Although there was no connection between Arabia and Sindh, the war being started was due to events of piracy that plagued the Arabian Sea, at the time the caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate offered Raja Dahir protection and sovereignty if he would help him in quelling the piracy.
Raja Dahir of Sindh had refused to return Arab rebels from Sindh[2][3] and furthermore, Meds and others.[4] Meds shipping from their bases at Kutch, Debal and Kathiawar[4] during one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women travelling from Sri Lanka to Arabia, thus providing a casus belli[4][5] against Sindh Raja Dahir.[6] Raja Dahir expressed his inability to help retrieve the prisoners and after two expeditions was defeated in Sindh.[7][8] Al Hajjaj equipped an army built around 6,000 Syrian cavalry and detachments of mawali from Iraq,[9] six thousand camel riders, and a baggage train of 3,000 camels under his Nephew Muhammad bin Qasim to Sindh. His artillery of five catapults were sent to Debal by sea[9] ("manjaniks").
After conquering Brahmanabad in Sindh, Ibn Qasim co-opted the local Brahman elite, whom he held in esteem, re-appointing them to posts held under the Brahman dynasty and offering honours and awards to their religious leaders and scholars.[10] This arrangement with local Brahman elites resulted in the continued persecution of Jatts, with Bin Qasim confirming the existing Brahman regulation forbidding them from wearing anything but coarse clothing and requiring them to always walk barefoot accompanied by dogs.[10]
Hindu and Buddhist responseEdit
Majority of Sindh's population at the time of the Umayyad invasions was Hindu, but a significant minority adhered to Buddhism as well.[11]
Burjor Avari writes that it's likely that Buddhists collaborated and sided[12][13] with the Arabs, before the invasion even began,[14][15] something that the primary sources describe as well.[16][17][15]
Soviet historian, Yu V. Gankovsky, writes that the Arab invasions were only made successful, because leaders of the Buddhist community of Sindh, despised and opposed the Brahmin ruler, hence sympathizing with the Arab invaders and even helping them in times.[18]
On the other hand, HinduBrahmin resistance against the Arabs continued for much longer, both in upper Sindh and Multan.[19]
The eastern Hindu Jats supported the Sindh ruler, Dahir, against the Arab invaders, whereas the western Buddhist Jats aligned with Muhammad bin Qasim against Dahir.[20] Having settled the question of the freedom of religion and the social status of the Brahmans, Muhammad bin al-Qasim turned his attention to the Jats and Lohanas. Chronicles such as the Chach Nama, Zainul-Akhbar and Tarikh-I-Baihaqi have recorded battles between Hindu Jats and forces of Muhammad ibn Qasim.[20]
AftermathEdit
Following his success in Sindh, Muhammad bin Qasim wrote to `the k1ings of Hind' calling upon them to surrender and accept the faith of Islam.[21] He dispatched a force against al-Baylaman (Bhinmal), which is said to have offered submission. The Mid people of Surast (Maitrakas of Vallabhi) also made peace.[22] Bin Qasim then sent a cavalry of 10,000 to Kanauj, along with a decree from the Caliph. He himself went with an army to the prevailing frontier of Kashmir called panj-māhīyāt (in west Punjab).[23] Nothing is known of the Kanauj expedition. The frontier of Kashmir might be what is referred to as al-Kiraj in later records (Kira kingdom in Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh),[24] which was apparently subdued.[25]
Bin Qasim was recalled in 715 CE and died en route. Al-Baladhuri writes that, upon his departure, the kings of al-Hind had come back to their kingdoms. The period of Caliph Umar II (r. 717–720) was relatively peaceful. Umar invited the kings of "al-Hind" to convert to Islam and become his subjects, in return for which they would continue to remain kings. Hullishah of Sindh and other kings accepted the offer and adopted Arab names.[26]
^Gier, Nicholas F. (May 2006). . Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion. Gonzaga University. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012.
^Berzin, Alexander. "The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire: First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent". Study Buddhism. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ abMoosvi, Shireen (2011). "The Medieval State and Caste". Social Scientist. 39 (7/8): 3–8. JSTOR 41289417.
^Malik, Jamal (October 31, 2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. BRILL. p. 40. ISBN9789047441816. Retrieved September 8, 2023. Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist.
