The Arab conquest of Kaikan (alternatively Kikan, Kiknan, Qaiqan or Qayqan) was a military campaign by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates aganist the Jats of Kaikan, in present-day Pakistan.[1] The Kingdom of Kaikan faced several invasions from the caliphate. During the reign of the Khalifa Al-Mutasim, the Arabs annexed this region successfully after defeating the Jats.
The first raid is noted by the historians Al-Baladhuri, Ibn Sa'd and Khalifah ibn Khayyat to have taken place in 658 AD. Kaikan was known as al-Qiqan to them and located near Quetta. Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil al-Shaybani had participated in this raid.[2]
The fourth CaliphAli sent the second expedition to Sindh under Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi in 660 (according to Al-Baladhuri).[3] However, the Chach Nama states Saghar bin Zuar had been appointed, not Harith.[4]
After a successful raid in Sindh in 662, Harith turned his attention to Kaikan. Harith had outfitted a formidable Muslim army with nobles and chiefs. This army encountered no real opposition till it reached the treacherous terrain of Kaikan. The Jats and Meds fought against the Arab army and managed to defeat it.[5] Harith along with his followers was killed in this battle in the year 42 AH (662 AD).[5][6] This was a huge blow for the Caliph, and so, for the next twenty years, every successive Caliph made Kaikan a special target for conquest and sent as many as six expeditions, five of which failed to make any permanent impact in Sindh.[7]
EmirAbd Allah ibn Amir, or the Caliph Mu'awiya I himself, is said to have sent Abdallah ibn Sawwar al-Abdi to Sindh. He is said to have fought in Kaikan and captured some spoils, but is said to have been killed by the Turks.[8]
Ziyad ibn Abihi (also known as Ziyad ibn Abu-Sufian), during the reign of Mu'awiya I, appointed Rashid ibn Omar al-Judaidi, a member of the Azd tribe, to the frontiers of Sindh. al-Judaidi was the first Arab to win a battle against Kaikan, but was killed by the Meds.[7] Ziyad then appointed al-Manzar (also spelt al-Mundhir) ibn al-Jarud al-Abdi (also known as Abu-l-Ash’as) to Sindh. al-Manzar is said to have conquered Kaikan.[9]
When Muhammad bin Qasim (694 - 715) invaded Sindh, Kaikan was the possession of the Jats.[10] The country of Kaikan was triangulated to be to the south-east of Afghanistan, and was decisively conquered from the Jats by the Arab general Imran bin Musa al Barmaki (son of Musa ibn Yahya) during the reign of the Caliph Al-Mutasim-bi-llah (833-881). During his reign, another expedition was sent against the Jats who had seized the roads to Hajar. They were overcome after a bloody conflict lasting twenty five days.[11]
Aftermathedit
The Arabs called the Jats (Zutt) of Qiqan the Qiqaniyya. Many Qiqani Zutts had been taken captive between 659 and 664 by Abd Allah bin Sawwar al-Abdi to Iraq, who was appointed as the governor of the regions surrounding Sindh.[12] al-Abdi was himself killed in one of the wars against the Qiqani Zutts in 667 and Qiqan was re-conquered by them.[12] Always armed with arrows, whether cavalry or infantry, these Zutt Qayqaniyya units were considered the master archers of the caliphate, and acted as an auxiliary group for the shurta police.[12] The Qiqaniyya as well as the Bukhariyya, an Iranian unit of soldiers, were sent to suppress the revolt of Zayd ibn Ali in 740 by the Umayyad Caliphate.[13]
Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʻAyyārān and Futuwwa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN978-3-447-03652-8.
Al-Baladhuri (1924). Kitab Futuh Al-buldan: The Origins Of The Islamic State Vol 2. Translated by Murgotten, Francis Clark. New York: Columbia University.
