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Kohtla-Järve

January 01, 1970

Kohtla-Järve is a city and municipality in northeastern Estonia, founded in 1924 and incorporated as a town in 1946. The city is highly industrial, and is both a processor of oil shales and is a large producer of various petrochemical products. During the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation, large numbers of immigrant workers from Russia and other parts of the former USSR were brought in to populate the rapidly growing city.[3][4] The population in the Kohtla-Järve area which had been, as of 1934 census, over 90% ethnic Estonian, became overwhelmingly non-Estonian in the second half of the 20th century.[3] According to more recent data (as of 2006)[5] 21% of the city's population are ethnic Estonians; most of the rest are Russians. Kohtla-Järve is the fifth-largest city in Estonia in terms of population.

Kohtla-Järve
City
Kohtla-Järve in August 2009
Flag
Coat of arms
Location in Estonia.
Country Estonia
County Ida-Viru County
Founded1241
City status1946
Government
 • MayorHenri Kaselo[1]
Area
 • Total68.77 km2 (26.55 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)
 • Total35,395[2]
 • Rank5th
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
30199 to 41542
Area code(+372) 33
ISO 3166 codeEE-321
Websitewww.kohtla-jarve.ee

Kohtla-Järve is unusual among the municipalities of Estonia due to its territory being made of several discontiguous parts. The two main parts, Järve (Kohtla-Järve proper) and Ahtme, both with populations around 20,000, are located about 10 km apart. Several other settlements in north-eastern Ida-Viru county, connected to oil shale mining, are administered as districts of Kohtla-Järve. During most of the period of the Soviet occupation, the town of Jõhvi was also incorporated into Kohtla-Järve.

History edit

See also: Oil shale in Estonia

The history of Kohtla-Järve is closely tied to the history of extraction of oil shale – the main mineral of Estonia.

There is evidence that a number of settlements existed on the territory of modern Kohtla-Järve since the High Middle Ages. In the Danish Land Book, Järve and Kukruse villages were first mentioned in 1241 by the names Jeruius and Kukarus respectively, and Sompa village in 1420 by the name Soenpe. Its German name was Kochtel-Türpsal.

 
Monument to the beginning of industrial oil shale mining

Local residents were aware of oil shale's flammable capability in ancient times, but its industrial extraction in Estonia began only in the 20th century. In 1916, researches showed that oil shale could be used both as fuel and as a raw material for chemical industry, and mining started near Järve village. In 1919, the Estonian State Oil Shale Industrial Corporation was formed and extraction by shaft and open-pit mining was extended. Settlements for workers began to appear adjacent to the mines. In 1924 the oil shale processing factory was built near Kohtla railway station, and the nearby settlement, named Kohtla-Järve, started to grow.

During World War II the value of the Estonian oil shale deposit grew. The Germans, who occupied Estonia in 1941–1944, considered it as an important source of fuel. However, they failed to begin full-scale extraction.

After the war, the next occupier of Estonia, the Soviet Union, required constantly increasing quantities of oil shale for its industries and extraction greatly expanded.

Demographics edit

Religion in Kohtla-Järve (2021) [2]

  Unaffiliated (49.1%)
  Orthodox & Old Believers (44.6%)
  Lutheran (2.1%)
  Others Christians (2.0%)
  Others Religions (2.2%)

Kohtla-Järve, as the main settlement in the mining area, received city status on 15 June 1946. Since that time, during the next twenty years, there was a process of administrative amalgamation of neighboring settlements within the limits of Kohtla-Järve. Kohtla and Kukruse were added to the city in 1949; Jõhvi, Ahtme and Sompa in 1960. The town of Kiviõli and the boroughs of Oru, Püssi and Viivikonna were subordinated to the city in 1964. Thus, Kohtla-Järve greatly expanded, becoming a city with a unique layout, as its parts remained scattered among woods, agricultural areas and oil shale mines. Total population of the city increased mainly by workers sent from different parts of Soviet Union, reaching (with subordinated settlements) 90,000 in 1980.

After the end of the Soviet Union occupation, Estonia regained independence in August 1991, and thereafter the number of city districts decreased, as Jõhvi, Kiviõli and Püssi became officially separate towns. The volume of oil shale extraction and processing decreased dramatically during the 1990s, and many Kohtla-Järve citizens moved to Tallinn or Russia, due to high unemployment in Ida-Viru County.