^Nizam, Muhammad Huzaifa (January 15, 2023). "HOW THE INDUS VALLEY FED ISLAM'S GOLDEN AGE". DAWN. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023. The mercantile Sindhi Buddhists largely cooperated with the Muslims both during and after the conquest
^Jabewal, Jagjit Singh (November 1, 2004). "The Arab conquest of Sindh and Ismaili missionary work". The Milli Gazette. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023. There is overwhelming evidence suggesting Buddhist connivance in the Arab conquest of Sindh. They were not averse to the Arab conquest and they cooperated with the invaders.
^Avari, Burjor (2013). Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN9780415580618. Retrieved September 8, 2023. It is quite likely therefore that some form of Buddhist collaboration with the Arabs may have begun even before the Arab invasion.
^ abMaclean, Derryl N. (December 1, 1989). Religion And Society In Arab Sind. E.J. Brill. p. 121-122. ISBN9789004085510. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2023. Buddhists tended to collaborate to a significantly greater extent and at an earlier date than did Hindus.... Where the primary sources refer to religious affiliation,Buddhist conmunities (as opposed to individuals) are always (there is no exception) mentioned in terms of collaboration.... Furthermore, Buddhists generally collaborated early in the campaign before the major conquest of Sind had been achieved and even before the conquest of towns in which they were resident and which were held by strong garrisons.
^Sarao, K.T.S. (October 2017). "Buddhist-Muslim Encounter in Sind During the Eighth Century". Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. JSTOR. 77: 77. JSTOR 26609161. Retrieved September 8, 2023. The primary sources indicate that the Buddhists tended to collaborate with the invading Arabs at an early date
^Siddiqi, Iqtidar Husain (2010). Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century. Primus Books. p. 34. ISBN9788190891806. Retrieved September 8, 2023. At the time of the Arab invasion, the Buddhists repudiated their allegiance to Dahir and decided to cooperate with his enemy.
^Gankovsky, Yu. V.; Gavrilov, Igor (1973). "The Peoples of Pakistan: An Ethnic History". Nauka Publishing House. p. 116-117. Retrieved September 8, 2023. ....the invasion of Sind was all the easier because the leaders of the Buddhist community were in opposition to the Hindu rulers and sympathized with the Arabic [sic] invaders and sometimes even helped them.
^Hiltebeitel, Alf (May 1999). Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi Among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits. University of Chicago Press. p. 281. ISBN9780226340500. Retrieved September 8, 2023. While the results of Buddhist collaboration in Sind were short-lived, the history of Hinduism there continued in multiple forms, first with Brahman-led resistance continuing in upper Sind around Multan...
^ abVijaya Ramaswamy, ed. (2017). Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India. Routledge. ISBN9781351558242. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^Wink 2002, p. 206 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWink2002 (help): "And Al-Qasim wrote letters `to the kings of Hind (bi-mulūk-i-hind) calling upon them all to surrender and accept the faith of Islam (bi-muṭāwa`at-o-islām)'. Ten thousand-strong cavalries were sent to Kannauj from Multan, with a decree of the caliph, inviting the people `to share in the blessings of Islam, to submit and do homage and pay tribute'."
^Wink 2002, p. 207. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWink2002 (help)
^The Voice of Islam. Jamiyat-ul-Falah. 1967. p. 96. The origin of al - Awza'i is traced from Sind , wherefrom he or his parents came to Syria...
