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Camp Boiro

October 31, 2023

Camp Boiro or Camp Mamadou Boiro (1960–1984) is a defunct Guinean concentration camp within Conakry city. During the regime of President Ahmed Sékou Touré, thousands of political opponents were imprisoned at the camp.[1] It has been estimated that almost 5,000 people were executed or died from torture or starvation at the camp.[2] According to other estimates, the number of victims was ten times higher: 50,000.[3]

Camp Boiro
Camp Boiro
Map of Guinea showing the location of Camp Boiro, Conakry.
Coordinates: 9°32′13″N 13°41′08″W / 9.53694°N 13.68556°W / 9.53694; -13.68556
Country Guinea
RegionConakry Region

Early years edit

 
Ahmed Sékou Touré

Sékou Touré became president of Guinea when the country gained independence from France in 1958. Over the years that followed, his regime became increasingly repressive, persecuting opposition leaders and dissidents from within the ruling Guinean Democratic Party (PDG).[1] The camp, situated in the center of Conakry, was originally called Camp Camyenne.[4] It housed the Republican Guard under French colonial rule. The political prison block in the camp was constructed with assistance from the Czechoslovak government. In 1961 the commandant had the windows reduced in size, since they were too large for condemned men.[5] The camp was renamed Camp Mamadou Boiro in 1969 in honor of a police commissioner who had been thrown from a helicopter in which he was transporting prisoners from Labé to Conakry.[4]

The camp was used to dispose of Touré's opponents. Achkar Marof, actor and former Guinean ambassador to the United Nations, was recalled to Guinea in 1968, arrested and jailed at Camp Boiro. He briefly gained his freedom in the 1970 coup attempt. His family learned in 1985 that he had been shot on 26 January 1971.[6] The so-called Labé plot, linked to French imperialism, was uncovered in February 1969. Touré used this plot to purge the army and execute at least 13 people.[7] A total of 87 people were arrested and detained in the camp, including the Minister of Economy & Finance, Diawadou Barry. Two, Mouctar Diallo and Namory Keïta, died of starvation and dehydration only days after their arrest.[8] Fodéba Keïta, former Minister of Defense, was also arrested for alleged complicity in the Labé plot. He was shot after forced starvation on 27 May 1969.[9]

Aftermath of 1970 coup attempt edit

On 21 November 1970, the Portuguese Armed Forces based in the neighbor Portuguese Guinea, assisted by Guinean oppositionists, executed the Operation Green Sea, an amphibious raid against Conakry aimed to achieve several military and political objectives, including the liberation of Portuguese POWs and the attempt to overthrow the Touré regime. They captured Camp Boiro and liberated the prisoners. The camp commandant Siaka Touré managed to hide, but General Lansana Diané, minister of Defence, was captured. He later escaped and took refuge with the ambassador of Algeria. The coup attempt failed, and in the aftermath many opponents of the regime were rounded up and imprisoned in Camp Boiro.[10] On 23 December 1970, the Bishop of Conakry, Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo, was arrested, and subsequently made a "confession".[11] Tchidimbo later wrote a book about his 8-year, 8-month stay at the camp.[12]Alassane Diop, who was Senegalese in origin, a former Minister of Information in Guinea was arrested and held in Camp Boiro for ten years, returning to Senegal after his release.[13]

 
Loffo Camara, one of the victims, in West Germany, 1962

The prisoners were given little food other than a scrap of bread the size of a box of matches in the morning, and a ladle of plain rice cooked in dirty water in the evening. There was never any meat except on days when Touré was performing some sacrifice.[14] Starting in January 1971 the prisoners were interrogated by a Revolutionary Committee headed by Ismaël Touré, half-brother of Sékou Touré and minister of the Economy.[15] Some prisoners were placed on the "black diet", meaning no food or water until they died. [16] Prisoners could only show their courage by refusing to confess during torture sessions, and refusing to beg for food when placed on the black diet.[17]Loffo Camara, former Secretary of State for Social Affairs, was hanged on 25 January 1971, the only woman killed at that time.[18] According to El Hadj Ibrahima Diane, an inmate for many years, from June 1972 until August 1973 at least four corpses were taken from the cells each day and thrown into mass graves in the rear yard of the prison.[19]

