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Wikipedia

King of the Gypsies

April 20, 2023

This article is about the title. For the 1978 film, see King of the Gypsies (film). For the band, see Gipsy Kings.

The title King of the Gypsies has been claimed or given over the centuries to many different people. It is both culturally and geographically specific. It may be inherited, acquired by acclamation or action, or simply claimed. The extent of the power associated with the title varied; it might be limited to a small group in a specific place, or many people over large areas. In some cases the claim was clearly a public-relations exercise. As the term Gypsy is also used in many different ways, the King of the Gypsies may be someone with no connection with the Romani.

It has also been suggested that in places where their crimes were prosecuted closely by local authorities the "King of the Gypsies" is an individual, usually of low standing, who places himself in the risky position of an ad hoc liaison between the Romani and the "gadje" (non-Romani). The arrest of such a "King" limited the criminal liability of the Romani.[1]

Bulgaria

Mustafa Shibil

Mustafa Shibil (killed in 1856),[2] a Muslim Roma, claimed the title during his time in the Balkan Mountains near Sliven during and after the Crimean War.

The Gypsy King is associated with mythical powers of being able to part water with his sword, a spade, and his head, after it had been cut off, according to tales collected in 1981 from the Romani people in Bulgaria.[3]

England

Gypsy leaders

The Boswells were for centuries one of England's largest and most important Gypsy families. The Boswell clan were a large extended family of Travellers, and in old Nottinghamshire dialect the word bos'll was used as a term for Travellers and Romani in general. Hence, many claiming the title King of the Gypsies come from the Boswell family.

Haniel Boswell

Was the son of Francis Boswell.[4]

Jacob Rewbrey

"Alias king of the Gypsies", from the St Margaret's Westminster, was tried at the Old Bailey on 28 August 1700 for theft with violence and highway robbery. It was alleged he had robbed "one Rebecca Sellers, near the High way, . . . taking from her 3 Gold-rings, and 9 s. in Money" in January of that year. The Jury found him Guilty of theft, but not Robbery, as "It appeared that he juggled [tricked] her out of it." He was sentenced to penal transportation.[5]

James Boswell

Is buried in Rossington, near Doncaster in Yorkshire. Langdale's "Topographical Dictionary of Yorkshire" (1822), says: "In the church yard, was a stone, the two ends of which are now remaining, where was interred the body of James Bosvill the King of the Gypsies, who died 30 January 1708. For a number of years, it was a custom of Gypsies from the south, to visit his tomb annually, and there perform some of their accustomed rites; one of which was to pour a flagon of ale upon the grave." This is similar to the ritual of "stalling the rogue" mentioned by Thomas Harman and in The Beggars Bush and by Bampfylde Moore Carew.

A tradition was reported of annual visits to the grave of Charles Boswell near Doncaster for more than 100 years into the 1820s, including a rite of pouring a flagon of hot ale into the tomb. This may be same person.[6][7][8] the grave is situated by the main door leading to the church, shaded by a dark oak tree. It is now covered in moss, but is still readable. The words "King Of The Gypsies" will lie there for ever more, whereas the mystery of the black cat is still unsolved. – information on the grave by A. Needham – P. Needham, of St Michaels church.

Robert Boswell

Born c1735 in Wiltshire, buried at Loders, Dorset in January 1806, with his monument reading 'King of the Gypsies'. Robert is likely the father of Lucretia/Lucy, the wife of Josiah Smith. Lucretia died at Halton, Chester, however her burial took place in Beighton, Derbyshire for unknown reasons.[9] Lucretia's grave bears in inscription 'Queen of the Gypsies' which has resulted in numerous folktales surrounding her life. In 1998, a pub was constructed nearby and was given the name 'The Gypsy Queen'.[10]

Henry Boswell

"King of the Gypsies" died in 1760 at the age of 90 and was buried at Ickleford near Hitchin, Hertfordshire at the church of St. Catherine, as were his wife and granddaughter. Royal National and Commercial Directory and Topography of Herts, Pigot & Co., London, 1839[11]

Edmund Mashiter

Edmund Mashiter a.k.a. "Old Honey", died in Bolton, Lancashire in 1811 aged 90. He was reported to have been "justly entitled the King of Beggars", having been on the road for 70 years. He was reported to have been the son of a schoolmaster, and well educated, but to have taken to the road by choice, and maintained a wandering life until he became bedridden.[12]

Henry Boswell

The "King of the Gypsies" died in 1824 Stamford, Lincolnshire.[13][14]

Louis Boswell

Louis Boswell was buried at Eastwood church, Southend-on-Sea in 1835. In the Burial Register he is described as a "Traveller aged 42" – "This man known as the King of the Gypsies was interred in the presence of a vast concourse of spectators".[15]

Inverto Boswell

In the churchyard of St Mary's parish church, Calne, Wiltshire, a tomb commemorating Inverto Boswell who was buried on 8 February 1774, son of Henry Boswell King of the Gypsies. It is set in the exterior wall of the church.[16][17][18]

Harry Burton

Described as "King of the Gypsies", died in the Workhouse in Wincanton, Somerset aged 94 in 1847.[19]

Absalom Smith

Was noted as King of the Gypsies upon his death, aged 60, in 1826 in Twyford, Leicestershire.[20] His funeral on the 10th of February 1826 saw over 60 gypsies in attendance.[21] The Manchester Times reported he had been elected as King in the first half of the 19th century and was accorded special burial rites, with the ceremony attended by traveller families from twelve camps.[22] He was a well-known fiddler in the local area, often playing at wakes and celebrations and had a daughter, Beatta Smith, a renowned beauty whose portrait was displayed at Belvoir Castle.[21]

Matty Cooper

Taught the Romani language in the 1870s to Charles Godfrey Leland (1824–1903), the American folklorist and founder of the Gypsy Lore Society. Leland claimed Cooper was the King of the Gypsies in England.[23]

Xavier Petulengro/Smith

Was described as the King of the Gypsies, in an account of a Romani wedding at Baildon in Yorkshire in 1937 between his son Leon Petulengro/ Smith and Illeana Smith both of Colchester Essex. According to the caption of a photograph Xavier Petulengro cut the hands of the couple to mingle their blood during the ceremony. After their wedding the couple went north to Blackpool. During the war Leon was in the RAF and Ileana (Eileen) was a staff car driver for ICI. The marriage was dissolved in 1947 in Nottingham. Baildon was a famous fair and meeting place for Gypsies. Petulengro/ Smith was well known as a broadcaster on Gypsy subjects. His son Leon Petulengro/ Smith wrote for the "Woman's Own" magazine.[24]