May 02, 2024
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The Arab conquest of Kaikan alternatively Kikan Kiknan Qaiqan or Qayqan was a military campaign by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates aganist the Jats of Kaikan in present day Pakistan 1 The Kingdom of Kaikan faced several invasions from the caliphate During the reign of the Khalifa Al Mutasim the Arabs annexed this region successfully after defeating the Jats Arab conquest of KaikanPart of Umayyad conquest of SindhKaikan mountain rangesDate658 9th century ADLocationKaikanResultArab victoryTerritorialchangesKaikan annexed to the CaliphateBelligerentsRashidun Caliphate Umayyad CaliphateJats of KaikanCommanders and leadersImran bin Musa al Barmaki Abdallah ibn Sawwar al Abdi Harith ibn Murrah al AbdiUnknownCasualties and lossesUnknownUnknown Contents 1 History 2 Aftermath 3 See also 4 References 4 1 BibliographyHistory editThe first raid is noted by the historians Al Baladhuri Ibn Sa d and Khalifah ibn Khayyat to have taken place in 658 AD Kaikan was known as al Qiqan to them and located near Quetta Harith ibn Murrah al Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil al Shaybani had participated in this raid 2 The fourth Caliph Ali sent the second expedition to Sindh under Harith ibn Murrah al Abdi in 660 according to Al Baladhuri 3 However the Chach Nama states Saghar bin Zuar had been appointed not Harith 4 After a successful raid in Sindh in 662 Harith turned his attention to Kaikan Harith had outfitted a formidable Muslim army with nobles and chiefs This army encountered no real opposition till it reached the treacherous terrain of Kaikan The Jats and Meds fought against the Arab army and managed to defeat it 5 Harith along with his followers was killed in this battle in the year 42 AH 662 AD 5 6 This was a huge blow for the Caliph and so for the next twenty years every successive Caliph made Kaikan a special target for conquest and sent as many as six expeditions five of which failed to make any permanent impact in Sindh 7 Emir Abd Allah ibn Amir or the Caliph Mu awiya I himself is said to have sent Abdallah ibn Sawwar al Abdi to Sindh He is said to have fought in Kaikan and captured some spoils but is said to have been killed by the Turks 8 Ziyad ibn Abihi also known as Ziyad ibn Abu Sufian during the reign of Mu awiya I appointed Rashid ibn Omar al Judaidi a member of the Azd tribe to the frontiers of Sindh al Judaidi was the first Arab to win a battle against Kaikan but was killed by the Meds 7 Ziyad then appointed al Manzar also spelt al Mundhir ibn al Jarud al Abdi also known as Abu l Ash as to Sindh al Manzar is said to have conquered Kaikan 9 When Muhammad bin Qasim 694 715 invaded Sindh Kaikan was the possession of the Jats 10 The country of Kaikan was triangulated to be to the south east of Afghanistan and was decisively conquered from the Jats by the Arab general Imran bin Musa al Barmaki son of Musa ibn Yahya during the reign of the Caliph Al Mutasim bi llah 833 881 During his reign another expedition was sent against the Jats who had seized the roads to Hajar They were overcome after a bloody conflict lasting twenty five days 11 Aftermath editThe Arabs called the Jats Zutt of Qiqan the Qiqaniyya Many Qiqani Zutts had been taken captive between 659 and 664 by Abd Allah bin Sawwar al Abdi to Iraq who was appointed as the governor of the regions surrounding Sindh 12 al Abdi was himself killed in one of the wars against the Qiqani Zutts in 667 and Qiqan was re conquered by them 12 Always armed with arrows whether cavalry or infantry these Zutt Qayqaniyya units were considered the master archers of the caliphate and acted as an auxiliary group for the shurta police 12 The Qiqaniyya as well as the Bukhariyya an Iranian unit of soldiers were sent to suppress the revolt of Zayd ibn Ali in 740 by the Umayyad Caliphate 13 See also editRaja Dahir History of SindhReferences edit Barve Shashikant V 1995 Introduction to Classical Arabic A Contribution to Islamic and Oriental Studies S V Barve p 451 Maclean Derryl N 1989 Religion and society in Arab Sind Leiden Netherlands New York Kobenhavn E J Brill p 126 ISBN 978 90 04 08551 0 Al Baladhuri 1924 p 210 728 The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sind 1900 Translated by M K Fredunbeg Karachi Commissioners Press 1900 pp 60 76 a b D Rao Vasant Gokhale Balkrishna Govind D Souza A L 1966 Ancient Indian History and Culture A R Sheth p 323 Siddiqi Amir Hasan 1971 Decisive Battles of Islam Jamiyatul Falah Publications p 107 a b Islam Arshad 1990 History of Sindh During The Pre Mughal Period PhD Thesis PDF Aligarh core ac uk al Hamawi Yaqut Mu jam al Buldan Dictionary of Countries in Arabic p 423 Al Baladhuri 1924 p 213 731 Din Malik Muḥammad 2001 Bahawalpur State with Map 1904 reprint ed Bahawalpur Sang e Meel Publications p 392 ISBN 978 9 693 5 12366 Barve Shashikant V 1995 Introduction to Classical Arabic A Contribution to Islamic and Oriental Studies S V Barve p 451 a b c Zakeri 1995 p 195 Zakeri 1995 p 196 Bibliography edit Zakeri Mohsen 1995 Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society The Origins of ʻAyyaran and Futuwwa Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 03652 8 Al Baladhuri 1924 Kitab Futuh Al buldan The Origins Of The Islamic State Vol 2 Translated by Murgotten Francis Clark New York Columbia University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arab conquest of Kaikan amp oldid 1219363420, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