In 1975, France agreed to restore diplomatic relations after French prisoners were released from the camp. This reduced pressure on Touré. The book Prison D'Afrique by Jean-Paul Alata, a survivor from the camp, was banned from publication in France and had to be printed in Belgium.[20] Further incarcerations followed in the ensuing years. Diallo Telli was a popular politician, loyal to the regime, and former Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).[21] He returned to Guinea in 1972 and was appointed Minister of Justice. On 18 July 1976, Diallo Telli was arrested at his home and imprisoned at Camp Boiro.[22] In February 1977 five prominent prisoners were eliminated through the black diet: Diallo Telli, ex-ministers Barry Alpha Oumar, Dramé Alioune and Fode Cisse, and army officers Diallo Alhassana and Kouyate Laminé. The next month five more people died of starvation.[23][24]

The arrests and deaths continued. In August 1979 Bah Mamadou, an expatriate from Labé who had moved to France, returned to visit his family. Entering the country from Senegal, all occupants of his vehicle were arrested and jailed at Camp Boiro. Eight of the travellers - all but Bah Mahmoud himself - had died of the black diet within a month.[25] In September 1983 the government announced they had uncovered a plot to sabotage a meeting of the OAU planned to be held in Conakry the next year. Eighty one people were incarcerated in Camp Boiro.[26]

Legacy edit

 
Entrance of Camp Boiro (2019)

After the death of Sékou Touré in 1984, the military took power in a coup d'état and released many of the political prisoners at Camp Boiro.[27] Many of the leaders of the former regime were imprisoned, and later executed.[28] In the years that followed, the association of Victims of Camp Boiro fought for many years to maintain the memory of what had happened.[29] The council of ministers issued a communique on 27 August 1991 for renovation of the camp and construction of a memorial to all the victims, but no action followed.[30] The Association was forbidden to establish a museum in the former camp.[31] In a 2007 interview, Bobo Dieng, a former senior official in the Touré government, stated that there had been just 117 deaths at the camp.[32] It was not until 2009 that the interim president Moussa Dadis Camara met the members of the association. That year, demolition of the camp buildings began, but it was not known whether a memorial would be erected.[29] As of 2010, there had been no commission of inquiry, and all documents about the camp were inaccessible or had been destroyed.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b HRW 2007, pp. 8.
  2. ^ USCongress 2007, pp. 31.
  3. ^ Les victimes du camp Boiro empêchées de manifester, Radio France internationale 27 March 2008 (in French)
  4. ^ a b Gomez 2010, pp. 56.
  5. ^ Bari 2003, pp. 24.
  6. ^ Gabara 2006, pp. 141.
  7. ^ O'Toole & Baker 2005, pp. 196.
  8. ^ Gomez 2010, pp. 85.
  9. ^ Jahn, Schild & Seiler 1972, pp. 131.
  10. ^ Diallo 2004, pp. 24ff.
  11. ^ Lewin 2010, pp. 32.
  12. ^ Tchidimbo 1987, pp. 1ff.
  13. ^ Lewin 2010, pp. 251.
  14. ^ Bari 2003, pp. 23ff.
  15. ^ Bari 2003, pp. 17ff.
  16. ^ Huband 1998, pp. 90.
  17. ^ Iliffe 2005, pp. 350.
  18. ^ Diallo 1983, pp. 43.
  19. ^ Conde & Diallo 2001, pp. 41.
  20. ^ Gomez 2010, pp. 61–62.
  21. ^ Diawara 2000, pp. 20.
  22. ^ Mbouguen.
  23. ^ Gomez 2010, pp. 94.
  24. ^ Diallo 1983, pp. 77ff.
  25. ^ Gomez 2010, pp. 95.
  26. ^ Gomez 2010, pp. 97.
  27. ^ HRW 2007, pp. 9.
  28. ^ Grinker, Lubkemann & Steiner 2010, pp. 635.
  29. ^ a b Ham 2009, pp. 403.
  30. ^ Conde & Diallo 2001, pp. 70.
  31. ^ Allamok 2008, pp. 273.
  32. ^ Camara 2007, pp. 231.