Gilderoy Scamp

Born in Orpington, Kent in 1812 and was known as the King of the Kentish Gypsies.[25] Lived in Folkestone, Kent and was a boxer and scissor-grinder.[26]

Louis Welch

Louis Welch of Darlington was described by British media as the "King of the Gypsies", a title given to the best bare-knuckled boxer in the Romanichal; mainly from the UK and France community, following an alleged attack by six knife-wielding men, possibly from a rival band of travellers, in Cumbria. He refused to give evidence against his attackers, saying it was "against the travellers' code of honour", and a retrial was ordered after the jury failed to reach a verdict.[27][28][29]

Rogues and Roberdsmen named Martin Markall

The short book Martin Markall, Beadle of the Bridewell was published in London in 1610. The author is given as "S.R.", who is usually identified as Samuel Rid the author of The Art of Jugling or Legerdemaine, a later book of rogue literature promised in Martin Markall.[30] The book is of dubious veracity, and large sections are taken from the works of Thomas Dekker,[31] although Frank Aydelotte, who dates the book to 1608, calls it mostly original.[32] It includes what purports to be a list of the leaders of "the regiment of rogues", which echoed the genealogies of prominent families. Few had anything to do with Gypsies, but they are indicative of the context in which some of the Kings of the Gypsies were identified.

Bluebeard and Hugh Roberts

Both soldiers who had served in France. Bluebeard was captured and executed shortly after being made "their captain". Roberts then gathered about 100 "rakehells and vagabonds" in Kent who were joined by 400 "masterless men". Together they joined Jack Cade and entered Southwark. After the end of Cade's rebellion Roberts took to the woods with a small group living by theft, according to set rules of their own. After a year living like this these "Roberdsmen" dispersed throughout England, vowing to meet every three years, and joining other "commotions and rebellions". Roberts also went "roving" and "kept his court" until he was killed in 1461.[33]

Jenkin Cowdiddle

Was chosen by the remaining "Roberdsmen" at "their wonted place of meeting" "by general assent". He was "a wandering rogue", "much given to swearing, drunkenness and lechery . . . stout of stomach, audacious and fierce". He claimed droit du seigneur, and ordained that all beggars spent their weekly earnings in full every Saturday night. Rid says that he fought with "300 tattered knaves" in the rebellion in the South West of England against Edward IV and was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury (1471). Unlike Roberts, who may have been a real character, this Cowdiddle seems to have been a complete fiction.

Spising

Not deterred, the remaining "Roberdsmen" "hie them to their rendezvous . . . and there, with the full consent of the whole company, they chose one Spising to be his successor". Spising is given no first name. He is credited with ordering that all begging wanderers be "stalled as a rogue" by "the Chief Commander then being", paying a fee in beer, though this was excused if his father and grandfather had been rogues. Spising joined the larger rebellion by Thomas Neville, the Bastard of Fauconberg. He led a band attacking Aldgate, and was nearly successful, until parts of his group were trapped by the fall of the portcullis. Spising is reputed to have ruled 11 years before being hanged for a murder in Wombourn, Staffordshire, having escaped the same fate earlier by seeking sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. There is a historical record of a Spising as leader of an Essex contingent of Neville's uprising, but he was executed after it, and his head exhibited on Aldgate.

Puff Dick

Was the next elected, an expert at cheating with loaded dice, and excelled in "all manner of vice". He repeated Cowdiddle's requirement for thieves and beggars to spend their ill-gotten gains and not save them. Rid says he ruled for 8 years before dying of "the [French] pox and Neapolitan scurf". Like Cowdiddle, Dick seems to have been wholly fictional.

Laurence Crossbiter (a.k.a. Long Laurence)

Laurence Crossbiter was the next elected leader, a serving man aged 50–60. His art was "crossbiting"; theft from the customers of whores. He is also reported to have died "his bowels . . . eaten out with the pox while he was yet alive". Rid described him as cowardly and slavish for failing to come to the aid of the rebel Perkin Warbeck.

Richard Skelton

Was one of Warbeck's counsellors, "a noted knave". He was next "led to the wonted place of meeting, and there solemnly stalled a rogue and made their general". He is described as formerly having been a tailor in Taunton, Somerset "of proud and haughty disposition", and have "lived in this new government" until 1501. A Skelton was recorded by Sir Francis Bacon as a counsellor to Warbeck, but he says nothing of his activities after the rebellion.

Cock Lorel

Was elected his successor "by the General Council". Cock Lorel was "the most notorious knave that ever lived" who ruled until 1533. He professed the trade of a tinker to cover his thefts. Rid says that his knaveries are recorded in an old manuscript kept as "Maunders’ Hall", giving the rogue community a similar structure of that of the trade guilds. Cock Lorel was the great mythical leader of Tudor rogues. His name means just that, "cock" being leader, and "lorel" or losel" meaning rascal. He first appears about 1500 in "Cock Lorel's Boat", and is mentioned in Robert Copland's The Highway to the Spitalhouse (1535). He is credited with approving John Awdesley's The Fraternity of Vagabonds, (1561), in which he is given as the creator of the Twenty Five Orders of Knaves, reproduced in Thomas Harman's Warning for Common Cursitors and many other works of rogue literature. There is no record of any real individual on whom he was based. Cock Lorel is credited with having held a meeting with the leader of the Egyptians, Giles Hather, at their base at The Devils Arse Apeak in Derbyshire. Rid claims that at this meeting they devised a new and secret language thieves' cant, "to the end that their cozenings, knaveries, and villainies might not so easily be perceived and known".[34]

Giles Hather

Became head of the regiment or fellowship of Egyptians in the north about 1528. These, Rid says, travelled in groups of more than a hundred men and women, with horses, their faces blacked, and practised legerdemain and fortune telling by palmistry, delighting the common people with their clothes.

Kit Callot

Callot, "the Queen of the Egypties," accompanied Giles Hather, according to Rid. These names were traditional; Hather is mentioned by Thomas Awdesley (1561). "Kit" and "Callot" as names can be traced back to Piers Plowman. Although Tudor government, both local and national, took a close interest in the Egyptians there is no record of the names in their records.

