Kilmichael Ambush

The Kilmichael Ambush (Irish: Luíochán Chill Mhichíl) was an ambush near the village of Kilmichael in County Cork on 28 November 1920 carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish War of Independence. Thirty-six local IRA volunteers commanded by Tom Barry killed sixteen members of the Royal Irish Constabulary's Auxiliary Division.^[1] The Kilmichael ambush was politically as well as militarily significant. It occurred one week after Bloody Sunday and marked an escalation in the IRA's campaign.^[2]

Kilmichael Ambush
Part of the Irish War of Independence
Monument at the ambush site
Date 28 November 1920 Location Near Kilmichael, County Cork 51°48′43″N 9°02′20″W / 51.812°N 9.039°W / 51.812; -9.039 Result IRA victory
Belligerents
Irish Republican Army (West Cork Brigade)	Royal Irish Constabulary (Auxiliary Division)
Commanders and leaders
Tom Barry	Francis Crake MC  †
Strength
36 volunteers	18 officers
Casualties and losses
3 killed	16 killed^[1] 1 wounded
class=notpageimage| Location within Ireland

Background

The Auxiliaries were recruited from former commissioned officers in the British Army. The force was raised in July 1920 and were promoted as a highly trained elite force by the British media. In common with most of their colleagues, the Auxiliaries engaged at Kilmichael were World War I veterans.

The Auxiliaries and the previously introduced Black and Tans rapidly became highly unpopular in Ireland due to intimidation of the civilian population and arbitrary reprisals after IRA actions – including burnings of businesses and homes, beatings and killings. A week before the Kilmichael ambush, after IRA assassinations of British intelligence operatives in Dublin on Bloody Sunday, Auxiliaries fired on players and spectators at a Gaelic football match in Croke Park Dublin, killing fourteen civilians (thirteen spectators and one player).^[3]

The Auxiliaries in Cork were based in the town of Macroom, and in November 1920 they carried out a number of raids on the villages in the surrounding area, including Dunmanway, Coppeen and Castletown-Kinneigh, to intimidate the local population away from supporting the IRA. They shot dead one civilian James Lehane (Séamus Ó Liatháin) at Ballymakeera on 17 October 1920.^[4] In his memoir, Guerilla Days in Ireland, Tom Barry noted that before Kilmichael the IRA hardly fired a shot at the Auxiliaries, which "had a very serious effect on the morale of the whole people as well as on the IRA". Barry's assessment was that the West Cork IRA needed a successful action against the Auxiliaries in order to be effective.^[5]

On 21 November, Barry assembled a flying column of 36 riflemen at Clogher. The column had 35 rounds for each rifle as well as a handful of revolvers and two Mills bombs (hand grenades). Barry scouted possible ambush sites with Volunteer Michael McCarthy on horseback and selected one on the Macroom–Dunmanway road, on the section between Kilmichael and Gleann, which the Auxiliaries coming out of Macroom used every day. The flying column marched there on foot and reached the ambush site on the night of 27 November. The IRA volunteers took up positions in the low rocky hills on either side of the road. Unlike most IRA ambush positions, there was no obvious escape route for the guerrillas should the fighting go against them.^[6]

The ambush

As dusk fell between 4:05 and 4:20 pm on 28 November, the ambush took place on a road at Dus a' Bharraigh in the townland of Shanacashel, Kilmichael Parish, near Macroom.

Just before the Auxiliaries in two lorries came into view, two armed IRA volunteers, responding late to Barry's mobilisation order, drove unwittingly into the ambush position in a horse and side-car, almost shielding the British forces behind them. Barry managed to avert disaster by directing the car up a side road and out of the way.

