Kolokol (Russian: Колоколъ, lit. 'bell') was the first Russiancensorship-free weekly newspaper in Russian and French languages, published by Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Ogarev in London (1857–1865) and Geneva (1865–1867). It had a circulation of up to 2500 copies. Despite being banned in Russia, it was well known and had a significant influence on the reformist and revolutionary movements of the 1860s.[1]
The first page of the first issue of Kolokol
Initially the publishers viewed Kolokol as a supplement (прибавочные листы) to a literary and socio-political almanac, Polar Star, but it soon became the leader of the Russian censorship-free press. The newspapers Pod sud (To Trial; 1859–1862) and Obshcheye veche (General Veche; 1862–1864) were published as supplements to Kolokol.
Kolokol commemorative postage stamp
At Kolokol's base was a theory of Russian peasant socialism, elaborated by Herzen. Its political platform included democratic demands for liberation of peasants with land, and abolition of censorship and corporal punishment. Besides the articles by Herzen and Ogaryov, Kolokol published a variety of material on people's living conditions, social struggle in Russia, and information about abuses and secret plans of the authorities. Nikolai Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Serno-Solovyovich, Mikhail Mikhailov, Nikolai Utin, Lev Mechnikov, Mikhail Elpidin and others were among the paper's correspondents and distributors. Writers and liberal figures such as Ivan Aksakov, Yuri Samarin, Alexander Koshelev, Ivan Turgenev and others delivered material for Kolokol.
After the Emancipation reform of 1861, Kolokol took the side of revolutionary democracy. The newspaper began publishing texts of proclamations, articles by Herzen and Ogaryov condemning and exposing problems with the reform, and other material from the Russian revolutionary underground. Kolokol favored the formation of a clandestine revolutionary organization Land and Liberty. After the 1861 reform, Kolokol lost most of its liberal readers due to Herzen's and Ogaryov's active support of the January Uprising in Poland.
In 1866, Dmitry Karakozov tried to assassinate Tsar Alexander II. Kolokol publicly condemned terrorism but continued to lose readers. In an open letter to Alexander II, Herzen admitted: "There were times when you read Kolokol - now you do not read it any more."[2]
In order to strengthen its ties with the new émigrés concentrated in Switzerland, Kolokol moved its office to Geneva. While retaining its previous orientation, it was now published in French as "Kolokol (La Cloche)" with the aim of introducing Russia to Western European readers. The publication was unpopular. Publication of Kolokol ceased in 1867 due to unfavorable conditions. In 1867–1869, they published Kolokol: A Supplement to the First Decade (Колокол. Прибавочный лист к первому десятилетию), six issues of Kolokol. Russian Edition (Колокол. Русское прибавление) and Supplement du Kolokol in French. In 1870, Ogaryov together with Sergey Nechayev and Natalie Herzen published six more issues of Kolokol, which differed significantly from Alexander Herzen's Kolokol.
External linksedit
"Kolokol" digital archives in "Newspapers on the web and beyond", the digital resource of the National Library of Russia
Н.Я.Эйдельман "Герценовский "Колокол", Историческая библиотека школьника, Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство, 1963
Referencesedit
^Palmieri, Aurelio. "Theoretical Nihilism". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
kolokol, newspaper, kolokol, russian, Колоколъ, bell, first, russian, censorship, free, weekly, newspaper, russian, french, languages, published, alexander, herzen, nikolai, ogarev, london, 1857, 1865, geneva, 1865, 1867, circulation, 2500, copies, despite, be. Kolokol Russian Kolokol lit bell was the first Russian censorship free weekly newspaper in Russian and French languages published by Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Ogarev in London 1857 1865 and Geneva 1865 1867 It had a circulation of up to 2500 copies Despite being banned in Russia it was well known and had a significant influence on the reformist and revolutionary movements of the 1860s 1 The first page of the first issue of Kolokol Initially the publishers viewed Kolokol as a supplement pribavochnye listy to a literary and socio political almanac Polar Star but it soon became the leader of the Russian censorship free press The newspapers Pod sud To Trial 1859 1862 and Obshcheye veche General Veche 1862 1864 were published as supplements to Kolokol Kolokol commemorative postage stamp At Kolokol s base was a theory of Russian peasant socialism elaborated by Herzen Its political platform included democratic demands for liberation of peasants with land and abolition of censorship and corporal punishment Besides the articles by Herzen and Ogaryov Kolokol published a variety of material on people s living conditions social struggle in Russia and information about abuses and secret plans of the authorities Nikolai Dobrolyubov Nikolai Serno Solovyovich Mikhail Mikhailov Nikolai Utin Lev Mechnikov Mikhail Elpidin and others were among the paper s correspondents and distributors Writers and liberal figures such as Ivan Aksakov Yuri Samarin Alexander Koshelev Ivan Turgenev and others delivered material for Kolokol After the Emancipation reform of 1861 Kolokol took the side of revolutionary democracy The newspaper began publishing texts of proclamations articles by Herzen and Ogaryov condemning and exposing problems with the reform and other material from the Russian revolutionary underground Kolokol favored the formation of a clandestine revolutionary organization Land and Liberty After the 1861 reform Kolokol lost most of its liberal readers due to Herzen s and Ogaryov s active support of the January Uprising in Poland In 1866 Dmitry Karakozov tried to assassinate Tsar Alexander II Kolokol publicly condemned terrorism but continued to lose readers In an open letter to Alexander II Herzen admitted There were times when you read Kolokol now you do not read it any more 2 In order to strengthen its ties with the new emigres concentrated in Switzerland Kolokol moved its office to Geneva While retaining its previous orientation it was now published in French as Kolokol La Cloche with the aim of introducing Russia to Western European readers The publication was unpopular Publication of Kolokol ceased in 1867 due to unfavorable conditions In 1867 1869 they published Kolokol A Supplement to the First Decade Kolokol Pribavochnyj list k pervomu desyatiletiyu six issues of Kolokol Russian Edition Kolokol Russkoe pribavlenie and Supplement du Kolokol in French In 1870 Ogaryov together with Sergey Nechayev and Natalie Herzen published six more issues of Kolokol which differed significantly from Alexander Herzen s Kolokol External links edit Kolokol digital archives in Newspapers on the web and beyond the digital resource of the National Library of Russia N Ya Ejdelman Gercenovskij Kolokol Istoricheskaya biblioteka shkolnika Gosudarstvennoe uchebno pedagogicheskoe izdatelstvo 1963References edit Palmieri Aurelio Theoretical Nihilism Catholic Encyclopedia Retrieved 31 March 2016 Pismo k imperatoru Aleksandru II This article includes content derived from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1969 1978 which is partially in the public domain Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kolokol newspaper amp oldid 1220071029, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
