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LHCf experiment

December 20, 2023

The LHCf (Large Hadron Collider forward) is a special-purpose Large Hadron Collider experiment for astroparticle (cosmic ray) physics, and one of nine detectors in the LHC accelerator at CERN. LHCf is designed to study the particles generated in the forward region of collisions, those almost directly in line with the colliding proton beams.[1]

Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
Plan of the LHC experiments and the preaccelerators.
LHC experiments
ATLASA Toroidal LHC Apparatus
CMSCompact Muon Solenoid
LHCbLHC-beauty
ALICEA Large Ion Collider Experiment
TOTEMTotal Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation
LHCfLHC-forward
MoEDALMonopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC
FASERForwArd Search ExpeRiment
SNDScattering and Neutrino Detector
LHC preaccelerators
p and PbLinear accelerators for protons (Linac 4) and lead (Linac 3)
(not marked)Proton Synchrotron Booster
PSProton Synchrotron
SPSSuper Proton Synchrotron
The LHCf experiment in the LHC tunnel

Purpose edit

The LHCf is intended to measure the energy and numbers of neutral pions (
π0
) produced by the collider. This will hopefully help explain the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).[2][3] Detecting UHECRs is performed through observations of secondary particle showers produced when a UHECR interacts with the atmosphere. The LHCf experiment is designed to measure the very-forward region, where most of the energy flow of secondary particles is contained.[3]

The results produced by the LHCf experiment complement other high-energy cosmic ray measurements from the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina, and the Telescope Array Project in Utah.[4][5]

Experimental setup edit

The LHCf setup consists of two independent detectors on either side of the LHC, both 140 m from the ATLAS interaction point.[6][7] The detectors are referred to as Arm 1 and Arm 2 and are installed inside target neutral absorbers (TAN), which protect cryo-magnets from neutral particle debris from the interaction region.[8][9][10]

The two detectors have a common structure of two independent calorimeter towers, for photon and neutron measurements. The towers are made from tungsten absorber layers and scintillator layers, with a difference in the size of transverse sections for the two arms.[11] The calorimeter towers are used to measure incoming particle energy and to identify families of particles. Each detector has a tracking system: the Arm 1 system consists of four double-layers os scintillating fibres; Arm 2 consists of microstrip silicon layers.[12] The energy resolution for the detectors is over 3% for photons above 100 GeV and around 40% for neutrons.[13][3] The position resolution for Arm 1 and Arm 2 is 200 μm and 40 μm for photons respectively, and is around 1 mm for neutrons for both the detectors.[13][14][3]

Results edit

The first phase of data using the LHCf detectors was recorded in 2009-2013, as part of the LHC's Run 1.[15] The LHCf results at 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy showed good agreement with theoretical models for forward photon and neutral pion production. However, the results did not agree for the forward neutron production.[16][17]

LHCf was able to measure how the number of forward photons and neutrons varies with energy at new high energies. The results of the experiment agree with some theoretical models but disagree with other.[18][19][20]

The current focus of the LHCf is to look out for neutral kaons and neutral eta mesons, particles that include a strange quark. The theoretical models describing this interaction predict secondary muons, but the predicted numbers disagree with experimental data. The LHCf experiment hopes to resolve the "muon puzzle".[21][22]

External links edit

  •   Media related to LHCf experiment at Wikimedia Commons
  • LHCf experiment record on INSPIRE-HEP

