects See what to expect 6abc Philadelphia Retrieved 2024 02 23 a b Hitson Hadley February 22 2024 Women reconsider IVF plans as fertility practices across Alabama pause procedures USA TODAY Retrieved 2024 02 23 a b c Rabin Roni Ghorayshi Azeen February 20 2024 Alabama Rules Frozen Embryos Are Children Raising Questions About Fertility Care The New York Times Retrieved February 23 2024 a b c Hoffman Jan February 20 2024 Alabama Says Embryos in a Lab Are Children What Are the Implications The New York Times Retrieved February 23 2024 a b c Pierson Brendan February 23 2024 Explainer Alabama s highest court ruled frozen embryos are people What is next Reuters Retrieved February 24 2024 Hitson Hadley February 22 2024 Women reconsider IVF plans as fertility practices across Alabama pause procedures USA TODAY Retrieved 2024 02 23 Chandler Kim 2024 02 20 Warnings of the impact of fertility treatments in Alabama rush in after frozen embryo ruling AP News Retrieved 2024 02 23 Moniuszko Sara Cohen Paula 2024 02 21 Alabama court ruled frozen embryos are children Experts explain potential impacts to IVF treatment CBS News www cbsnews com Retrieved 2024 02 23 Ravitz Jessica November 7 2018 Two states passed abortion amendments to their constitutions in the midterm What does that mean CNN Retrieved February 25 2024 a b Hughes Trevor Arshad Minnah February 22 2024 Alabama justice invoked the wrath of a holy God in IVF opinion Is that allowed USA TODAY Retrieved 2024 02 23 Hixenbaugh Mike February 22 2024 Alabama justice who ruled embryos are people says American law should be rooted in the Bible NBC News Retrieved February 22 2024 Smith Peter Stanley Tiffany February 24 2024 Chief justice s Christian reasoning in IVF opinion sparks alarm over church state separation Associated Press Retrieved February 26 2024 a b Brown Elizabeth February 21 2024 Frozen Embryos Are Now Children Under Alabama Law Reason Retrieved February 26 2024 Hughes Trevor February 21 2024 IVF supporters are freaking out over Alabama court decision treating embryos as children USA TODAY Retrieved 2024 02 23 After Ruling University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System Pauses I V F Procedures Wolfe Elizabeth Gallagher Dianne Kallingal Mallika February 23 2024 Alabama attorney general s office says it has no intention to prosecute IVF families providers CNN Retrieved February 25 2024 Shapiro Emily February 26 2024 Explosive detonated outside Alabama attorney general s office on Saturday ABC News Retrieved February 26 2024 a b Howard Jacquiline February 24 2024 How the reversal of Roe v Wade led to the Alabama Supreme Court ruling that frozen embryos are children CNN Retrieved February 25 2024 Capelouto Susanna Gassiott Kyle Hodgin Mary Scott February 23 2024 Alabama Gov Kay Ivey says she wants to protect IVF treatment after court ruling NPR Retrieved February 25 2024 https www nbcnews com politics alabama senate house pass bills protect ivf rcna141184 https www nbcnews com politics alabama lawmakers ivf protection bill vote rcna141710 Jalonick Mary Clare Groves Stephen February 28 2024 Republicans block Senate bill to protect nationwide access to IVF treatments Associated Press Retrieved February 28 2024 Embryo Ruling Doesn t Rely on Federal Cases But May Erode Them news bloomberglaw com Retrieved 2024 03 04 a b Chidi George 22 February 2024 Outrageous and unacceptable Biden and Harris decry Alabama court ruling on IVF The Guardian Retrieved 24 February 2024 a b c d Zurcher Anthony McCausland Phil February 23 2024 Alabama IVF ruling a political gift for Democrats headache for Republicans BBC News Retrieved February 24 2024 Fox Lauren Zenona Melenie February 23 2024 GOP lawmakers and candidates race to distance themselves from Alabama court decision CNN Retrieved February 24 2024 Trump says he supports I V F and calls for the treatment to remain legal though this is in contradiction to his numerous past statements that he believes life begins at fertilization Metzger Bryan February 23 2024 125 House Republicans including Speaker Mike Johnson back a life at conception bill without any IVF exception Business Insider Retrieved February 24 2024 a b Hixenbaugh Mike February 22 2024 Alabama justice who ruled embryos are people says American law should be rooted in the Bible NBC News Retrieved February 25 2024 Smith Peter Stanley Tiffany February 23 2024 Chief justice s Christian reasoning in IVF opinion sparks alarm over church state separation Associated Press Retrieved February 25 2024 Hughes Trevor Arshad Minnah February 22 2024 Alabama justice invoked the wrath of a holy God in IVF opinion Is that allowed USA Today Retrieved February 25 2024 External links editOpinion by the Supreme Court of Alabama released on February 16 2024 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title LePage v Center for Reproductive Medicine amp oldid 1216791018, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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