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The Sound Dues (or Sound Tolls; Danish: Øresundstolden) were a toll on the use of the Øresund, or "Sound" strait separating the modern day borders of Denmark and Sweden. The tolls constituted up to two thirds of Denmark's state income in the 16th and 17th centuries. The dues were introduced by King Eric of Pomerania in 1429 and remained in effect until the Copenhagen Convention of 1857 (with the sole exception of Swedish ships between 1660 and 1712). Tolls in the Great Belt had been collected by the Danish Crown at least a century prior to the establishment of the dues by Eric of Pomerania.[1]
Map of the Danish coast line to the west, and the Swedish coast line to the east. From 1888.
All foreign ships passing through the strait, whether en route to or from Denmark or not, had to stop in Helsingør and pay a toll to the Danish Crown. If a ship refused to stop, cannons in both Helsingør and Helsingborg could open fire and sink it. In 1567, the toll was changed into a 1–2% tax on the cargo value, providing three times more revenue. To keep the captains from understating the value of the cargo on which the tax was computed, the right to purchase the cargo at the stated value was reserved.
In order to avoid ships simply taking a different route, tolls were also collected at the two other Danish straits, the Great Belt and the Little Belt; sometimes non-Danish vessels were forbidden to use any other waterways but the Øresund, and transgressing vessels were confiscated or sunk.
The Sound Dues remained the most important source of income for the Danish Crown for several centuries, thus making Danish kings relatively independent of Denmark's Privy Council and aristocracy. However, the dues were an irritant to nations engaged in trade in the Baltic Sea, especially Sweden. Sweden had initially been exempted from the dues at the time of their introduction because it was then in the Kalmar Union along with Denmark. However, after the Kalmar War and the Treaty of Knäred in 1613 Denmark-Norway introduced dues on cargoes from Sweden's Baltic possessions and on non-Swedish ships carrying Swedish cargo. The friction over the Dues was an official casus belli (reason for war) of the Torstenson War in 1643.
In 1658, Denmark-Norway had to cede her provinces east of the sound (Scania, Halland, Blekinge, Bohuslän, and the island of Ven) to Sweden as a consequence of the Second Northern War. Thus, the toll could not be enforced as well as before but Denmark-Norway retained its established right of the dues. Swedish shipping became exempt from the Sound Dues by the terms of the Treaty of Copenhagen, signed on 27 May 1660. The exemption was withdrawn after Sweden's defeat in the Great Northern War and the Treaty of Frederiksborg of 1720, although the eastern shore of the Sound was now Swedish.
The Copenhagen Convention,[2] which came into force on 14 March 1857,[3] abolished the dues and all Danish straits were made international waterways free to all commercial shipping. [4]
^Law of the Sea Institute (1983). The Law of the Sea in the 1980s. University of Virginia: Law of the Sea Institute. pp. 600–619.
Literatureedit
(in Danish) Degn, Ole. Tolden i Sundet: Toldopkrævning, politik og skibsfart i Øresund 1429-1857. København: Told- og Skattehistorisk Selskab, 2010. ISBN978-87-87796-37-8.
Degn, Ole (Editor). The Sound Toll at Elsinore: Politics, Shipping and the Collection of Duties 1429-1857. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press and The Danish Society for Customs and Tax History, 2017. ISBN978 87-635 4470 2.
sound, dues, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, july, 2018, le. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sound Dues news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Danish June 2023 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Danish Wikipedia article at da Oresundstolden see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated da Oresundstolden to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Sound Dues or Sound Tolls Danish Oresundstolden were a toll on the use of the Oresund or Sound strait separating the modern day borders of Denmark and Sweden The tolls constituted up to two thirds of Denmark s state income in the 16th and 17th centuries The dues were introduced by King Eric of Pomerania in 1429 and remained in effect until the Copenhagen Convention of 1857 with the sole exception of Swedish ships between 1660 and 1712 Tolls in the Great Belt had been collected by the Danish Crown at least a century prior to the establishment of the dues by Eric of Pomerania 1 Map of the Danish coast line to the west and the Swedish coast line to the east From 1888 Contents 1 History 2 Copenhagen Convention 3 See also 4 References 5 LiteratureHistory editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message All foreign ships passing through the strait whether en route to or from Denmark or not had to stop in Helsingor and pay a toll to the Danish Crown If a ship refused to stop cannons in both Helsingor and Helsingborg could open fire and sink it In 1567 the toll was changed into a 1 2 tax on the cargo value providing three times more revenue To keep the captains from understating the value of the cargo on which the tax was computed the right to purchase the cargo at the stated value was reserved In order to avoid ships simply taking a different route tolls were also collected at the two other Danish straits the Great Belt and the Little Belt sometimes non Danish vessels were forbidden to use any other waterways but the Oresund and transgressing vessels were confiscated or sunk The Sound Dues remained the most important source of income for the Danish Crown for several centuries thus making Danish kings relatively independent of Denmark s Privy Council and aristocracy However the dues were an irritant to nations engaged in trade in the Baltic Sea especially Sweden Sweden had initially been exempted from the dues at the time of their introduction because it was then in the Kalmar Union along with Denmark However after the Kalmar War and the Treaty of Knared in 1613 Denmark Norway introduced dues on cargoes from Sweden s Baltic possessions and on non Swedish ships carrying Swedish cargo The friction over the Dues was an official casus belli reason for war of the Torstenson War in 1643 In 1658 Denmark Norway had to cede her provinces east of the sound Scania Halland Blekinge Bohuslan and the island of Ven to Sweden as a consequence of the Second Northern War Thus the toll could not be enforced as well as before but Denmark Norway retained its established right of the dues Swedish shipping became exempt from the Sound Dues by the terms of the Treaty of Copenhagen signed on 27 May 1660 The exemption was withdrawn after Sweden s defeat in the Great Northern War and the Treaty of Frederiksborg of 1720 although the eastern shore of the Sound was now Swedish Copenhagen Convention editMain article Copenhagen Convention of 1857 The Copenhagen Convention 2 which came into force on 14 March 1857 3 abolished the dues and all Danish straits were made international waterways free to all commercial shipping 4 See also editSkibsklarerergaarden Sound Toll Registers Online STR http dietrich soundtoll nl public References edit Fogdall Soren Jacob Marius Petersen 1921 History of Danish American diplomacy 1776 1920 doi 10 17077 etd ci6dkkhl a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help British and foreign state papers V 47 1856 1857 Legal provision maritime law UNESCO Law of the Sea Institute 1983 The Law of the Sea in the 1980s University of Virginia Law of the Sea Institute pp 600 619 Literature edit in Danish Degn Ole Tolden i Sundet Toldopkraevning politik og skibsfart i Oresund 1429 1857 Kobenhavn Told og Skattehistorisk Selskab 2010 ISBN 978 87 87796 37 8 Degn Ole Editor The Sound Toll at Elsinore Politics Shipping and the Collection of Duties 1429 1857 Copenhagen Museum Tusculanum Press and The Danish Society for Customs and Tax History 2017 ISBN 978 87 635 4470 2 55 47 23 N 12 45 03 E 55 78972 N 12 75083 E 55 78972 12 75083 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sound Dues amp oldid 1182565659, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