References edit

  1. ^ "LHCf". CERN. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  2. ^ LHCf Collaboration; Adriani, O.; Berti, E.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; D’Alessandro, R.; Del Prete, M.; Haguenauer, M.; Itow, Y.; Iwata, T.; Kasahara, K.; Kawade, K.; Makino, Y.; Masuda, K.; Matsubayashi, E. (2016-08-22). "Measurements of longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions for neutral pions in the forward-rapidity region with the LHCf detector". Physical Review D. 94 (3): 032007. arXiv:1507.08764. Bibcode:2016PhRvD..94c2007A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.94.032007. S2CID 111375019.
  3. ^ a b c d Tiberio, Alessio; Adriani, O.; Berti, E.; Betti, P.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; D'Alessandro, R.; Haguenauer, M.; Itow, Y.; Kasahara, K.; Kondo, M.; Matsubara, Y.; Menjo, H.; Muraki, Y.; Ohashi, K. (2023-07-25). "The LHCF experiment at the Large Hadron Collider: Status and prospects". Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference. p. 444. doi:10.22323/1.444.0444.
  4. ^ Noda, K; Adriani, O; Bonechi, L; Bongi, M; et al. (Sep 2011). "The LHCf experiment". VI European Summer School on Experimental Nuclear Astrophysics.
  5. ^ . US/LHC. 2015-03-03. Archived from the original on 2015-03-03. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  6. ^ "LHCf: a tiny new experiment joins the LHC". CERN Courier. 2006-11-01. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  7. ^ Adriani, Oscar (9 Sep 2005). "The LHCf experiment at LHC" (PDF). Retrieved 7 Aug 2023.
  8. ^ Collaboration, The LHCf; Adriani, O; Bonechi, L; Bongi, M; Castellini, G; D'Alessandro, R; Faus, D A; Fukui, K; Grandi, M; Haguenauer, M; Itow, Y; Kasahara, K; Macina, D; Mase, T; Masuda, K (2008-08-14). "The LHCf detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider". Journal of Instrumentation. 3 (8): S08006. Bibcode:2008JInst...3S8006L. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08006. ISSN 1748-0221. S2CID 250679205.
  9. ^ Piparo, Giuseppe (2023-07-25). "Measurement of the very forward π0 and η meson productions in p-p collisions at √s=13 TeV with the LHCF detector". Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference. p. 447. doi:10.22323/1.444.0447.
  10. ^ Adriani, O.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; Castellini, G.; D'alessandro, R.; Haguenauer, M.; Iso, T.; Itow, Y.; Kasahara, K.; Kawade, K.; Masuda, K.; Menjo, H.; Mitsuka, G.; Muraki, Y.; Noda, K. (2013-10-10). "LHCf DETECTOR PERFORMANCE DURING THE 2009–2010 LHC RUN". International Journal of Modern Physics A. 28 (25): 1330036. Bibcode:2013IJMPA..2830036A. doi:10.1142/S0217751X13300366. ISSN 0217-751X.
  11. ^ Makino, Y.; Tiberio, A.; Adriani, O.; Berti, E.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; Caccia, Z.; D'Alessandro, R.; Prete, M. Del; Detti, S.; Haguenauer, M.; Itow, Y.; Iwata, T.; Kasahara, K.; Masuda, K. (2017-03-21). "Performance study for the photon measurements of the upgraded LHCf calorimeters with Gd 2 SiO 5 (GSO) scintillators". Journal of Instrumentation. 12 (3): P03023. Bibcode:2017JInst..12P3023M. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/P03023. ISSN 1748-0221. S2CID 125806123.
  12. ^ Bonechi, Lorenzo (2008-03-01). "LHCf: a LHC Detector for Astroparticle Physics". Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements. Proceedings of the Hadron Collider Physics Symposium 2007. 177–178: 263–264. Bibcode:2008NuPhS.177..263B. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2007.11.122. hdl:10261/9064. ISSN 0920-5632.