Ethnic composition 1959-2021
Ethnicity 1959[6] 1970[7] 1979[8] 1989[8] 2000[9] 2011[10] 2021[11]
amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount %
Estonians 11926 40.9 20883 30.6 19197 26.4 16140 20.9 8479 17.8 5992 16.1 5298 15.8
Russians - - 37037 54.2 43077 59.3 50044 64.7 32843 68.9 27508 73.9 24646 73.6
Ukrainians - - 2009 2.94 2453 3.37 3062 3.96 1521 3.19 1007 2.71 1079 3.22
Belarusians - - 4022 5.89 3957 5.44 4061 5.25 2152 4.51 1341 3.60 1068 3.19
Finns - - 2020 2.96 1910 2.63 1705 2.21 887 1.86 417 1.12 316 0.94
Jews - - 205 0.30 178 0.24 158 0.20 57 0.12 45 0.12 37 0.11
Latvians - - 224 0.33 185 0.25 162 0.21 104 0.22 54 0.15 111 0.33
Germans - - - - 351 0.48 309 0.40 99 0.21 65 0.17 63 0.19
Tatars - - - - 148 0.20 204 0.26 118 0.25 77 0.21 70 0.21
Poles - - - - 453 0.62 435 0.56 280 0.59 174 0.47 171 0.51
Lithuanians - - 179 0.26 173 0.24 162 0.21 81 0.17 62 0.17 60 0.18
unknown 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 546 1.15 49 0.13 63 0.19
other 17262 59.1 1739 2.55 617 0.85 874 1.13 512 1.07 410 1.10 517 1.54
Total 29188 100 68318 100 72699 100 77316 100 47679 100 37201 100 33499 100

Ahtme, which has been a part of Kohtla-Järve since 1960, had a population of 11 215 in 1959, including 1847 (16.5%) Estonians.[6]

Economy edit

Kohtla-Järve is known for its chemical industry. It is the headquarters of Viru Keemia Grupp, an Estonian holding group of oil shale industry, power generation, and public utility companies. Eastman Chemical Company also has a manufacturing site located in Kohtla-Järve.[12]

Since 2006, the Ukrainian DF Group has owned a fertilizer plant in Kohtla-Järve – it has (through its Austria and Cyprus based intermediaries) 100% ownership of AS Nitrofert.[13][14] Established in 1993, AS Nitrofert was (as of 2006) the only plant to produce fertilizers in Estonia and during the peak of its production used 25% of the total volume of natural gas in Estonia.[13]

Geography edit

 
Administrative districts of Kohtla-Järve: 1-Järve, 2-Ahtme, 3-Oru, 4-Sompa, 5-Kukruse

Kohtla-Järve has a unique layout. The districts of the city are scattered across the northern part of Ida-Viru County in a considerably large area. The distance between Järve and Oru districts is about 20 km.

Districts edit

The city is subdivided into five administrative districts (Estonian: linnaosad):

Population per districts 2011 2016 2017 2021
Järve 17 054 15 869 15 952 15656
Ahtme 17 252 16 222 16 140 15602
Oru 1266 1133 1117 996
Sompa 958 873 870 754
Kukruse 572 550 529 467

The populations of many of the smaller exclaves have rapidly declined since the 1990s.[15] Before the Estonian administrative reform of 2017, Viivikonna and Sirgala (combined population of 99) were also part of the municipality.[16]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Kohtla-Järve city administration building
  •  
    Community centre in Kohtla-Järve
  •  
    Sompa district, community centre in the middle.
  •  
    Administrative building of Viru Keemia Grupp
  •  
    Kohtla-Järve branch of the Tallinn Health Care College

Twin towns – sister cities edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Estonia