Hungary

Tamás Bolgár

He was named as voivode of the "Pharaoh's People" in 1496. He seems to have led a group of metalworkers, as he was supplying the Bishop of Pécs with cannonballs. He was almost certainly the same person granted privileges by the King of Poland and Lithuania in 1501, who also recognised the privileges of Wasili as leader of the "Cyhany."[35]

Italy

Scaramuccia

This "King of the Gypsies" is suggested as a possible model for "A Grotesque Head" of the sketches of human physiognomy by Leonardo da Vinci, dated to (c.1503-07). Giorgio Vasari reported that Leonardo had done a drawing of "the Gypsy Captain Scaramuccia" which Vasari possessed, but it is not known what happened to it.[36]

Norway

Karoli family

In the 1980s, Polykarp Karoli began styling himself "King of all Gypsies in Norway".[37]

In 1990, while most of the family was serving prison time, Polykarp's grandson Martin Erik Karoli proclaimed himself "King of One Million Gypsies", claiming to be slated for a hundreds of years old crowning ceremony in Central Europe.[38] After Polykarp's death in 2001, his two sons publicly rivalled for the title "King of All Gypsies in The World", estimating 47.8 million subjects throughout the world and citing various ancient ceremonies and royal registries.[39]

Poland

Matiasz Korolewicz

Was conferred the title "King of the Gypsies" by the Polish Royal Chancery in 1652, after the death of Janczy who had previously served as the head of the Roma. Later Kings of the Gypsies seem to have been appointed from the aristocracy.[40]

 
Janos I's crowning in Warsaw, 1937

Kwiek family

In the Interwar Period the Kwiek family became almost a "royal dynasty" of the Roma of Poland with some recognition by local police and government officials. One member of the dynasty, Janusz Kwiek, was formally recognised by the Archbishop of Warsaw in 1937 and was subsequently crowned as Janos I in the National Army Stadium before thousands of people, with several European heads of state invited. He announced his intention to petition Benito Mussolini for land for a Romani settlement in East Africa,[41][failed verification][42] a plan that failed because of Mussolini's alliance with Nazi Germany, which recommended that the Romani population be eliminated.[42]

Romania

Iulian Rădulescu

In 1993, Iulian Rădulescu proclaimed himself "Emperor of the Roma Everywhere".[43]

Florin Cioabă

Florin Cioabă acquired the title "King of the Roma Everywhere" in 1997 from his father Ioan Cioabă who had claimed the title in 1992. Reports in 2003 that Cioabă, a Pentecostal Minister, had married off his own daughter at the age of 12 (or 14) caused uproar in the western media. The UN Economic and Social Council visited him in 1999 when preparing a report on Racism and Intolerance and described him as devoting himself to economic activity to support community projects, and exerting "moral authority" and having "some influence" as a councillor.[44][45][46] He died on 18 August 2013 after suffering a heart attack while on holiday in Antalya, Turkey.[47] He was succeeded as King by his son Dorin Cioabă.[48]

Dorin Cioabă

After his father, Florin Cioabă, passed away in 2013, Dorin Cioabă took on the role of "King of Roma Everywhere". He has been trying ever since to solve one of the recurring issues with Gypsy culture, children getting married at young ages, as he was himself a subject of this practice.[49]

Scotland

Main article: Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups
 
Arms of the "King of Egypt", from Nunraw White Castle armorial.

John (Johnnie) Faa

Main article: John Faa

Johnnie Faa of Dunbar was leader of the 'Egyptians', or Gypsies, in Scotland. Faa was granted a letter under the Privy Seal from King James V in February 1540, which was renewed in 1553. It was addressed to "oure louit Johnne Faw, lord and erle of Litill Egipt" establishing his authority over all Gypsies in Scotland and calling on all sheriffs in the country to assist him "in executione of justice upoun his company and folkis", who were to "conforme to the lawis of Egipt".

He is resurrected in fiction in S. R. Crockett's The Raiders and in Philip Pullman's trilogy His Dark Materials.

Johnne Wanne

Son and successor of Johnnie Faa, Johnne Wanne was granted Royal authority over all "Egyptians" in Scotland in May 1540.[50]

Patrick Faa

Patrick was the first recorded Gypsy King at Kirk Yetholm. Along with seven other Gypsies he was "sentenced to be transported to the Queen's American for life."[51]

William Faa I

King William I, known as 'Gleed Nickit Wull' because of a twist in the shape of his throat, was born about 1700, and died at Coldingham in 1784, aged around 84. He fathered 24 children by three wives.[52] His death at Colingham is recounted by William Smith, the Baillie at Kelso, who states that "When old Will Faa was upwards of eighty years of age, he called on me in Kelso, in his way to Edinburgh, telling me that he was going to Edinburgh to see the laird... before he died," and also that after successfully completing this visit "he only got the length of Colingham, when he was taken ill and died."[53] Will claimed to be descended from Johnnie Faa, Lord of Little Egypt.[52]

William Faa II

Will Faa, "King of the Gypsies", died in Kirk Yetholm on 9 October 1847, aged 96. He was the son of William Faa I. William Faa was an innkeeper (owned "The Queen") and footballer who lived at "The Gypsy Palace" off the Green, and entertained visitors there. The Kelso Mail carried his obituary entitled "Death of a Gypsy King", which said he was "always accounted a more respectable character than any of his tribe, and could boast of never having been in gaol during his life." His house continued to be a tourist attraction, and there was reportedly an "Old Palace" on the other side of Kirk Yetholm Green. William died without issue in 1847 when the 'Crown' passed to his sister Esther's husband Charles Blythe (1775-1861). Charles was an educated man who did much to live up to his role. On his death in 1861 there was a tussle between his many children for the right to be monarch. The role went to his daughter Esther Faa Blythe who reigned until 1883 when the gypsy culture was in serious decline. Following a gap of several years in 1898 one of her sons Charles Rutherford was persuaded to accept the office and a ceremonial Gypsy Coronation was held in 1898. By this stage the role was largely an attempt to boost tourism. Charles died in 1902 and the title has not been re-established. An Edinburgh housewife is now thought to be the present 'Queen'.[54][55][56] A lancet and case belonging to William Faa II can be found in the collections of the National Museum Scotland.[57]

Charles Faa Blythe I

Charles Faa Blythe was a brother-in-law to William Faa II, and when he died without issue the title of King of the Gypsies was passed to Charles, husband of his sister, Esther. Charles was born in 1775 and died in 1861. He was crowned King, by the local blacksmith, George Gladstone, on 25 October 1847, aged at least 70 years.[58] He was succeeded by his daughter, Esther Faa Blythe, who was born in the early years of the 1800s and died on 12 July 1883.[59]

Charles Faa Blyth II

Born around 1825, Charles Rutherford (known as Charles Faa Blythe II), was a son to Esther Faa Bythe, the Gypsy Queen. Between the death of Esther Faa Blyth in 1883 and the accession of Charles II in 1898, there was no Gypsy royalty crowned at Kirk Yetholm. His coronation ceremony was really a pageant, with all the locals dressing up for the benefit of the photographers. Many photographs of the occasion still exist.[60]