  13. ^ a b Makino, Y.; Tiberio, A.; Adriani, O.; Berti, E.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; Caccia, Z.; D'Alessandro, R.; Prete, M. Del; Detti, S.; Haguenauer, M.; Itow, Y.; Iwata, T.; Kasahara, K.; Masuda, K. (2017-03-21). "Performance study for the photon measurements of the upgraded LHCf calorimeters with Gd 2 SiO 5 (GSO) scintillators". Journal of Instrumentation. 12 (3): P03023. Bibcode:2017JInst..12P3023M. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/P03023. ISSN 1748-0221. S2CID 125806123.
  14. ^ Adriani, O; Bonechi, L; Bongi, M; Castellini, G; Ciaranfi, R; D'Alessandro, R; Grandi, M; Papini, P; Ricciarini, S; Tricomi, A; Viciani, A (2010-01-26). "The construction and testing of the silicon position sensitive modules for the LHCf experiment at CERN". Journal of Instrumentation. 5 (1): P01012. Bibcode:2010JInst...5.1012A. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/5/01/P01012. ISSN 1748-0221. S2CID 250686091.
  15. ^ "LHC report: Run 1 - the final flurry". CERN. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  16. ^ "Smaller LHC collaborations to analyse collisions at 13 TeV". CERN. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  17. ^ Adriani, O.; Berti, E.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; Castellini, G.; D'Alessandro, R.; Del Prete, M.; Haguenauer, M.; Itow, Y.; Kasahara, K.; Kawade, K.; Makino, Y.; Masuda, K.; Matsubayashi, E.; Menjo, H. (Nov 2015). "Measurement of very forward neutron energy spectra for 7 TeV proton--proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider". Physics Letters B. 750: 360–366. arXiv:1503.03505. Bibcode:2015PhLB..750..360A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2015.09.041. S2CID 118480688.
  18. ^ "LHCf gears up to probe birth of cosmic-ray showers". CERN. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  19. ^ Adriani, O.; Berti, E.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; D'Alessandro, R.; Haguenauer, M.; Itow, Y.; Iwata, T.; Kasahara, K.; Makino, Y.; Masuda, K.; Matsubayashi, E.; Menjo, H.; Muraki, Y.; Papini, P. (2018-05-10). "Measurement of forward photon production cross-section in proton–proton collisions at √s = 13TeV with the LHCf detector". Physics Letters B. 780: 233–239. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2017.12.050. ISSN 0370-2693. S2CID 53972544.
  20. ^ Adriani, O.; Berti, E.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; D’Alessandro, R.; Detti, S.; Haguenauer, M.; Itow, Y.; Kasahara, K.; Makino, Y.; Masuda, K.; Menjo, H.; Muraki, Y.; Ohashi, K.; Papini, P. (2018-11-12). "Measurement of inclusive forward neutron production cross section in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the LHCf Arm2 detector". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2018 (11): 73. doi:10.1007/JHEP11(2018)073. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 256045598.
  21. ^ "LHCf continues to investigate cosmic rays". CERN. 2023-07-21. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  22. ^ Albrecht, Johannes; Cazon, Lorenzo; Dembinski, Hans; Fedynitch, Anatoli; Kampert, Karl-Heinz; Pierog, Tanguy; Rhode, Wolfgang; Soldin, Dennis; Spaan, Bernhard; Ulrich, Ralf; Unger, Michael (2022-03-09). "The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider". Astrophysics and Space Science. 367 (3): 27. arXiv:2105.06148. Bibcode:2022Ap&SS.367...27A. doi:10.1007/s10509-022-04054-5. ISSN 1572-946X. S2CID 234482981.