Kohtla-Järve is twinned with:[17]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ [1] Henri Kaselo elected new mayor of Kohtla-Järve - ERR 29.11.2023
  2. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  3. ^ a b Duncan, W. Raymond (2019). Ethnic Nationalism And Regional Conflict: The Former Soviet Union And Yugoslavia. Routledge. ISBN 9780429715938.
  4. ^ Kattago, Siobhan (2008). "Commemorating Liberation and Occupation: War Memorials Along the Road to Narva". Journal of Baltic Studies. 39 (4): 431–449. doi:10.1080/01629770802461225. S2CID 145001694.
  5. ^ [Development plan of the city of Kohtla-Järve for 2007–2016] (PDF) (in Estonian). Kohtla-Järve city council. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF (2.2 Mb)) on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  6. ^ a b Katus, Kalev; Puur, Allan; Põldma, Asta (2002). Rahvastiku ühtlusarvutatud sündmus- ja loendusstatistika: Ida-Virumaa 1965-1990. Sari C (in Estonian and English). Tallinn: Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9985-820-66-5.
  7. ^ Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года (in Russian). Tallinn: Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus. 1972. p. 75.
  8. ^ a b Eesti Vabariigi maakondade, linnade ja alevite rahvastik: 1989. a. rahvaloenduse andmed: statistikakogumik. 1. osa: Rahvaarv rahvuse, perekonnaseisu, hariduse ja elatusallikate järgi. Tallinn: Statistikaamet. 1990. pp. 27, 32. ISBN 978-9949-71-932-7.
  9. ^ "RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  10. ^ "RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  11. ^ "RL21429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA (HALDUSÜKSUS) JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2021". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  12. ^ Eastman Locations: Europe, Middle East & Africa 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ a b Global Witness 2006, p. 40.
  14. ^ (PDF). Ostchem website. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  15. ^ Reporter.ee: Ida-Virumaal seisab asula inimtühjana
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  17. ^ "Sõpruslinnad". kohtla-jarve.ee (in Estonian). Kohtla-Järve linn. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  • [Laughing gas: Absurdity in Gas Trade Between Turkmenistan and Ukraine] (PDF). Global Witness (in Russian). 1 April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kohtla-Järve.
  • Official website (in Estonian and Russian)