October 19, 2023
umayyad, conquest, sindh, took, place, against, ruling, brahmin, dynasty, sindh, resulted, sindh, being, incorporated, province, into, umayyad, caliphate, conquest, resulted, overthrow, last, hindu, dynasty, sindh, brahman, dynasty, after, death, raja, dahir, . The Umayyad conquest of Sindh took place in 711 AD against the ruling Brahmin dynasty of Sindh and resulted in Sindh being incorporated as a province into the Umayyad Caliphate The conquest resulted in the overthrow of the last Hindu dynasty of Sindh the Brahman dynasty after the death of Raja Dahir 1 Umayyad conquest of SindhPart of Umayyad campaigns in IndiaThe state of Sindh in 700 ADDate711 ADLocationSindh and MultanResultUmayyad victory Annexation of Sindh into the Caliphate Entrance of Islam into the Indian subcontinentTerritorialchangesSindh becomes a caliphal provinceBelligerentsUmayyad EmpireBrahmin dynasty of SindhCommanders and leadersMuhammad Bin QasimRaja Dahir Contents 1 Background 2 Invasion 3 Hindu and Buddhist response 4 Aftermath 5 ReferencesBackground EditAlthough there was no connection between Arabia and Sindh the war being started was due to events of piracy that plagued the Arabian Sea at the time the caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate offered Raja Dahir protection and sovereignty if he would help him in quelling the piracy Raja Dahir of Sindh had refused to return Arab rebels from Sindh 2 3 and furthermore Meds and others 4 Meds shipping from their bases at Kutch Debal and Kathiawar 4 during one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women travelling from Sri Lanka to Arabia thus providing a casus belli 4 5 against Sindh Raja Dahir 6 Raja Dahir expressed his inability to help retrieve the prisoners and after two expeditions was defeated in Sindh 7 8 Al Hajjaj equipped an army built around 6 000 Syrian cavalry and detachments of mawali from Iraq 9 six thousand camel riders and a baggage train of 3 000 camels under his Nephew Muhammad bin Qasim to Sindh His artillery of five catapults were sent to Debal by sea 9 manjaniks Invasion EditSee also Siege of Debal and Battle of Aror After conquering Brahmanabad in Sindh Ibn Qasim co opted the local Brahman elite whom he held in esteem re appointing them to posts held under the Brahman dynasty and offering honours and awards to their religious leaders and scholars 10 This arrangement with local Brahman elites resulted in the continued persecution of Jatts with Bin Qasim confirming the existing Brahman regulation forbidding them from wearing anything but coarse clothing and requiring them to always walk barefoot accompanied by dogs 10 Hindu and Buddhist response EditMajority of Sindh s population at the time of the Umayyad invasions was Hindu but a significant minority adhered to Buddhism as well 11 Burjor Avari writes that it s likely that Buddhists collaborated and sided 12 13 with the Arabs before the invasion even began 14 15 something that the primary sources describe as well 16 17 15 Soviet historian Yu V Gankovsky writes that the Arab invasions were only made successful because leaders of the Buddhist community of Sindh despised and opposed the Brahmin ruler hence sympathizing with the Arab invaders and even helping them in times 18 On the other hand Hindu Brahmin resistance against the Arabs continued for much longer both in upper Sindh and Multan 19 The eastern Hindu Jats supported the Sindh ruler Dahir against the Arab invaders whereas the western Buddhist Jats aligned with Muhammad bin Qasim against Dahir 20 Having settled the question of the freedom of religion and the social status of the Brahmans Muhammad bin al Qasim turned his attention to the Jats and Lohanas Chronicles such as the Chach Nama Zainul Akhbar and Tarikh I Baihaqi have recorded battles between Hindu Jats and forces of Muhammad ibn Qasim 20 Aftermath EditFollowing his success in Sindh Muhammad bin Qasim wrote to the k1ings of Hind calling upon them to surrender and accept the faith of Islam 21 He dispatched a force against al Baylaman Bhinmal which is said to have offered submission The Mid people of Surast Maitrakas of Vallabhi also made peace 22 Bin Qasim then sent a cavalry of 10 000 to Kanauj along with a decree from the Caliph He himself went with an army to the prevailing frontier of Kashmir called panj mahiyat in west Punjab 23 Nothing is known of the Kanauj expedition The frontier of Kashmir might be what is referred to as al Kiraj in later records Kira kingdom in Kangra Valley Himachal Pradesh 24 which was apparently subdued 25 Bin Qasim was recalled in 715 CE and died en route Al Baladhuri writes that upon his departure the kings of al Hind had come back to their kingdoms The period of Caliph Umar II r 717 720 was relatively peaceful Umar invited the kings of al Hind to convert to Islam and become his subjects in return for which they would continue to remain kings Hullishah of Sindh and other kings accepted the offer and adopted Arab names 26 The Umayyad conquest brought the region into the cosmopolitan network of Islam Many Sindhi Muslims played an important part during the Islamic Golden Age including Abu Mashar Sindhi and Abu Raja Sindhi Famous jurist Abd al Rahman al Awza i is also reported by Al