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December 20, 2023
lhcf, experiment, lhcf, large, hadron, collider, forward, special, purpose, large, hadron, collider, experiment, astroparticle, cosmic, physics, nine, detectors, accelerator, cern, lhcf, designed, study, particles, generated, forward, region, collisions, those. The LHCf Large Hadron Collider forward is a special purpose Large Hadron Collider experiment for astroparticle cosmic ray physics and one of nine detectors in the LHC accelerator at CERN LHCf is designed to study the particles generated in the forward region of collisions those almost directly in line with the colliding proton beams 1 Large Hadron Collider LHC Plan of the LHC experiments and the preaccelerators LHC experimentsATLASA Toroidal LHC ApparatusCMSCompact Muon SolenoidLHCbLHC beautyALICEA Large Ion Collider ExperimentTOTEMTotal Cross Section Elastic Scattering and Diffraction DissociationLHCfLHC forwardMoEDALMonopole and Exotics Detector At the LHCFASERForwArd Search ExpeRimentSNDScattering and Neutrino DetectorLHC preacceleratorsp and PbLinear accelerators for protons Linac 4 and lead Linac 3 not marked Proton Synchrotron BoosterPSProton SynchrotronSPSSuper Proton Synchrotron The LHCf experiment in the LHC tunnelContents 1 Purpose 2 Experimental setup 3 Results 4 External links 5 ReferencesPurpose editThe LHCf is intended to measure the energy and numbers of neutral pions p0 produced by the collider This will hopefully help explain the origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays UHECRs 2 3 Detecting UHECRs is performed through observations of secondary particle showers produced when a UHECR interacts with the atmosphere The LHCf experiment is designed to measure the very forward region where most of the energy flow of secondary particles is contained 3 The results produced by the LHCf experiment complement other high energy cosmic ray measurements from the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina and the Telescope Array Project in Utah 4 5 Experimental setup editThe LHCf setup consists of two independent detectors on either side of the LHC both 140 m from the ATLAS interaction point 6 7 The detectors are referred to as Arm 1 and Arm 2 and are installed inside target neutral absorbers TAN which protect cryo magnets from neutral particle debris from the interaction region 8 9 10 The two detectors have a common structure of two independent calorimeter towers for photon and neutron measurements The towers are made from tungsten absorber layers and scintillator layers with a difference in the size of transverse sections for the two arms 11 The calorimeter towers are used to measure incoming particle energy and to identify families of particles Each detector has a tracking system the Arm 1 system consists of four double layers os scintillating fibres Arm 2 consists of microstrip silicon layers 12 The energy resolution for the detectors is over 3 for photons above 100 GeV and around 40 for neutrons 13 3 The position resolution for Arm 1 and Arm 2 is 200 mm and 40 mm for photons respectively and is around 1 mm for neutrons for both the detectors 13 14 3 Results editThe first phase of data using the LHCf detectors was recorded in 2009 2013 as part of the LHC s Run 1 15 The LHCf results at 7 TeV centre of mass energy showed good agreement with theoretical models for forward photon and neutral pion production However the results did not agree for the forward neutron production 16 17 LHCf was able to measure how the number of forward photons and neutrons varies with energy at new high energies The results of the experiment agree with some theoretical models but disagree with other 18 19 20 The current focus of the LHCf is to look out for neutral kaons and neutral eta mesons particles that include a strange quark The theoretical models describing this interaction predict secondary muons but the predicted numbers disagree with experimental data The LHCf experiment hopes to resolve the muon puzzle 21 22 External links edit nbsp Media related to LHCf experiment at Wikimedia Commons LHCf experiment record on INSPIRE HEPReferences edit LHCf CERN 2023 07 21 Retrieved 2023 08 07 LHCf Collaboration Adriani O Berti E Bonechi L Bongi M D Alessandro R Del Prete M Haguenauer M Itow Y Iwata T Kasahara K Kawade K Makino Y Masuda K Matsubayashi E 2016 08 22 Measurements of longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions for neutral pions in the forward rapidity region with the LHCf detector Physical Review D 94 3 032007 arXiv 1507 08764 Bibcode 2016PhRvD 94c2007A doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 94 032007 S2CID 111375019 a b c d Tiberio Alessio Adriani O Berti E Betti P Bonechi L Bongi M D Alessandro R Haguenauer M Itow Y Kasahara K Kondo M Matsubara Y Menjo H Muraki Y Ohashi K 2023 07 25 The LHCF experiment at the Large Hadron Collider Status and prospects Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference p 444 doi 10 22323 1 444 