William (Billy) Marshall

William (Billy) Marshall (1672-1792) died aged 120, lived in Minnigaff, Kirkcudbrightshire, Galloway, Scotland. He is buried in the graveyard at St Cuthbert's Church in Kirkcudbright.[61] 6 February 2018, AJMcC, The Tinkler Gypsies of Galloway, by Andrew McCormick

United States

Tom “Thoma” Miller

Who had lived in New York City, was claimed by many as King until his death in 1990. Tom Miller made a brief cameo in the movie Angelo My Love directed by Robert DuVall, a film showcasing life in Romani America in the 1970s.[62][63][64][65][66]

Phoebe Broadway Stanley

Known for being horse dealers, the Stanleys are Romanichal and arrived in the United States from England in 1857 on a ship called the SS Kangaroo. Those that settled in the Northeast had many "Queens" and "Kings". Phoebe Broadway Stanley (1859-1940) was married to Thomas Stanley and lived her later years in Natick, Massachusetts, where her colorful Vardo (Romani wagon) was spotted in her son's yard by a local antiques dealer, who purchased the wagon from the Stanleys and subsequently donated it to the Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages where it was restored and now resides.[67]

Unidentified Romany

In 1953, Anaïs Nin underwent surgery for ovarian cancer in a Los Angeles hospital. In her diary, she mentions that "the King of the Gypsies was having surgery at the same time" and that approximately six hundred members of his tribe were camped in or near the hospital in accordance with their law: "no amount of hospital discipline would drive them away". She spoke with several members of the band, and identified them as Romani people.[68]

Venezuela

Angelo Vallerugo III

Since 1998, Angelo Vallerugo III has been accepted by the Venezuelan gypsy community as their king.[69]

Wales

Abram Wood

Abram Wood was the head of a family of Welsh Romani people in the 1700s. They were musicians, and spoke an old Romani dialect.[70]

Turkey

Kuştepeli Erdin

From 2005 until his death in 2017, the Muslim Roma Kuştepeli Erdin, was the self-proclaimed King of all Romani people in Turkey. He lived in Kuştepe-Şişli in Istanbul.[71]

In popular culture

The heavyweight champion boxer Tyson Fury is nicknamed ‘the Gypsy King’. He is related to Bartley Gorman, who claimed the title of ‘King of the Gypsies’ on the basis of his prowess at bare knuckle boxing.

The classic daytime gothic television series Dark Shadows featured a fictional King of the Gypsies named Johnny Romano during the 1897 arc.