Referenced books edit

  • Bari, Nadine (2003). . KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 2-84586-452-3. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
  • Camara, Mohamed Saliou (2007). Le pouvoir politique en Guinée sous Sékou Touré. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-03299-6.
  • Conde, Julien; Diallo, Abdoulaye (2001). Une ambition pour la Guinée. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7475-1719-5.
  • Diallo, Amadou (1983). . KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 2-86537-072-0. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Diallo, Alpha-Abdoulaye (2004). . Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7475-7493-8. Archived from the original on 2014-11-25. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Diawara, Manthia (2000). In search of Africa. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00408-6.
  • Allamok, Egyesült (2008). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007. Government Printing Office. U.S. Senate.
  • Gabara, Rachel (2006). From split to screened selves: French and Francophone autobiography in the third person. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5356-3.
  • Goerg, Odile; Pauthier, CELINE; Diallo, Abdoulaye (2010). Le non de la Guinée, 1958: entre mythe, relecture historique et résonances contemporaines. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-11331-2.
  • Gomez, Alsény René (2010). La Guinée peut-elle être changée?. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-11963-5.
  • Gomez, Alsény René (2007). . Editions L'Harmattan. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Grinker, Roy Richard; Lubkemann, Stephen C.; Steiner, Christopher B. (2010). Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation. John Wiley and Sons. p. 635. ISBN 978-1-4051-9060-2.
  • Ham, Anthony (2009). West Africa. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-821-6.
  • Huband, Mark (1998). The Liberian Civil War. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4785-3.
  • GUINEA Dying for Change Brutality and Repression by Guinean Security Forces in Response to a Nationwide Strike. Human Rights Watch. April 2007.
  • Iliffe, John (2005). Honour in African history. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83785-5.
  • Jahn, Janheinz; Schild, Ulla; Seiler, Almut Nordmann (1972). Who's who in African literature: biographies, works, commentaries. H. Erdmann. ISBN 3-7711-0153-0.
  • Lewin, André (1990). . Jeune Afrique Livres. Archived from the original on 2007-01-18. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Lewin, André (2010). Ahmed Sékou Touré (1922-1984) Président de la Guinée de 1958 à 1984. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-11254-4.
  • Mbouguen, Hervé. "Boubacar Diallo Telli". Grioo. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  • O'Toole, Thomas; Baker, Janice E. (2005). Historical dictionary of Guinea. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4634-9.
  • Tchidimbo, Raymond-Marie (1987). . Fayard. ISBN 2-213-01887-1. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • U.S.Congress. Prospects for peace in Guinea : hearing. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 1-4223-2331-5.

Further reading edit

  • Jean-Paul Alata (1976). . Editions Le Seuil. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Hervé Hamon et Patrick Rotman. (1977). . Editions Le Seuil. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Jean-François Alata (1992). . Editions L'Harmattan l. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • Ardo Ousmane Bâ (1986). . Editions L'Harmattanl. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Almamy Fodé Sylla (1985). . Editions ERTI. Archived from the original on 2014-12-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Charles E. Sorry (1999). . Editions L'Harmattan. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Claude Abou Diakité (1972). . Editions D.A.C. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • Thierno Bah (1996). . Editions Karhtala. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • Thierno Bah (2009). 1954-1984, trente ans de violence politique en Guinée. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-07282-4.
  • Camara Kaba 41 (1998). . Editions L'Harmattan. Archived from the original on 2014-12-25. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Kindo Touré (1987). . Editions L'Harmattan. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Mamadou Kolon Diallo (2011). . Phoenix Press International. Archived from the original on 2017-06-10. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • Keita Koumandian (1984). . Editions Nubia. Archived from the original on 2014-11-18. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Lamine Kamara (2012). . Editions L'Harmattan. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • Mahmoud Bah (1990). . Editions L'Harmattan. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Adolf Marx (1976). . Derscheider Verlag. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Maurice Jeanjean (2005). . Editions L'Harmatan. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  • Nadine Bari (2003). . Editions Karthala. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
  • Nadine Bari (1986). . Éditions du Centurion. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • Nadine Bari (1994). . Editions Karthala. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • Nuria Mares i Vidal (2012). . Editions Publibook. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  • Sako Kondé (1974). . Editions La Pensée universelle. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2011-03-18.

External links edit

  • Camp Boiro Memorial (in French and English)

