The laggar falcon (Falco jugger), also known as the lugger falcon or jugger (from Hindi जग्गर — jaggar, “falcon”) is a mid-sized bird of prey which occurs in the Indian subcontinent from extreme southeastern Iran, southeastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, through India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and northwestern Myanmar.
Laggar falcon juvenile in flight. Juvenile laggars are brown birds overall, very similar to juvenile saker falcons Falco cherrug. Markings on underparts vary from dark chocolaty brown to sparse brown blotches.
It resembles the lanner falcon but is darker overall, and has blackish "trousers" (tibiotarsus feathers). Fledglings have an almost entirely dark underside, and first-year subadult birds still retain much dark on the belly.
This species belongs to a close-knit complex of falcons known as hierofalcons. In this group, there is ample evidence for rampant hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting which confounds analyses of DNA sequence data to a massive extent; molecular studies with small sample sizes can simply not be expected to yield reliable conclusions in the entire hierofalcon group. The radiation of the entire living diversity of hierofalcons seems to have taken place in the Eemian interglacial at the start of the Late Pleistocene, a mere 130,000-115,000 years ago; the laggar falcon represents a lineage that arrived at its present range out of eastern Africa by way of the Arabian Peninsula which during that time had a more humid climate than today.[2]
Juvenile laggar falcon
Laggar falcons used to be the most common falcons in the region, but numbers have declined markedly in recent times and today it is probably nowhere a common species anymore. The main threats are the intensification of pesticide use in the region and use as a decoy to trap large falcons.
Laggar falcon with a just caught Indian spiny-tailed lizard (Saara hardwickii)
Classic plumage of an adult laggar falcon, with very plain whitish underparts, thin dark contrasting moustachial stripe, slight reddish head and bluish-gray upperparts. Bare parts darker yellow.
Laggar falcon pair. The darker-headed one on the left is an adult male and the paler-headed one is an adult female. Such variations are not unusual.
References
^ abBirdLife International (2020). "Falco jugger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22696492A181452933. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22696492A181452933.en. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
^Helbig et al. (1994), Wink et al. (1998), Wink et al. (2004), Nittinger et al. (2005)
Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; Brüning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D. & Wink, Michael (1994): Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene. In: Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.): Raptor conservation today: 593–599. PDF fulltext
Nittinger, F.; Haring, E.; Pinsker, W.; Wink, Michael & Gamauf, A. (2005): Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between Falco biarmicus and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research43(4): 321–331. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x PDF fulltext
Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). In: Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): Holarctic Birds of Prey: 29–48. Adenex & WWGBP. PDF fulltext
Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi; Ellis, David & Kenward, Robert (2004): Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon). In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.): Raptors Worldwide: 499–504. WWGBP, Berlin. PDF fulltext
External links
BirdLife Species factsheet
Sound recordings from Xeno-canto.org
March 05, 2023
laggar, falcon, laggar, falcon, falco, jugger, also, known, lugger, falcon, jugger, from, hindi, जग, गर, jaggar, falcon, sized, bird, prey, which, occurs, indian, subcontinent, from, extreme, southeastern, iran, southeastern, afghanistan, pakistan, through, in. The laggar falcon Falco jugger also known as the lugger falcon or jugger from Hindi जग गर jaggar falcon is a mid sized bird of prey which occurs in the Indian subcontinent from extreme southeastern Iran southeastern Afghanistan Pakistan through India Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh and northwestern Myanmar Laggar falconIn Rajasthan IndiaConservation statusNear Threatened IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix I CITES 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder FalconiformesFamily FalconidaeGenus FalcoSubgenus HierofalcoSpecies F juggerBinomial nameFalco juggerJ E Gray 1834Laggar falcon juvenile in flight Juvenile laggars are brown birds overall very similar to juvenile saker falcons Falco cherrug Markings on underparts vary from dark chocolaty brown to sparse brown blotches It resembles the lanner falcon but is darker overall and has blackish trousers tibiotarsus feathers Fledglings have an almost entirely dark underside and first year subadult birds still retain much dark on the belly This species belongs to a close knit complex of falcons known as hierofalcons In this group there is ample evidence for rampant hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting which confounds analyses of DNA sequence data to a massive extent molecular studies with small sample sizes can simply not be expected to yield reliable conclusions in the entire hierofalcon group The radiation of the entire living diversity of hierofalcons seems to have taken place in the Eemian interglacial at the start of the Late Pleistocene a mere 130 000 115 000 years ago the laggar falcon represents a lineage that arrived at its present range out of eastern Africa by way of the Arabian Peninsula which during that time had a more humid climate than today 2 Juvenile laggar falcon Laggar falcons used to be the most common falcons in the region but numbers have declined markedly in recent times and today it is probably nowhere a common species anymore The main threats are the intensification of pesticide use in the region and use as a decoy to trap large falcons Gallery Edit Adult bird Thar desert Rajasthan India Same as previous Same as previous feeding on Indian spiny tailed lizard Saara hardwickii The prey s spiny tail was not eaten Laggar falcon begins a swoop at Tal Chhapar Sanctuary India Egg of Falco jugger MHNT Laggar falcon with a just caught Indian spiny tailed lizard Saara hardwickii Classic plumage of an adult laggar falcon with very plain whitish underparts thin dark contrasting moustachial stripe slight reddish head and bluish gray upperparts Bare parts darker yellow Laggar falcon pair The darker headed one on the left is an adult male and the paler headed one is an adult female Such variations are not unusual References Edit a b BirdLife International 2020 Falco jugger IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T22696492A181452933 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T22696492A181452933 en Retrieved 5 February 2022 Helbig et al 1994 Wink et al 1998 Wink et al 2004 Nittinger et al 2005 Helbig A J Seibold I Bednarek W Bruning H Gaucher P Ristow D Scharlau W Schmidl D amp Wink Michael 1994 Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species genus Falco according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene In Meyburg B U amp Chancellor R D eds Raptor conservation today 593 599 PDF fulltext Nittinger F Haring E Pinsker W Wink Michael amp Gamauf A 2005 Out of Africa Phylogenetic relationships between Falco biarmicus and other hierofalcons Aves Falconidae Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43 4 321 331 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0469 2005 00326 x PDF fulltext Wink Michael Seibold I Lotfikhah F amp Bednarek W 1998 Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors Order Falconiformes In Chancellor R D Meyburg B U amp Ferrero J J eds Holarctic Birds of Prey 29 48 Adenex amp WWGBP PDF fulltext Wink Michael Sauer Gurth Hedi Ellis David amp Kenward Robert 2004 Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex Saker Gyr Lanner Laggar Falcon In Chancellor R D amp Meyburg B U eds Raptors Worldwide 499 504 WWGBP Berlin PDF fulltextExternal links EditBirdLife Species factsheet Sound recordings from Xeno canto org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Laggar falcon amp oldid 1109688698, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