0444 Noda K Adriani O Bonechi L Bongi M et al Sep 2011 The LHCf experiment VI European Summer School on Experimental Nuclear Astrophysics What is LHCf US LHC 2015 03 03 Archived from the original on 2015 03 03 Retrieved 2023 08 08 LHCf a tiny new experiment joins the LHC CERN Courier 2006 11 01 Retrieved 2023 08 07 Adriani Oscar 9 Sep 2005 The LHCf experiment at LHC PDF Retrieved 7 Aug 2023 Collaboration The LHCf Adriani O Bonechi L Bongi M Castellini G D Alessandro R Faus D A Fukui K Grandi M Haguenauer M Itow Y Kasahara K Macina D Mase T Masuda K 2008 08 14 The LHCf detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider Journal of Instrumentation 3 8 S08006 Bibcode 2008JInst 3S8006L doi 10 1088 1748 0221 3 08 S08006 ISSN 1748 0221 S2CID 250679205 Piparo Giuseppe 2023 07 25 Measurement of the very forward p0 and h meson productions in p p collisions at s 13 TeV with the LHCF detector Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference p 447 doi 10 22323 1 444 0447 Adriani O Bonechi L Bongi M Castellini G D alessandro R Haguenauer M Iso T Itow Y Kasahara K Kawade K Masuda K Menjo H Mitsuka G Muraki Y Noda K 2013 10 10 LHCf DETECTOR PERFORMANCE DURING THE 2009 2010 LHC RUN International Journal of Modern Physics A 28 25 1330036 Bibcode 2013IJMPA 2830036A doi 10 1142 S0217751X13300366 ISSN 0217 751X Makino Y Tiberio A Adriani O Berti E Bonechi L Bongi M Caccia Z D Alessandro R Prete M Del Detti S Haguenauer M Itow Y Iwata T Kasahara K Masuda K 2017 03 21 Performance study for the photon measurements of the upgraded LHCf calorimeters with Gd 2 SiO 5 GSO scintillators Journal of Instrumentation 12 3 P03023 Bibcode 2017JInst 12P3023M doi 10 1088 1748 0221 12 03 P03023 ISSN 1748 0221 S2CID 125806123 Bonechi Lorenzo 2008 03 01 LHCf a LHC Detector for Astroparticle Physics Nuclear Physics B Proceedings Supplements Proceedings of the Hadron Collider Physics Symposium 2007 177 178 263 264 Bibcode 2008NuPhS 177 263B doi 10 1016 j nuclphysbps 2007 11 122 hdl 10261 9064 ISSN 0920 5632 a b Makino Y Tiberio A Adriani O Berti E Bonechi L Bongi M Caccia Z D Alessandro R Prete M Del Detti S Haguenauer M Itow Y Iwata T Kasahara K Masuda K 2017 03 21 Performance study for the photon measurements of the upgraded LHCf calorimeters with Gd 2 SiO 5 GSO scintillators Journal of Instrumentation 12 3 P03023 Bibcode 2017JInst 12P3023M doi 10 1088 1748 0221 12 03 P03023 ISSN 1748 0221 S2CID 125806123 Adriani O Bonechi L Bongi M Castellini G Ciaranfi R D Alessandro R Grandi M Papini P Ricciarini S Tricomi A Viciani A 2010 01 26 The construction and testing of the silicon position sensitive modules for the LHCf experiment at CERN Journal of Instrumentation 5 1 P01012 Bibcode 2010JInst 5 1012A doi 10 1088 1748 0221 5 01 P01012 ISSN 1748 0221 S2CID 250686091 LHC report Run 1 the final flurry CERN 2023 07 21 Retrieved 2023 08 08 Smaller LHC collaborations to analyse collisions at 13 TeV CERN 2023 07 21 Retrieved 2023 08 08 Adriani O Berti E Bonechi L Bongi M Castellini G D Alessandro R Del Prete M Haguenauer M Itow Y Kasahara K Kawade K Makino Y Masuda K Matsubayashi E Menjo H Nov 2015 Measurement of very forward neutron energy spectra for 7 TeV proton proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider Physics Letters B 750 360 366 arXiv 1503 03505 Bibcode 2015PhLB 750 360A doi 10 1016 j physletb 2015 09 041 S2CID 118480688 LHCf gears up to probe birth of cosmic ray showers CERN 2023 07 21 Retrieved 2023 08 08 Adriani O Berti E Bonechi L Bongi M D Alessandro R Haguenauer M Itow Y Iwata T Kasahara K Makino Y Masuda K Matsubayashi E Menjo H Muraki Y Papini P 2018 05 10 Measurement of forward photon production cross section in proton proton collisions at s 13TeV with the LHCf detector Physics Letters B 780 233 239 doi 10 1016 j physletb 2017 12 050 ISSN 0370 2693 S2CID 53972544 Adriani O Berti E Bonechi L Bongi M D Alessandro R Detti S Haguenauer M Itow Y Kasahara K Makino Y Masuda K Menjo H Muraki Y Ohashi K Papini P 2018 11 12 Measurement of inclusive forward neutron production cross section in proton proton collisions at s 13 TeV with the LHCf Arm2 detector Journal of High Energy Physics 2018 11 73 doi 10 1007 JHEP11 2018 073 ISSN 1029 8479 S2CID 256045598 LHCf continues to investigate cosmic rays CERN 2023 07 21 Retrieved 2023 08 08 Albrecht Johannes Cazon Lorenzo Dembinski Hans Fedynitch Anatoli Kampert Karl Heinz Pierog Tanguy Rhode Wolfgang Soldin Dennis Spaan Bernhard Ulrich Ralf Unger Michael 2022 03 09 The Muon Puzzle in cosmic ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider Astrophysics and Space Science 367 3 27 arXiv 2105 06148 Bibcode 2022Ap amp SS 367 27A doi 10 1007 s10509 022 04054 5 ISSN 1572 946X S2CID 234482981 46 14 09 N 6 03 18 E 46 23583 N 6 05500 E 46 23583 6 05500 nbsp This particle physics related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title LHCf experiment amp oldid 1187661522, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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