Movies edit

  • La danse avec l'aveugle. 1978
  • 1991

October 31, 2023
camp, boiro, camp, mamadou, boiro, 1960, 1984, defunct, guinean, concentration, camp, within, conakry, city, during, regime, president, ahmed, sékou, touré, thousands, political, opponents, were, imprisoned, camp, been, estimated, that, almost, people, were, e. Camp Boiro or Camp Mamadou Boiro 1960 1984 is a defunct Guinean concentration camp within Conakry city During the regime of President Ahmed Sekou Toure thousands of political opponents were imprisoned at the camp 1 It has been estimated that almost 5 000 people were executed or died from torture or starvation at the camp 2 According to other estimates the number of victims was ten times higher 50 000 3 Camp BoiroCamp BoiroMap of Guinea showing the location of Camp Boiro Conakry Coordinates 9 32 13 N 13 41 08 W 9 53694 N 13 68556 W 9 53694 13 68556Country GuineaRegionConakry Region Contents 1 Early years 2 Aftermath of 1970 coup attempt 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Referenced books 6 Further reading 7 External links 8 MoviesEarly years edit nbsp Ahmed Sekou ToureSekou Toure became president of Guinea when the country gained independence from France in 1958 Over the years that followed his regime became increasingly repressive persecuting opposition leaders and dissidents from within the ruling Guinean Democratic Party PDG 1 The camp situated in the center of Conakry was originally called Camp Camyenne 4 It housed the Republican Guard under French colonial rule The political prison block in the camp was constructed with assistance from the Czechoslovak government In 1961 the commandant had the windows reduced in size since they were too large for condemned men 5 The camp was renamed Camp Mamadou Boiro in 1969 in honor of a police commissioner who had been thrown from a helicopter in which he was transporting prisoners from Labe to Conakry 4 The camp was used to dispose of Toure s opponents Achkar Marof actor and former Guinean ambassador to the United Nations was recalled to Guinea in 1968 arrested and jailed at Camp Boiro He briefly gained his freedom in the 1970 coup attempt His family learned in 1985 that he had been shot on 26 January 1971 6 The so called Labe plot linked to French imperialism was uncovered in February 1969 Toure used this plot to purge the army and execute at least 13 people 7 A total of 87 people were arrested and detained in the camp including the Minister of Economy amp Finance Diawadou Barry Two Mouctar Diallo and Namory Keita died of starvation and dehydration only days after their arrest 8 Fodeba Keita former Minister of Defense was also arrested for alleged complicity in the Labe plot He was shot after forced starvation on 27 May 1969 9 Aftermath of 1970 coup attempt editOn 21 November 1970 the Portuguese Armed Forces based in the neighbor Portuguese Guinea assisted by Guinean oppositionists executed the Operation Green Sea an amphibious raid against Conakry aimed to achieve several military and political objectives including the liberation of Portuguese POWs and the attempt to overthrow the Toure regime They captured Camp Boiro and liberated the prisoners The camp commandant Siaka Toure managed to hide but General Lansana Diane minister of Defence was captured He later escaped and took refuge with the ambassador of Algeria The coup attempt failed and in the aftermath many opponents of the regime were rounded up and imprisoned in Camp Boiro 10 On 23 December 1970 the Bishop of Conakry Raymond Marie Tchidimbo was arrested and subsequently made a confession 11 Tchidimbo later wrote a book about his 8 year 8 month stay at the camp 12 Alassane Diop who was Senegalese in origin a former Minister of Information in Guinea was arrested and held in Camp Boiro for ten years returning to Senegal after his release 13 nbsp Loffo Camara one of the victims in West Germany 1962The prisoners were given little food other than a scrap of bread the size of a box of matches in the morning and a ladle of plain rice cooked in dirty water in the evening There was never any meat except on days when Toure was performing some sacrifice 14 Starting in January 1971 the prisoners were interrogated by a Revolutionary Committee headed by Ismael Toure half brother of Sekou Toure and minister of the Economy 15 Some prisoners were placed on the black diet meaning no food or water until they died 16 Prisoners could only show their courage by refusing to confess during torture sessions and refusing to beg for food when placed on the black diet 17 Loffo Camara former Secretary of State for Social Affairs was hanged on 25 January 1971 the only woman killed at that time 18 According to El Hadj Ibrahima Diane an inmate for many years from June 1972 until August 1973 at least four corpses were taken from the cells each day and thrown into mass graves in the rear yard of the prison 19 In 1975 France agreed to restore diplomatic relations after French prisoners were released from the camp This reduced pressure on Toure The book Prison D