Christian VI of Denmark
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Christian VI (30 November 1699 – 6 August 1746) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1730 to 1746. The eldest surviving son of Frederick IV and Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, he is considered one of Denmark-Norway's more anonymous kings, but he was a skilled politician, best known for his authoritarian regime. He was the first king of the Oldenburg dynasty to refrain from entering in any war. During his reign both compulsory confirmation (1736) and a public, nationwide school system (1739) were introduced. His chosen motto was "Deo et populo" (for God and the people).[1][2]
| Christian VI | |
|---|---|
Portrait of Christian VI by Johann Salomon Wahl | |
| King of Denmark and Norway | |
| Reign | 12 October 1730 – 6 August 1746 |
| Coronation | 6 June 1731 Frederiksborg Palace Chapel |
| Predecessor | Frederick IV |
| Successor | Frederick V |
| Chief Ministers | |
| Born | 30 November 1699 Copenhagen Castle |
| Died | 6 August 1746 (aged 46) Hirschholm Palace, Copenhagen |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | Frederick V Louise, Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen |
| House | Oldenburg |
| Father | Frederick IV of Denmark |
| Mother | Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow |
| Religion | Lutheran |
Early years edit
Christian was born on 30 November 1699 at Copenhagen Castle as the second but eldest surviving son of King Frederick IV of Denmark by his first consort, Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. His grandfather King Christian V had died just three months, before he was born, and he was thus crown prince from birth. From 1706, Christian came to understand Danish but used German for everyday speaking and writing. He received a better education than both his father and grandfather.
As Crown Prince, he was allowed by his father to find a royal wife by himself. During a trip through Europe accompanied by Chancellor Ulrik Adolf Holstein, the Crown Prince decided on Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, one of the ladies-in-waiting at the court of the Saxon-Polish queen Christiane Eberhardine in the Castle Pretzsch.[3] Sophia Magdalene came from a minor margraviate (not greater than Lolland-Falster) of the Hohenzollern dynasty where able consciousness was inversely proportional to the funds; half of the land was mortgaged, and her father died young. She had 13 siblings and was considered an unequal match for the Danish prince, but the king gave his permission. In Christian's letters, he describes his feelings for the princess's intense religiosity, which reminded him of his own. They were married on 7 August 1721, while Christian was crown prince. The wedding was held at Pretzsch in Saxony.[4][5]
Reign edit
At the death of Frederick IV on 12 October 1730, the couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway. They were crowned on 6 June 1731 in the Chapel of Frederiksborg Palace.[6]
The king was shy and introverted by nature, and stayed away from the public. Christian's indignation at his father's bigamy and general promiscuity – the reason for the great sorrow of his late mother – led him to one of his first government actions: reversing his father's will and depriving widow Queen Anna Sophie, (Frederick IV's third wife if all "marriages" are counted, second wife if bigamous marriages excluded), of a large part of the wealth she had inherited before exiling her to the Clausholm estate, her childhood home.[7]
For the first ten years of his government he consulted often with his cousin, Count Christian Ernst of Stolberg-Wernigerode. The count took part in almost everything, from the dismissal of cooks in the Queen's kitchen to determining alliance policy. He encouraged the king as long as possible to maintain the English alliance, which led to the marriage between Louise, the daughter of George II of Great Britain with the king's elder son Frederick.
In 1733, the royal couple travelled to Norway. A poem/speech by Peter Höyer was performed in his honor when he visited the city of Trondheim on 18 July.[8]
Christian's central domestic act was the introduction of the so-called adscription of 1733 (in Danish, stavnsbånd), a law that forced peasants to remain in their home regions, and by which the peasantry was subjected to both the local nobility and the army. Though the idea behind this law was probably to secure a constant number of peasant soldiers, it later was widely regarded as the ultimate subjugation of the Danish peasantry, and damaged Christian VI's reputation. The act would later be abolished in 1788.[9]
The Pietist views of King Christian influenced much of his ecclesiastical polity although both nobility and many common people secretly resisted the king's influence. This did not mean that it was without effect. It had an influence on much of the poetry of the age including that of hymn writer Hans Adolph Brorson (1694–1764). Another lasting result of the king's efforts was the introduction of mandatory confirmation in 1736. This required some level of literacy, thereby promoting the need for a common school system, which was created by decree in 1739.[10][11]
There were numerous building activities connected to Christian VI, and he was probably the greatest Danish builder of the 18th century; his queen also made a notable effort. Among their works are Christiansborg Palace (built 1732–1742, burned in 1794, rebuilt); Hirschholm Palace, a summer country retreat in North Zealand in current day Hørsholm municipality (built 1737–1739, demolished 1812); and the Eremitage (built 1734–1736, still standing). For Crown Prince Frederik (V) was built the Prince's palace in Kalveboderne (built 1743–1744, still standing as the National Museum). The construction of these expensive buildings was financed by Øresundstolden, with the purpose of representing the power and wealth of the Danish realm, but they also became an economic burden on the subjects.[12]