See also

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Further reading

April 20, 2023
king, gypsies, this, article, about, title, 1978, film, film, band, gipsy, kings, title, been, claimed, given, over, centuries, many, different, people, both, culturally, geographically, specific, inherited, acquired, acclamation, action, simply, claimed, exte. This article is about the title For the 1978 film see King of the Gypsies film For the band see Gipsy Kings The title King of the Gypsies has been claimed or given over the centuries to many different people It is both culturally and geographically specific It may be inherited acquired by acclamation or action or simply claimed The extent of the power associated with the title varied it might be limited to a small group in a specific place or many people over large areas In some cases the claim was clearly a public relations exercise As the term Gypsy is also used in many different ways the King of the Gypsies may be someone with no connection with the Romani It has also been suggested that in places where their crimes were prosecuted closely by local authorities the King of the Gypsies is an individual usually of low standing who places himself in the risky position of an ad hoc liaison between the Romani and the gadje non Romani The arrest of such a King limited the criminal liability of the Romani 1 Contents 1 Bulgaria 1 1 Mustafa Shibil 2 England 2 1 Gypsy leaders 2 1 1 Haniel Boswell 2 1 2 Jacob Rewbrey 2 1 3 James Boswell 2 1 4 Henry Boswell 2 1 5 Edmund Mashiter 2 1 6 Henry Boswell 2 1 7 Louis Boswell 2 1 8 Inverto Boswell 2 1 9 Harry Burton 2 1 10 Absalom Smith 2 1 11 Matty Cooper 2 1 12 Xavier Petulengro Smith 2 1 13 Gilderoy Scamp 2 1 14 Louis Welch 2 2 Rogues and Roberdsmen named Martin Markall 2 2 1 Bluebeard and Hugh Roberts 2 2 2 Jenkin Cowdiddle 2 2 3 Spising 2 2 4 Puff Dick 2 2 5 Laurence Crossbiter a k a Long Laurence 2 2 6 Richard Skelton 2 2 7 Cock Lorel 2 2 8 Giles Hather 2 2 9 Kit Callot 3 Hungary 3 1 Tamas Bolgar 4 Italy 4 1 Scaramuccia 5 Norway 5 1 Karoli family 6 Poland 6 1 Matiasz Korolewicz 6 2 Kwiek family 7 Romania 7 1 Iulian Rădulescu 7 2 Florin Cioabă 7 3 Dorin Cioabă 8 Scotland 8 1 John Johnnie Faa 8 2 Johnne Wanne 8 3 Patrick Faa 8 4 William Faa I 8 5 William Faa II 8 6 Charles Faa Blythe I 8 7 Charles Faa Blyth II 8 8 William Billy Marshall 9 United States 9 1 Tom Thoma Miller 9 2 Phoebe Broadway Stanley 9 3 Unidentified Romany 10 Venezuela 10 1 Angelo Vallerugo III 11 Wales 11 1 Abram Wood 12 Turkey 12 1 Kustepeli Erdin 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 References 16 Further readingBulgaria EditMustafa Shibil Edit Mustafa Shibil killed in 1856 2 a Muslim Roma claimed the title during his time in the Balkan Mountains near Sliven during and after the Crimean War The Gypsy King is associated with mythical powers of being able to part water with his sword a spade and his head after it had been cut off according to tales collected in 1981 from the Romani people in Bulgaria 3 England EditGypsy leaders Edit The Boswells were for centuries one of England s largest and most important Gypsy families The Boswell clan were a large extended family of Travellers and in old Nottinghamshire dialect the word bos ll was used as a term for Travellers and Romani in general Hence many claiming the title King of the Gypsies come from the Boswell family Haniel Boswell Edit Was the son of Francis Boswell 4 Jacob Rewbrey Edit Alias king of the Gypsies from the St Margaret s Westminster was tried at the Old Bailey on 28 August 1700 for theft with violence and highway robbery It was alleged he had robbed one Rebecca Sellers near the High way taking from her 3 Gold rings and 9 s in Money in January of that year The Jury found him Guilty of theft but not Robbery as It appeared that he juggled tricked her out of it He was sentenced to penal transportation 5 James Boswell Edit Is buried in Rossington near Doncaster in Yorkshire Langdale s Topographical Dictionary of Yorkshire 1822 says In the church yard was a stone the two ends of which are now remaining where was interred the body of James Bosvill the King of the Gypsies who died 30 January 1708 For a number of years it was a custom of Gypsies from the south to visit his tomb annually and there perform some of their accustomed rites one of which was to pour a flagon of ale upon the grave This is similar to the ritual of stalling the rogue mentioned by Thomas Harman and in The Beggars Bush and by Bampfylde Moore Carew A tradition was reported of annual visits to the grave of Charles Boswell near Doncaster for more than 100 years into the 1820s including a rite of pouring a flagon of hot ale into the tomb This may be same person 6 7 8 the grave is situated by the main door leading to the church shaded by a dark oak tree It is now covered in moss but is still readable The words King Of The Gypsies will lie there for ever more whereas the mystery of the black cat is still unsolved information on the grave by A Needham P Needham of St Michaels church Robert BoswellBorn c1735 in Wiltshire buried at Loders Dorset in January 1806 with his monument reading King of the Gypsies Robert is likely the father of Lucretia Lucy the wife of Josiah Smith Lucretia died at Halton Chester however her burial took place in Beighton Derbyshire for unknown reasons 9 Lucretia s grave bears in inscription Queen of the Gypsies which has resulted in numerous folktales surrounding her life In 1998 a pub was constructed nearby and was given the name The Gypsy Queen 10 Henry Boswell Edit King of the Gypsies died in 1760 at the age of 90 and was buried at Ickleford near Hitchin Hertfordshire at the church of St Catherine as were his wife and granddaughter Royal National and Commercial Directory and Topography of Herts Pigot amp Co London 1839 11 Edmund Mashiter Edit Edmund Mashiter a k a Old Honey died in Bolton Lancashire in 1811 aged 90 He was reported to have been justly entitled the King of Beggars having been on the road for 70 years He was reported to have been the son of a schoolmaster and well educated but to have taken to the road by choice and maintained a wandering life until he became bedridden 12 Henry Boswell Edit The King of the Gypsies died in 1824 Stamford Lincolnshire 13 14 Louis Boswell Edit Louis Boswell was buried at Eastwood church Southend on Sea in 1835 In the Burial Register he is described as a Traveller aged 42 This man known as the King of the Gypsies was interred in the presence of a vast concourse of spectators 15 Inverto Boswell Edit In the churchyard of St Mary s parish church Calne Wiltshire a tomb commemorating Inverto Boswell who was buried on 8 February 1774 son of Henry Boswell King of the Gypsies It is set in the exterior wall of the church 16 17 18 Harry Burton Edit Described as King of the Gypsies died in the Workhouse in Wincanton Somerset aged 94 in 1847 19 Absalom Smith Edit Was noted as King of the Gypsies upon his death aged 60 in 1826 in Twyford Leicestershire 20 His funeral on the 10th of February 1826 saw over 60 gypsies in attendance 21 The Manchester Times reported he had been elected as King in the first half of the 19th century and was accorded special burial rites with the ceremony attended by traveller families from twelve camps 22 He was a well known fiddler in the local area often playing at wakes and celebrations and had a daughter Beatta Smith a renowned beauty whose portrait was displayed at Belvoir Castle 21 Matty Cooper Edit Taught the Romani language in the 1870s to Charles Godfrey Leland 1824 1903 the American folklorist and founder of the Gypsy Lore Society Leland claimed Cooper was the King of the Gypsies in England 23 Xavier Petulengro Smith Edit Was described as the King of the Gypsies in an account of a Romani wedding at Baildon in Yorkshire in 1937 between his son Leon Petulengro Smith and Illeana Smith both of Colchester Essex According to the caption of a photograph Xavier Petulengro cut the hands of the couple to mingle their blood during the ceremony After their