Afrique by Jean Paul Alata a survivor from the camp was banned from publication in France and had to be printed in Belgium 20 Further incarcerations followed in the ensuing years Diallo Telli was a popular politician loyal to the regime and former Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity OAU 21 He returned to Guinea in 1972 and was appointed Minister of Justice On 18 July 1976 Diallo Telli was arrested at his home and imprisoned at Camp Boiro 22 In February 1977 five prominent prisoners were eliminated through the black diet Diallo Telli ex ministers Barry Alpha Oumar Drame Alioune and Fode Cisse and army officers Diallo Alhassana and Kouyate Lamine The next month five more people died of starvation 23 24 The arrests and deaths continued In August 1979 Bah Mamadou an expatriate from Labe who had moved to France returned to visit his family Entering the country from Senegal all occupants of his vehicle were arrested and jailed at Camp Boiro Eight of the travellers all but Bah Mahmoud himself had died of the black diet within a month 25 In September 1983 the government announced they had uncovered a plot to sabotage a meeting of the OAU planned to be held in Conakry the next year Eighty one people were incarcerated in Camp Boiro 26 Legacy edit nbsp Entrance of Camp Boiro 2019 After the death of Sekou Toure in 1984 the military took power in a coup d etat and released many of the political prisoners at Camp Boiro 27 Many of the leaders of the former regime were imprisoned and later executed 28 In the years that followed the association of Victims of Camp Boiro fought for many years to maintain the memory of what had happened 29 The council of ministers issued a communique on 27 August 1991 for renovation of the camp and construction of a memorial to all the victims but no action followed 30 The Association was forbidden to establish a museum in the former camp 31 In a 2007 interview Bobo Dieng a former senior official in the Toure government stated that there had been just 117 deaths at the camp 32 It was not until 2009 that the interim president Moussa Dadis Camara met the members of the association That year demolition of the camp buildings began but it was not known whether a memorial would be erected 29 As of 2010 there had been no commission of inquiry and all documents about the camp were inaccessible or had been destroyed See also editList of buildings and structures in GuineaReferences edit a b HRW 2007 pp 8 USCongress 2007 pp 31 Les victimes du camp Boiro empechees de manifester Radio France internationale 27 March 2008 in French a b Gomez 2010 pp 56 Bari 2003 pp 24 Gabara 2006 pp 141 O Toole amp Baker 2005 pp 196 Gomez 2010 pp 85 Jahn Schild amp Seiler 1972 pp 131 Diallo 2004 pp 24ff Lewin 2010 pp 32 Tchidimbo 1987 pp 1ff Lewin 2010 pp 251 Bari 2003 pp 23ff Bari 2003 pp 17ff Huband 1998 pp 90 Iliffe 2005 pp 350 Diallo 1983 pp 43 Conde amp Diallo 2001 pp 41 Gomez 2010 pp 61 62 Diawara 2000 pp 20 Mbouguen Gomez 2010 pp 94 Diallo 1983 pp 77ff Gomez 2010 pp 95 Gomez 2010 pp 97 HRW 2007 pp 9 Grinker Lubkemann amp Steiner 2010 pp 635 a b Ham 2009 pp 403 Conde amp Diallo 2001 pp 70 Allamok 2008 pp 273 Camara 2007 pp 231 Referenced books edit Bari Nadine 2003 Guinee les cailloux de la memoire KARTHALA Editions ISBN 2 84586 452 3 Archived from the original on 2017 11 22 Retrieved 2015 02 13 Camara Mohamed Saliou 2007 Le pouvoir politique en Guinee sous Sekou Toure Editions L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 296 03299 6 Conde Julien Diallo Abdoulaye 2001 Une ambition pour la Guinee Editions L Harmattan ISBN 2 7475 1719 5 Diallo Amadou 1983 La mort de Diallo Telli KARTHALA Editions ISBN 2 86537 072 0 Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Diallo Alpha Abdoulaye 2004 Dix ans dans les geoles de Sekou Toure ou La verite du ministre Editions L Harmattan ISBN 2 7475 7493 8 Archived from the original on 2014 11 25 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Diawara Manthia 2000 In search of Africa Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 00408 6 Allamok Egyesult 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 Government Printing Office U S Senate Gabara Rachel 2006 From split to screened selves French and Francophone autobiography in the third person Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 5356 3 Goerg Odile Pauthier CELINE Diallo Abdoulaye 2010 Le non de la Guinee 1958 entre mythe relecture historique et resonances contemporaines Editions L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 296 11331 2 Gomez Alseny Rene 2010 La Guinee peut elle etre changee Editions L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 296 11963 5 Gomez Alseny Rene 2007 Camp Boiro Parler ou perir Editions L Harmattan Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Grinker Roy Richard Lubkemann Stephen C Steiner Christopher B 2010 Perspectives on Africa A Reader in Culture History and Representation John Wiley and Sons p 635 ISBN 978 1 4051 9060 2 Ham Anthony 2009 West Africa Lonely Planet ISBN 978 1 74104 821 