Christian's foreign policy was a peaceful one and Denmark-Norway kept strictly neutral. In both trade and commerce, it was an age of advancement; some new companies and banks were founded. His plans to make their only daughter, Princess Louise, Queen of Sweden never came to fruition. During the election of the heir to the Swedish throne, both the prince of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld and the prince of Mecklenburg were considered as candidates to be heir to the childless King Frederick I of Sweden. In 1743, Adolf Frederik of Holstein-Gottorp was elected Swedish heir.[13]
Treaty of San Ildefonso edit
The Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1742, signed between Spain and Denmark-Norway, was a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation by setting out the conditions that would govern commercial relations between the two countries. José del Campillo y Cossio on behalf of Philip V of Spain and Frederik Ludvig, Baron Dehn, by Christian VI, adjusted the agreement at the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso on 18 July 1742. The treaty was never made effective: Spanish authorities considered that the exemption clause on half of the taxes for the import of Danish fish conflicted with other treaties with third countries, in which they were guaranteed preference in trade with Spain. In 1753 the agreement would be nullified.[14]
Death edit
From his youth, Christian VI was sickly and chronically ill. On 6 August 1746 – the day before his silver marriage anniversary – the king died on Hirschholm Palace. Christian VI was interred in Roskilde Cathedral. The neoclassical memorial designed and produced by sculptor Johannes Wiedewelt was commissioned by the king's widow who upon his death.[15]
The marble monument was completed in 1768, but not installed at Roskilde Cathedral until 1777. The monument includes a sarcophagus and two female figures, "Sorgen" ("Sorrow") and "Berømmelsen" ("Fame"). This was the first neoclassical sarcophagus in Denmark and is considered to mark the start of neoclassicism in that country.[16][17][18]
Legacy edit
To posterity, Christian VI is known foremost as a religious ruler. He was deeply devoted to Pietism, and during his entire reign he tried to impart its teachings to his subjects. The religious pressure he imposed, along with his lack of personal charm, made him one of the most unpopular of Denmark-Norway's absolutist kings;[19] but he was the first who never went to war nor was involved in war.
The cities of Kristiansund in Norway and Christiansted on Saint Croix are named for him.
Ancestry edit
| Ancestors of Christian VI of Denmark |
|---|
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ "Christian VI family info". kongernessamling.dk. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ . kongehuset.dk. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ . danskekonger.dk. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ Tyge Krogh Rationalismens syndebuk. Christian 6. og pietismen i dansk historieskrivning Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997 ISBN 9788772894515
- ^ "Sophie Magdalene (1700–1770)". Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksiko. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ Monrad Møller, Anders (2012). "Christian VI.s & Sophie Magdalenes salving" [The anointing of Christian VI and Sophie Magdalene]. Enevældens kroninger. Syv salvinger - ceremoniellet, teksterne og musikken [The coronations of the absolute monarchy. Seven anointings - the ceremonial, the lyrics and the music] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Forlaget Falcon. pp. 78–103. ISBN 978-87-88802-29-0.
- ^ . clausholm.dk. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ Finn Erhard Johannessen. "Christian 6" (in Norwegian). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ "Denmark: Adscription of 1733 (Stavnsbåndet)". familysearch.org. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ "Hans Adolf Brorson, 1694-1764". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ "Forordning om Skolerne på Landet i Danmark, 23. januar 1739". danmarkshistorien.dk. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ Magne Njåstad. "Christian VI profile" (in Norwegian). Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ "Adolf Fredrik". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ Tratados, Convenios Y Declaraciones De Paz Y De Comercio, books.google.com; accessed 4 February 2017.(in Spanish)
- ^ [1]| Dansk Biografisk Leksikon; accessed 4 February 2017.(in Danish)
- ^ Koch, L. Kong Christian den Siettes Historie (Copenhagen: 1886).
- ^ Edvard Holm. Danmark-Norges historie under Kristian VI (1730–1746).
- ^ "Christian VI profile" (in Danish). gravsted.dk. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
- ^ "Christian VI, 1699-1746, Konge" (in Danish). Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
Bibliography edit
- Feldbæk, Ole (1990). "Den lange fred" [The long peace]. In Olsen, Olaf (ed.). Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie (in Danish). Vol. 9: 1700-1800. Copenhagen: Gyldendal og Politikens Forlag. ISBN 87-89068-11-4.
External links edit
- The Royal Lineage 14 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine at the website of the Danish Monarchy
- Christian VI at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Rosenborg Castle