wedding the couple went north to Blackpool During the war Leon was in the RAF and Ileana Eileen was a staff car driver for ICI The marriage was dissolved in 1947 in Nottingham Baildon was a famous fair and meeting place for Gypsies Petulengro Smith was well known as a broadcaster on Gypsy subjects His son Leon Petulengro Smith wrote for the Woman s Own magazine 24 Gilderoy Scamp Edit Born in Orpington Kent in 1812 and was known as the King of the Kentish Gypsies 25 Lived in Folkestone Kent and was a boxer and scissor grinder 26 Louis Welch Edit Louis Welch of Darlington was described by British media as the King of the Gypsies a title given to the best bare knuckled boxer in the Romanichal mainly from the UK and France community following an alleged attack by six knife wielding men possibly from a rival band of travellers in Cumbria He refused to give evidence against his attackers saying it was against the travellers code of honour and a retrial was ordered after the jury failed to reach a verdict 27 28 29 Rogues and Roberdsmen named Martin Markall Edit The short book Martin Markall Beadle of the Bridewell was published in London in 1610 The author is given as S R who is usually identified as Samuel Rid the author of The Art of Jugling or Legerdemaine a later book of rogue literature promised in Martin Markall 30 The book is of dubious veracity and large sections are taken from the works of Thomas Dekker 31 although Frank Aydelotte who dates the book to 1608 calls it mostly original 32 It includes what purports to be a list of the leaders of the regiment of rogues which echoed the genealogies of prominent families Few had anything to do with Gypsies but they are indicative of the context in which some of the Kings of the Gypsies were identified Bluebeard and Hugh Roberts Edit Both soldiers who had served in France Bluebeard was captured and executed shortly after being made their captain Roberts then gathered about 100 rakehells and vagabonds in Kent who were joined by 400 masterless men Together they joined Jack Cade and entered Southwark After the end of Cade s rebellion Roberts took to the woods with a small group living by theft according to set rules of their own After a year living like this these Roberdsmen dispersed throughout England vowing to meet every three years and joining other commotions and rebellions Roberts also went roving and kept his court until he was killed in 1461 33 Jenkin Cowdiddle Edit Was chosen by the remaining Roberdsmen at their wonted place of meeting by general assent He was a wandering rogue much given to swearing drunkenness and lechery stout of stomach audacious and fierce He claimed droit du seigneur and ordained that all beggars spent their weekly earnings in full every Saturday night Rid says that he fought with 300 tattered knaves in the rebellion in the South West of England against Edward IV and was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury 1471 Unlike Roberts who may have been a real character this Cowdiddle seems to have been a complete fiction Spising Edit Not deterred the remaining Roberdsmen hie them to their rendezvous and there with the full consent of the whole company they chose one Spising to be his successor Spising is given no first name He is credited with ordering that all begging wanderers be stalled as a rogue by the Chief Commander then being paying a fee in beer though this was excused if his father and grandfather had been rogues Spising joined the larger rebellion by Thomas Neville the Bastard of Fauconberg He led a band attacking Aldgate and was nearly successful until parts of his group were trapped by the fall of the portcullis Spising is reputed to have ruled 11 years before being hanged for a murder in Wombourn Staffordshire having escaped the same fate earlier by seeking sanctuary in Westminster Abbey There is a historical record of a Spising as leader of an Essex contingent of Neville s uprising but he was executed after it and his head exhibited on Aldgate Puff Dick Edit Was the next elected an expert at cheating with loaded dice and excelled in all manner of vice He repeated Cowdiddle s requirement for thieves and beggars to spend their ill gotten gains and not save them Rid says he ruled for 8 years before dying of the French pox and Neapolitan scurf Like Cowdiddle Dick seems to have been wholly fictional Laurence Crossbiter a k a Long Laurence Edit Laurence Crossbiter was the next elected leader a serving man aged 50 60 His art was crossbiting theft from the customers of whores He is also reported to have died his bowels eaten out with the pox while he was yet alive Rid described him as cowardly and slavish for failing to come to the aid of the rebel Perkin Warbeck Richard Skelton Edit Was one of Warbeck s counsellors a noted knave He was next led to the wonted place of meeting and there solemnly stalled a rogue and made their general He is described as formerly having been a tailor in Taunton Somerset of proud and haughty disposition and have lived in this new government until 1501 A Skelton was recorded by Sir Francis Bacon as a counsellor to Warbeck but he says nothing of his activities after the rebellion Cock Lorel Edit Was elected his successor by the General Council Cock Lorel was the most notorious knave that ever lived who ruled until 1533 He professed the trade of a tinker to cover his thefts Rid says that his knaveries are recorded in an old manuscript kept as Maunders Hall giving the rogue community a similar structure of that of the trade guilds Cock Lorel was the great mythical leader of Tudor rogues His name means just that cock being leader and lorel or losel meaning rascal He first appears about 1500 in Cock Lorel s Boat and is mentioned in Robert Copland s The Highway to the Spitalhouse 1535 He is credited with approving John Awdesley s The Fraternity of Vagabonds 1561 in which he is given as the creator of the Twenty Five Orders of Knaves reproduced in Thomas Harman s Warning for Common Cursitors and many other works of rogue literature There is no record of any real individual on whom he was based Cock Lorel is credited with having held a meeting with the leader of the Egyptians Giles Hather at their base at The Devils Arse Apeak in Derbyshire Rid claims that at this meeting they devised a new and secret language thieves cant to the end that their cozenings knaveries and villainies might not so easily be perceived and known 34 Giles Hather Edit Became head of the regiment or fellowship of Egyptians in the north about 1528 These Rid says travelled in groups of more than a hundred men and women with horses their faces blacked and practised legerdemain and fortune telling by palmistry delighting the common people with their clothes Kit Callot Edit Callot the Queen of the Egypties accompanied Giles Hather according to Rid These names were traditional Hather is mentioned by Thomas Awdesley 1561 Kit and Callot as names can be traced back to Piers Plowman Although Tudor government both local and national took a close interest in the Egyptians there is no record of the names in their records Hungary EditTamas Bolgar Edit He was named as voivode of the Pharaoh s People in 1496 He seems to have led a group of metalworkers as he was supplying the Bishop of Pecs with cannonballs He was almost certainly the same person granted privileges by the King of Poland and Lithuania in 1501 who also recognised the privileges of Wasili as leader of the Cyhany 35 Italy EditScaramuccia Edit This King of the Gypsies is suggested as a possible model for A Grotesque Head of the sketches of human physiognomy by Leonardo da Vinci dated to c 1503 07 Giorgio Vasari reported that Leonardo had done a drawing of the Gypsy Captain Scaramuccia which Vasari possessed but it is not known what happened to it 36 Norway EditKaroli family Edit In the 1980s Polykarp Karoli began styling himself King of all Gypsies in Norway 37 In 1990 while most of the family was serving prison time Polykarp s grandson Martin Erik Karoli proclaimed himself King of One Million