January 01, 1970
kohtla, järve, city, municipality, northeastern, estonia, founded, 1924, incorporated, town, 1946, city, highly, industrial, both, processor, shales, large, producer, various, petrochemical, products, during, 1944, 1991, soviet, occupation, large, numbers, imm. Kohtla Jarve is a city and municipality in northeastern Estonia founded in 1924 and incorporated as a town in 1946 The city is highly industrial and is both a processor of oil shales and is a large producer of various petrochemical products During the 1944 1991 Soviet occupation large numbers of immigrant workers from Russia and other parts of the former USSR were brought in to populate the rapidly growing city 3 4 The population in the Kohtla Jarve area which had been as of 1934 census over 90 ethnic Estonian became overwhelmingly non Estonian in the second half of the 20th century 3 According to more recent data as of 2006 5 21 of the city s population are ethnic Estonians most of the rest are Russians Kohtla Jarve is the fifth largest city in Estonia in terms of population Kohtla JarveCityKohtla Jarve in August 2009FlagCoat of armsLocation in Estonia Country EstoniaCountyIda Viru CountyFounded1241City status1946Government MayorHenri Kaselo 1 Area Total68 77 km2 26 55 sq mi Population 2017 Total35 395 2 Rank5thTime zoneUTC 2 EET Summer DST UTC 3 EEST Postal code30199 to 41542Area code 372 33ISO 3166 codeEE 321Websitewww kohtla jarve ee Kohtla Jarve is unusual among the municipalities of Estonia due to its territory being made of several discontiguous parts The two main parts Jarve Kohtla Jarve proper and Ahtme both with populations around 20 000 are located about 10 km apart Several other settlements in north eastern Ida Viru county connected to oil shale mining are administered as districts of Kohtla Jarve During most of the period of the Soviet occupation the town of Johvi was also incorporated into Kohtla Jarve Contents 1 History 2 Demographics 3 Economy 4 Geography 4 1 Districts 5 Gallery 6 Twin towns sister cities 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistory editSee also Oil shale in Estonia The history of Kohtla Jarve is closely tied to the history of extraction of oil shale the main mineral of Estonia There is evidence that a number of settlements existed on the territory of modern Kohtla Jarve since the High Middle Ages In the Danish Land Book Jarve and Kukruse villages were first mentioned in 1241 by the names Jeruius and Kukarus respectively and Sompa village in 1420 by the name Soenpe Its German name was Kochtel Turpsal nbsp Monument to the beginning of industrial oil shale mining Local residents were aware of oil shale s flammable capability in ancient times but its industrial extraction in Estonia began only in the 20th century In 1916 researches showed that oil shale could be used both as fuel and as a raw material for chemical industry and mining started near Jarve village In 1919 the Estonian State Oil Shale Industrial Corporation was formed and extraction by shaft and open pit mining was extended Settlements for workers began to appear adjacent to the mines In 1924 the oil shale processing factory was built near Kohtla railway station and the nearby settlement named Kohtla Jarve started to grow During World War II the value of the Estonian oil shale deposit grew The Germans who occupied Estonia in 1941 1944 considered it as an important source of fuel However they failed to begin full scale extraction After the war the next occupier of Estonia the Soviet Union required constantly increasing quantities of oil shale for its industries and extraction greatly expanded Demographics editReligion in Kohtla Jarve 2021 2 Unaffiliated 49 1 Orthodox amp Old Believers 44 6 Lutheran 2 1 Others Christians 2 0 Others Religions 2 2 Kohtla Jarve as the main settlement in the mining area received city status on 15 June 1946 Since that time during the next twenty years there was a process of administrative amalgamation of neighboring settlements within the limits of Kohtla Jarve Kohtla and Kukruse were added to the city in 1949 Johvi Ahtme and Sompa in 1960 The town of Kivioli and the boroughs of Oru Pussi and Viivikonna were subordinated to the city in 1964 Thus Kohtla Jarve greatly expanded becoming a city with a unique layout as its parts remained scattered among woods agricultural areas and oil shale mines Total population of the city increased mainly by workers sent from different parts of Soviet Union reaching with subordinated settlements 90 000 in 1980 After the end of the Soviet Union occupation Estonia regained independence in August 1991 and thereafter the number of city districts decreased as Johvi Kivioli and Pussi became officially separate towns The volume of oil shale extraction and processing decreased dramatically during the 1990s and many Kohtla Jarve citizens moved to Tallinn or Russia due to high unemployment in Ida Viru County Ethnic composition 1959 2021 Ethnicity 1959 6 1970 7 1979 8 1989 8 2000 9 2011 10 2021 11 amount amount amount amount amount amount amount Estonians 11926 40 9 20883 30 6 19197 26 4 16140 20 9 8479 17 8 5992 16 1 5298 15 8 Russians 37037 54 2 43077 59 3 50044 64 7 32843 68 9 27508 73 9 24646 73 6 Ukrainians 2009 2 94 2453 3 37 3062 3 96 1521 3 19 1007 2 71 1079 3 22 Belarusians 4022 5 89 3957 5 44 4061 5 25 2152 4 51 1341 3 60 1068 3 19 Finns 2020 2 96 1910 2 63 1705 2 21 887 1 86 417 1 12 316 0 94 Jews 205 0 30 178 0 24 158 0 20 57 0 12 45 0 12 37 0 11 Latvians 224 0 33 185 0 25 162 0 21 104 0 22 54 0 15 111 0 33 Germans 351 0 48 309 0 40 99 0 21 65 0 17 63 0 19 Tatars 148 0 20 204 0 26 118 0 25 77 0 21 70 0 21 Poles 453 0 62 435 0 56 280 0 59 174 0 47 