Dhahabi to be originally from Sindh 27 References Edit Ahmed Asif Manan September 19 2016 A Book of Conquest The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674660113 Fredunbeg Mirza Kalichbeg The Chachnama An Ancient History of Sind pp57 El Hareir amp M Baye 2011 pp 604 605harvnb error no target CITEREFEl HareirM Baye2011 help a b c Wink 2002 pg 164 Gier Nicholas F May 2006 From Mongols to Mughals Religious Violence in India 9th 18th Centuries Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion Gonzaga University Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 Berzin Alexander The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent Study Buddhism Retrieved 21 June 2016 al Baladhuri 1924 p 216harvnb error no target CITEREFal Baladhuri1924 help Fredunbeg Mirza Kalichbeg The Chachnama An Ancient History of Sind pp69 a b Wink 2004 pg 201 205 a b Moosvi Shireen 2011 The Medieval State and Caste Social Scientist 39 7 8 3 8 JSTOR 41289417 Malik Jamal October 31 2008 Islam in South Asia A Short History BRILL p 40 ISBN 9789047441816 Retrieved September 8 2023 Sind s majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist Nizam Muhammad Huzaifa January 15 2023 HOW THE INDUS VALLEY FED ISLAM S GOLDEN AGE DAWN Archived from the original on January 15 2023 Retrieved September 8 2023 The mercantile Sindhi Buddhists largely cooperated with the Muslims both during and after the conquest Jabewal Jagjit Singh November 1 2004 The Arab conquest of Sindh and Ismaili missionary work The Milli Gazette Archived from the original on September 8 2023 Retrieved September 8 2023 There is overwhelming evidence suggesting Buddhist connivance in the Arab conquest of Sindh They were not averse to the Arab conquest and they cooperated with the invaders Avari Burjor 2013 Islamic Civilization in South Asia A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent Routledge p 22 ISBN 9780415580618 Retrieved September 8 2023 It is quite likely therefore that some form of Buddhist collaboration with the Arabs may have begun even before the Arab invasion a b Maclean Derryl N December 1 1989 Religion And Society In Arab Sind E J Brill p 121 122 ISBN 9789004085510 Archived from the original on March 2 2017 Retrieved September 9 2023 Buddhists tended to collaborate to a significantly greater extent and at an earlier date than did Hindus Where the primary sources refer to religious affiliation Buddhist conmunities as opposed to individuals are always there is no exception mentioned in terms of collaboration Furthermore Buddhists generally collaborated early in the campaign before the major conquest of Sind had been achieved and even before the conquest of towns in which they were resident and which were held by strong garrisons Sarao K T S October 2017 Buddhist Muslim Encounter in Sind During the Eighth Century Bulletin of the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute JSTOR 77 77 JSTOR 26609161 Retrieved September 8 2023 The primary sources indicate that the Buddhists tended to collaborate with the invading Arabs at an early date Siddiqi Iqtidar Husain 2010 Indo Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century Primus Books p 34 ISBN 9788190891806 Retrieved September 8 2023 At the time of the Arab invasion the Buddhists repudiated their allegiance to Dahir and decided to cooperate with his enemy Gankovsky Yu V Gavrilov Igor 1973 The Peoples of Pakistan An Ethnic History Nauka Publishing House p 116 117 Retrieved September 8 2023 the invasion of Sind was all the easier because the leaders of the Buddhist community were in opposition to the Hindu rulers and sympathized with the Arabic sic invaders and sometimes even helped them Hiltebeitel Alf May 1999 Rethinking India s Oral and Classical Epics Draupadi Among Rajputs Muslims and Dalits University of Chicago Press p 281 ISBN 9780226340500 Retrieved September 8 2023 While the results of Buddhist collaboration in Sind were short lived the history of Hinduism there continued in multiple forms first with Brahman led resistance continuing in upper Sind around Multan a b Vijaya Ramaswamy ed 2017 Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India Routledge ISBN 9781351558242 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Wink 2002 p 206harvnb error no target CITEREFWink2002 help And Al Qasim wrote letters to the kings of Hind bi muluk i hind calling upon them all to surrender and accept the faith of Islam bi muṭawa at o islam Ten thousand strong cavalries were sent to Kannauj from Multan with a decree of the caliph inviting the people to share in the blessings of Islam to submit and do homage and pay tribute Al Baladhuri 1924 p 223 sfn error no target CITEREFAl Baladhuri1924 help Wink 2002 p 206 sfn error no target CITEREFWink2002 help Tripathi 1989 p 218 sfn error no target CITEREFTripathi1989 help Blankinship 1994 p 132 sfn error no target CITEREFBlankinship1994 help Wink 2002 p 207 sfn error no target CITEREFWink2002 help The Voice of Islam Jamiyat ul Falah 1967 p 96 The origin of al Awza i is traced from Sind wherefrom he or his parents came to Syria Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Umayyad conquest of Sindh amp oldid 1178484788, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