6 Huband Mark 1998 The Liberian Civil War Routledge ISBN 0 7146 4785 3 GUINEA Dying for Change Brutality and Repression by Guinean Security Forces in Response to a Nationwide Strike Human Rights Watch April 2007 Iliffe John 2005 Honour in African history Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 83785 5 Jahn Janheinz Schild Ulla Seiler Almut Nordmann 1972 Who s who in African literature biographies works commentaries H Erdmann ISBN 3 7711 0153 0 Lewin Andre 1990 Diallo Telli Le destin tragique d un grand Africain Jeune Afrique Livres Archived from the original on 2007 01 18 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Lewin Andre 2010 Ahmed Sekou Toure 1922 1984 President de la Guinee de 1958 a 1984 Editions L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 296 11254 4 Mbouguen Herve Boubacar Diallo Telli Grioo Retrieved 2011 01 18 O Toole Thomas Baker Janice E 2005 Historical dictionary of Guinea Scarecrow Press ISBN 0 8108 4634 9 Tchidimbo Raymond Marie 1987 Noviciat d un eveque huit ans et huit mois de captivite sous Sekou Toure Fayard ISBN 2 213 01887 1 Archived from the original on 2014 12 24 Retrieved 2013 12 17 U S Congress Prospects for peace in Guinea hearing DIANE Publishing ISBN 1 4223 2331 5 Further reading editJean Paul Alata 1976 Prison d Afrique Cinq ans dans les geoles de Guinee Editions Le Seuil Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Herve Hamon et Patrick Rotman 1977 L affaire Alata Editions Le Seuil Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Jean Francois Alata 1992 Alata l Africain Blanc Editions L Harmattan l Archived from the original on 2018 01 27 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Ardo Ousmane Ba 1986 Camp Boiro Sinistre geole de Sekou Toure Editions L Harmattanl Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Almamy Fode Sylla 1985 L itineraire sanglant Editions ERTI Archived from the original on 2014 12 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Charles E Sorry 1999 Sekou Toure l ange exterminateur Un passe a depasser Editions L Harmattan Archived from the original on 2018 01 27 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Claude Abou Diakite 1972 La Guinee enchainee ou le livre noir de Sekou Toure Editions D A C Archived from the original on 2018 01 27 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Thierno Bah 1996 Mon combat pour la Guinee Editions Karhtala Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Thierno Bah 2009 1954 1984 trente ans de violence politique en Guinee Editions L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 296 07282 4 Camara Kaba 41 1998 Dans la Guinee de Sekou Toure cela a bien eu lieu Editions L Harmattan Archived from the original on 2014 12 25 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Kindo Toure 1987 Unique Survivant du Complot Kaman Fodeba Editions L Harmattan Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Mamadou Kolon Diallo 2011 Six Annees au Camp Boiro pour avoir eu raison trop tot Phoenix Press International Archived from the original on 2017 06 10 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Keita Koumandian 1984 Guinee 61 L Ecole et la Dictature Editions Nubia Archived from the original on 2014 11 18 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Lamine Kamara 2012 Guinee sous les verrous de la revolution autobiographie Editions L Harmattan Archived from the original on 2018 01 27 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Mahmoud Bah 1990 Construire la Guinee apres Sekou Toure Editions L Harmattan Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Adolf Marx 1976 Maudits soient ceux qui nous oublient Derscheider Verlag Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Maurice Jeanjean 2005 Sekou Toure un totalitarisme africain Editions L Harmatan Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Nadine Bari 2003 Guinee les cailloux de la memoire Editions Karthala Archived from the original on 2017 11 22 Retrieved 2015 02 13 Nadine Bari 1983 Grain de sable Les combats d une femme de disparu Editions du Centurion Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2011 03 18 Nadine Bari 1986 Noces d absence Editions du Centurion Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Nadine Bari 1994 Chroniques de Guinee essai sur les annees 90 Editions Karthala Archived from the original on 2014 10 26 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Nuria Mares i Vidal 2012 La Gambina Une vie Nord Sud Editions Publibook Archived from the original on 2018 01 27 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Sako Konde 1974 Guinee le temps des fripouilles Editions La Pensee universelle Archived from the original on 2014 11 01 Retrieved 2011 03 18 External links editCamp Boiro Memorial in French and English Movies editLa danse avec l aveugle 1978 Allah Tantou God s Will 1991 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Camp Boiro amp oldid 1178513305, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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