171 0 51 Lithuanians 179 0 26 173 0 24 162 0 21 81 0 17 62 0 17 60 0 18 unknown 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 546 1 15 49 0 13 63 0 19 other 17262 59 1 1739 2 55 617 0 85 874 1 13 512 1 07 410 1 10 517 1 54 Total 29188 100 68318 100 72699 100 77316 100 47679 100 37201 100 33499 100 Ahtme which has been a part of Kohtla Jarve since 1960 had a population of 11 215 in 1959 including 1847 16 5 Estonians 6 Economy editKohtla Jarve is known for its chemical industry It is the headquarters of Viru Keemia Grupp an Estonian holding group of oil shale industry power generation and public utility companies Eastman Chemical Company also has a manufacturing site located in Kohtla Jarve 12 Since 2006 the Ukrainian DF Group has owned a fertilizer plant in Kohtla Jarve it has through its Austria and Cyprus based intermediaries 100 ownership of AS Nitrofert 13 14 Established in 1993 AS Nitrofert was as of 2006 the only plant to produce fertilizers in Estonia and during the peak of its production used 25 of the total volume of natural gas in Estonia 13 Geography edit nbsp Administrative districts of Kohtla Jarve 1 Jarve 2 Ahtme 3 Oru 4 Sompa 5 Kukruse Kohtla Jarve has a unique layout The districts of the city are scattered across the northern part of Ida Viru County in a considerably large area The distance between Jarve and Oru districts is about 20 km Districts edit The city is subdivided into five administrative districts Estonian linnaosad Population per districts 2011 2016 2017 2021 Jarve 17 054 15 869 15 952 15656 Ahtme 17 252 16 222 16 140 15602 Oru 1266 1133 1117 996 Sompa 958 873 870 754 Kukruse 572 550 529 467 The populations of many of the smaller exclaves have rapidly declined since the 1990s 15 Before the Estonian administrative reform of 2017 Viivikonna and Sirgala combined population of 99 were also part of the municipality 16 Gallery edit nbsp Kohtla Jarve city administration building nbsp Community centre in Kohtla Jarve nbsp Sompa district community centre in the middle nbsp Administrative building of Viru Keemia Grupp nbsp Kohtla Jarve branch of the Tallinn Health Care CollegeTwin towns sister cities editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Estonia Kohtla Jarve is twinned with 17 nbsp Kedainiai Lithuania nbsp Kingiseppsky District Russia nbsp Korostyshiv Ukraine nbsp Norderstedt Germany nbsp Outokumpu Finland nbsp Salihorsk Belarus nbsp Slantsevsky District Russia nbsp Staffanstorp Sweden nbsp Veliky Novgorod Russia nbsp Wyszkow PolandSee also editAhtme Power Plant Kohtla Jarve Power Plant Viru Keemia GruppReferences edit 1 Henri Kaselo elected new mayor of Kohtla Jarve ERR 29 11 2023 Eesti elanike arv KOV de loikes seisuga 01 01 2018 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 31 August 2021 Retrieved 1 February 2018 a b Duncan W Raymond 2019 Ethnic Nationalism And Regional Conflict The Former Soviet Union And Yugoslavia Routledge ISBN 9780429715938 Kattago Siobhan 2008 Commemorating Liberation and Occupation War Memorials Along the Road to Narva Journal of Baltic Studies 39 4 431 449 doi 10 1080 01629770802461225 S2CID 145001694 Kohtla Jarve linna arengukava 2007 2016 Development plan of the city of Kohtla Jarve for 2007 2016 PDF in Estonian Kohtla Jarve city council 2006 Archived from the original PDF 2 2 Mb on 19 March 2012 Retrieved 1 June 2011 a b Katus Kalev Puur Allan Poldma Asta 2002 Rahvastiku uhtlusarvutatud sundmus ja loendusstatistika Ida Virumaa 1965 1990 Sari C in Estonian and English Tallinn Eesti Korgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus pp 31 32 ISBN 9985 820 66 5 Naselenie rajonov gorodov i poselkov gorodskogo tipa Estonskoj SSR po dannym Vsesoyuznoj perepisi naseleniya na 15 yanvarya 1970 goda in Russian Tallinn Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus 1972 p 75 a b Eesti Vabariigi maakondade linnade ja alevite rahvastik 1989 a rahvaloenduse andmed statistikakogumik 1 osa Rahvaarv rahvuse perekonnaseisu hariduse ja elatusallikate jargi Tallinn Statistikaamet 1990 pp 27 32 ISBN 978 9949 71 932 7 RL222 RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JARGI Estonian Statistical Database in Estonian RL0429 RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE SOO VANUSERUHMA JA ELUKOHA JARGI 31 DETSEMBER 2011 Estonian Statistical Database in Estonian RL21429 RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE SOO VANUSERUHMA JA ELUKOHA HALDUSUKSUS JARGI 31 DETSEMBER 2021 Estonian Statistical Database in Estonian Eastman Locations Europe Middle East amp Africa Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine a b Global Witness 2006 p 40 OSTCHEM Production and Distribution of Chemicals PDF Ostchem website 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 20 September 2010 Retrieved 22 January 2021 Reporter ee Ida Virumaal seisab asula inimtuhjana REL 2011 EESTI ELANIKKOND KOONDUB SUUREMATE LINNADE UMBER Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 Retrieved 1 July 2013 Sopruslinnad kohtla jarve ee in Estonian Kohtla Jarve linn Retrieved 24 March 2021 Veselyashij Gaz Absurdnost v Gazovoj torgovle Mezhdu Turkmenistanom i Ukrainoj Laughing gas Absurdity in Gas Trade Between Turkmenistan and Ukraine PDF Global Witness in Russian 1 April 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 16 October 2009 Retrieved 22 January 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kohtla Jarve Official website in Estonian and Russian History and demographic information of the town Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kohtla Jarve amp oldid 1214664644, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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