Gypsies claiming to be slated for a hundreds of years old crowning ceremony in Central Europe 38 After Polykarp s death in 2001 his two sons publicly rivalled for the title King of All Gypsies in The World estimating 47 8 million subjects throughout the world and citing various ancient ceremonies and royal registries 39 Poland EditMatiasz Korolewicz Edit Was conferred the title King of the Gypsies by the Polish Royal Chancery in 1652 after the death of Janczy who had previously served as the head of the Roma Later Kings of the Gypsies seem to have been appointed from the aristocracy 40 Janos I s crowning in Warsaw 1937 Kwiek family Edit In the Interwar Period the Kwiek family became almost a royal dynasty of the Roma of Poland with some recognition by local police and government officials One member of the dynasty Janusz Kwiek was formally recognised by the Archbishop of Warsaw in 1937 and was subsequently crowned as Janos I in the National Army Stadium before thousands of people with several European heads of state invited He announced his intention to petition Benito Mussolini for land for a Romani settlement in East Africa 41 failed verification 42 a plan that failed because of Mussolini s alliance with Nazi Germany which recommended that the Romani population be eliminated 42 Romania EditIulian Rădulescu Edit In 1993 Iulian Rădulescu proclaimed himself Emperor of the Roma Everywhere 43 Florin Cioabă Edit Florin Cioabă acquired the title King of the Roma Everywhere in 1997 from his father Ioan Cioabă who had claimed the title in 1992 Reports in 2003 that Cioabă a Pentecostal Minister had married off his own daughter at the age of 12 or 14 caused uproar in the western media The UN Economic and Social Council visited him in 1999 when preparing a report on Racism and Intolerance and described him as devoting himself to economic activity to support community projects and exerting moral authority and having some influence as a councillor 44 45 46 He died on 18 August 2013 after suffering a heart attack while on holiday in Antalya Turkey 47 He was succeeded as King by his son Dorin Cioabă 48 Dorin Cioabă Edit After his father Florin Cioabă passed away in 2013 Dorin Cioabă took on the role of King of Roma Everywhere He has been trying ever since to solve one of the recurring issues with Gypsy culture children getting married at young ages as he was himself a subject of this practice 49 Scotland EditMain article Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups Arms of the King of Egypt from Nunraw White Castle armorial John Johnnie Faa Edit Main article John Faa Johnnie Faa of Dunbar was leader of the Egyptians or Gypsies in Scotland Faa was granted a letter under the Privy Seal from King James V in February 1540 which was renewed in 1553 It was addressed to oure louit Johnne Faw lord and erle of Litill Egipt establishing his authority over all Gypsies in Scotland and calling on all sheriffs in the country to assist him in executione of justice upoun his company and folkis who were to conforme to the lawis of Egipt He is resurrected in fiction in S R Crockett s The Raiders and in Philip Pullman s trilogy His Dark Materials Johnne Wanne Edit Son and successor of Johnnie Faa Johnne Wanne was granted Royal authority over all Egyptians in Scotland in May 1540 50 Patrick Faa Edit Patrick was the first recorded Gypsy King at Kirk Yetholm Along with seven other Gypsies he was sentenced to be transported to the Queen s American for life 51 William Faa I Edit King William I known as Gleed Nickit Wull because of a twist in the shape of his throat was born about 1700 and died at Coldingham in 1784 aged around 84 He fathered 24 children by three wives 52 His death at Colingham is recounted by William Smith the Baillie at Kelso who states that When old Will Faa was upwards of eighty years of age he called on me in Kelso in his way to Edinburgh telling me that he was going to Edinburgh to see the laird before he died and also that after successfully completing this visit he only got the length of Colingham when he was taken ill and died 53 Will claimed to be descended from Johnnie Faa Lord of Little Egypt 52 William Faa II Edit Will Faa King of the Gypsies died in Kirk Yetholm on 9 October 1847 aged 96 He was the son of William Faa I William Faa was an innkeeper owned The Queen and footballer who lived at The Gypsy Palace off the Green and entertained visitors there The Kelso Mail carried his obituary entitled Death of a Gypsy King which said he was always accounted a more respectable character than any of his tribe and could boast of never having been in gaol during his life His house continued to be a tourist attraction and there was reportedly an Old Palace on the other side of Kirk Yetholm Green William died without issue in 1847 when the Crown passed to his sister Esther s husband Charles Blythe 1775 1861 Charles was an educated man who did much to live up to his role On his death in 1861 there was a tussle between his many children for the right to be monarch The role went to his daughter Esther Faa Blythe who reigned until 1883 when the gypsy culture was in serious decline Following a gap of several years in 1898 one of her sons Charles Rutherford was persuaded to accept the office and a ceremonial Gypsy Coronation was held in 1898 By this stage the role was largely an attempt to boost tourism Charles died in 1902 and the title has not been re established An Edinburgh housewife is now thought to be the present Queen 54 55 56 A lancet and case belonging to William Faa II can be found in the collections of the National Museum Scotland 57 Charles Faa Blythe I Edit Charles Faa Blythe was a brother in law to William Faa II and when he died without issue the title of King of the Gypsies was passed to Charles husband of his sister Esther Charles was born in 1775 and died in 1861 He was crowned King by the local blacksmith George Gladstone on 25 October 1847 aged at least 70 years 58 He was succeeded by his daughter Esther Faa Blythe who was born in the early years of the 1800s and died on 12 July 1883 59 Charles Faa Blyth II Edit Born around 1825 Charles Rutherford known as Charles Faa Blythe II was a son to Esther Faa Bythe the Gypsy Queen Between the death of Esther Faa Blyth in 1883 and the accession of Charles II in 1898 there was no Gypsy royalty crowned at Kirk Yetholm His coronation ceremony was really a pageant with all the locals dressing up for the benefit of the photographers Many photographs of the occasion still exist 60 William Billy Marshall Edit William Billy Marshall 1672 1792 died aged 120 lived in Minnigaff Kirkcudbrightshire Galloway Scotland He is buried in the graveyard at St Cuthbert s Church in Kirkcudbright 61 6 February 2018 AJMcC The Tinkler Gypsies of Galloway by Andrew McCormickUnited States EditTom Thoma Miller Edit Who had lived in New York City was claimed by many as King until his death in 1990 Tom Miller made a brief cameo in the movie Angelo My Love directed by Robert DuVall a film showcasing life in Romani America in the 1970s 62 63 64 65 66 Phoebe Broadway Stanley Edit Known for being horse dealers the Stanleys are Romanichal and arrived in the United States from England in 1857 on a ship called the SS Kangaroo Those that settled in the Northeast had many Queens and Kings Phoebe Broadway Stanley 1859 1940 was married to Thomas Stanley and lived her later years in Natick Massachusetts where her colorful Vardo Romani wagon was spotted in her son s yard by a local antiques dealer who purchased the wagon from the Stanleys and subsequently donated it to the Long Island Museum of American Art History and Carriages where it was restored and now resides 67 Unidentified Romany Edit In 1953 Anais Nin underwent surgery for ovarian cancer in a Los Angeles hospital In her diary she mentions that the King of the Gypsies was having surgery at the same time and that approximately six hundred members of his tribe were camped in or near the hospital in accordance with their law no amount of hospital discipline would drive them away She spoke with several members of the band and identified them as Romani people 68 Venezuela EditAngelo Vallerugo III Edit Since 1998 Angelo Vallerugo III has been accepted by the Venezuelan gypsy community as their king 69 Wales EditAbram Wood Edit Abram Wood was the head of a family of Welsh Romani people in the 1700s They were musicians and spoke an old Romani dialect 70 Turkey EditKustepeli Erdin Edit From 2005 until his death in 2017 the Muslim Roma Kustepeli Erdin was the self proclaimed King of all Romani people in Turkey He lived in Kustepe Sisli in Istanbul 71 In popular culture EditThe heavyweight champion boxer Tyson Fury is nicknamed the Gypsy King He is related to Bartley Gorman who claimed the title of King of the Gypsies on the basis of his prowess at bare knuckle boxing The classic daytime gothic television series Dark Shadows featured a fictional King of the Gypsies named Johnny Romano during the 1897 arc See also EditRom baro Romani tribal leaderReferences Edit Human Rights Brief Human Rights Brief Wcl american edu Retrieved 2017 01 03 https www schoeningh de display book 9783657705191 BP000009 xml Kolev Deyan Teodora Krumova January 14 2002 ROMA IN BULGARIA AND THEIR FOLKLORE Protecting and Popularizing Roma Culture in Central Bulgaria Archived from the original on May 29 2005 Retrieved 2009 10 04 The Romani Line Boswell Sherriff amp Hodgkins or Hodgkinson Garenewing co uk Retrieved 2017 01 03 Old Bailey Proceedings Online accessed 28 January 2018 Trial of Jacob Rewbrey t17000828 63 28 August 1700 Doncaster News and Features Bizarre Doncaster Ghosts and Hauntings on Donny Online Donny co uk Retrieved 2017 01 03 Brian Vesey Fitzgerald Gypsies of Britain The Country Book Club 1951 quoting Edward Miller History and Antiquities of Doncaster John Wainwright History and Antiquities of Doncaster and Consborough Sheffield Basil Blackwell 1829 Gypsey Queen pub and Crystal Peaks www j31 co uk Retrieved 2022 05 05 Gypsy Queen Beighton Menus Hungry Horse Retrieved 2022 05 05 GENUKI Ickleford 11 October 2006 Archived from the original on 11 October 2006 Retrieved 8 October 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link The Gentleman s Magazine 1 March 1811 Rutland amp Stamford Mercury 15 October 1824 p3 column 1 Gypsies Lincolnshire County Council Lincolnshire gov uk 2012 06 07 Retrieved 2017 01 03 King of Gypsies Edward Boswell Rromani djib Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 22 January 2011 Calne Wiltshire Gazette and Herald Retrieved 18 March 2016 The Gentleman s Magazine and Historical Chronicle July to December 1818 1818 Retrieved 1 July 2020 Romani Heritage Inverto Boswell Romani Heritage Retrieved 1 July 2020 Wincanton 5 April 2005 Archived from the original on 5 April 2005 Retrieved 8 October 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Leicestershire or Rutland interests Find My Past launch new parish register collection Romany and Traveller Family Historical Society RTFHS Retrieved 28 October 2021 a b Leicestershire and Rutland Notes and Queries and Antiquarian Volume 1 1891 J amp T Chapman 1891 Retrieved 28 October 2021 Local Notes and Queries Manchester Times 19 April 1895 Retrieved 12 November 2020 Leland Charles Godfrey Themystica com 1903 03 20 Retrieved 2017 01 03 Stock photo and image search by Science amp Society Picture Library Scienceandsociety co uk 2008 04 23 Retrieved 2017 01 03 Kenrick Donald 2010 The A to Z of the Gypsies Romanies Scarecrow Press p 99 ISBN 9781461672272 Gilderoy Scamp King of the Gypsies Linda Hayward Romani Routes Volume 4 No 7 June 2000 Retrial over King of Gypsies boxer attack in Cumbria BBC 2010 03 05 King of the Gypsies injured in knife attack Metro News Metro co uk 2009 05 27 Retrieved 2017 01 03 Ignore whims of King of the Gipsies The Northern Echo 2010 02 24 Gypsies in England Notes and Queries London George Bell Eleventh 287 326 April 28 1855 Mayall David Oct 9 2003 Gypsy Identities 1500 2000 From Egipcyans and Moon men to the Ethnic Romany Routledge p 69 ISBN 9781857289602 Aydelotte Frank 2013 Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds 5th ed Routledge p unnumbered Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society Volume 2 1909 p 271 Rid Samuel 1610 Martin Markall the Beadle of Bridewell as quoted in Reynolds Bryan Apr 1 2003 Becoming Criminal Transversal Performance and Cultural Dissidence in Early Modern England Google eBook JHU Press p unnumbered Zarora 31 December 2007 Archived from the original on 31 December 2007 Retrieved 8 October 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Christ Church Oxford University Chch ox ac uk Retrieved 2017 01 03 Aftenposten 1989 12 27 Sigoynerkongen tatt i Kobenhavn Retriever Web retriever info com Retrieved 2017 01 03 VG 2001 08 11 Jeg er den nye kongen Visitor anti robot validation Romanothan ro Archived from the original on 2006 06 19 Retrieved 2017 01 03 layout 27 September 2007 Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 8 October 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link a b Hancock Ian F 2002 We are the Romani People Univ of Hertfordshire Press ISBN 978 1 902806 19 8 ro Iulian Rădulescu MAR Data Chronology for Roma in Romania 28 August 2004 Archived from the original on 28 August 2004 Retrieved 8 October 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Development in Action The thorny issues surrounding the practice of child marriage cultural tradition or economic necessity Developmentinaction org 26 December 2004 Archived from the original on 26 December 2004 Retrieved 8 October 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Open Society Foundations PDF Soros org 2016 11 22 Retrieved 2017 01 03 Childs David 22 August 2013 Obituary Florin Cioaba Activist and King of the Rroma The Independent London Retrieved 27 September 2013 Sara Winston Martin Krupik 5 July 2014 An Audience With the King of the Gypsies Vice com Retrieved 26 May 2015 Romanian report by Euro Reporter Gypsy Folk Tales Index Sacred texts com Retrieved 2017 01 03 Anonymous September 1817 NOTICES CONCERNING THE SCOTTISH GYPSIES Edinburgh Monthly Magazine 1 September 616 a b Will Faa The Faa Family Famous Gypsies www scottishgypsies co uk Retrieved 2018 07 21 Scott Walter 1833 The Waverley Anecdotes Illustrative of the Incidents Characters and Scenery Described in the Novels and Romances of Sir Walter Scott London J Cochrane and J McCrone pp 217 218 The Gypsy Palace Kirk Yetholm Scotland Discovertheborders co uk Retrieved 2017 01 03 The Scottish Gypsies of Scotland Scottishgypsies co uk Retrieved 2017 01 03 Journal Gypsy Lore Soc 3rd ser ii 370 1 quoted in English Genealogy A R Wagner Case lancet National Museums Scotland Retrieved 2018 07 21 Charles Blyth I The Faa Family Famous Gypsies www scottishgypsies co uk Retrieved 2018 07 21 Esther Faa Blythe The Faa Family Famous Gypsies www scottishgypsies co uk Retrieved 2018 07 21 Charles Faa Blyth II The Faa Family Famous Gypsies www scottishgypsies co uk Retrieved 2018 07 21 Billy Marshall the Scottish King of the Gypsies BBC Archived from the original on 14 December 2004 Retrieved 23 June 2017 Meridian Dispatch 7th February1915 Meridian Star 5 August 1960 Emil Mitchel Family Sciway3 net Retrieved 2017 01 03 Free Moors and Turks in South Carolina Foclark tripod com Retrieved 2017 01 03 Emil Mitchel Family Foclark tripod com Retrieved 2017 01 03 The Carriage Journal Vol 38 No 3 August 2000 Anais Nin Diary Of Anais Nin Volume 5 1947 1955 Vol 5 1947 1955 p 106 107 Caceres Jorge 1987 Gypsys In Venezuela 3rd ed Santillana Facts About Wales amp the Welsh Welsh gypsies were the last to speak Romani in Europe Wales on Britannia Retrieved 23 June 2017 https www hurriyet com tr kustepe alev Sokak ta bir cingene kral 326286Further reading EditAngus Fraser 1995 The Gypsies 2nd ed Oxford ISBN 978 0 631 19605 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title King of the Gypsies amp oldid 1150631656, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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