The first Auxiliary lorry was persuaded to slow down by Barry standing on the road in plain sight in front of a concealed Command Post (with three riflemen). He was wearing an IRA officer's tunic given to him by Paddy O'Brien.^[7] The British later claimed Barry was wearing a British uniform. This confusion was part of a ruse by Barry to ensure that his adversaries in both lorries halted beside two IRA ambush positions on the north side of the road, where Sections One (10 riflemen) and Two (10 riflemen) lay concealed. Hidden on the opposite (south) side of the road was half of Section Three (six riflemen), whose instructions were to prevent the enemy from taking up positions on that side. The other half (six riflemen) was positioned before the ambush position as an insurance group, should a third Auxiliary lorry appear. The British later alleged that over 100 IRA fighters were present wearing British uniforms and steel trench helmets. Barry, however, insisted that, excepting himself, the ambush party were in civilian attire, though they used captured British weapons and equipment.^[8]

The first lorry, containing nine Auxiliaries, slowed almost to a halt close to the intended ambush position, at which point Barry blew a whistle and threw a Mills bomb that exploded in the open cab of the first lorry killing the driver and District Inspector Francis Crake.^[9] The whistle was the signal to open fire. A savage close-quarters fight ensued between surviving Auxiliaries and a combination of IRA Section One and Barry's three person Command Post group. According to Barry's account, some of the British were killed using rifle butts and bayonets in a brutal and bloody encounter. This close-quarters part of the engagement was over relatively quickly, with all nine Auxiliaries dead or dying. The British later claimed that the dead had been mutilated with axes, although Barry dismissed this as atrocity propaganda.^[10]

Fire was opened simultaneously at the second Auxiliary lorry, also containing nine Auxiliaries, in the ambush position close to IRA Section Two. This lorry's occupants were in a more advantageous position than Auxiliaries in the first lorry because further away from the ambushing group. Reportedly, they dismounted to the road and exchanged fire with the IRA, killing Michael McCarthy. Barry then brought the Command Post soldiers who had completed the attack on the first lorry to bear on this group. Barry reported that surviving Auxiliaries called out a surrender and that some dropped their rifles. They then reportedly opened fire again with revolvers when three IRA men emerged from cover, killing one volunteer instantly, Jim O'Sullivan, and mortally wounding Pat Deasy. Barry then said he ordered, "Rapid fire and do not stop until I tell you!" Barry stated that he ignored a subsequent attempt by remaining Auxiliaries to surrender, and kept his men firing at a range of only ten yards (8 m) or less until he believed all the Auxiliaries were dead.^[11] Barry said of the Auxiliaries who tried to surrender a second time, "soldiers who had cheated in war deserved to die."^[12] Barry referred to this episode as the Auxiliaries' "false surrender".

Barry's account in 1949 can be compared with other IRA veteran testimony. In 1937 Section Three commander Stephen O'Neill published a first participant account of an Auxiliary false surrender, though without using that actual term. O'Neil wrote:

"The O/C Tom Barry, with three of the section responsible for the destruction of the first [Auxiliary] lorry, came to our assistance, with the result that the attack was intensified. On being called on to surrender, they signified their intention of doing so, but when we ceased at the O/C’s command, fire was again opened by the Auxiliaries, with fatal results to two of our comrades who exposed themselves believing the surrender was genuine. We renewed the attack vigorously and never desisted until the enemy was annihilated."^[13]

Some Bureau of Military History (BMH) accounts do not mention a false surrender, for example Section Three volunteer Ned Young's (WS 1,402). However, Young stated he had left his position to individually pursue an escaping Auxiliary when the false surrender incident took place. Nevertheless, in a 1970 audio interview Young reported that other veterans told him afterwards of an Auxiliary false surrender.^[14] Tim Keohane, who claimed controversially in his BMH statement (WS 1,295) to have participated in the ambush, described a false surrender event. He recalled that when Section Two and the Command Post group engaged the second lorry that:

"Tom Barry called on the enemy to surrender and some of them put up their hands, but when our party were moving onto the road, the Auxiliaries again opened fire. Two of our men were wounded".

Barry stated that two of the IRA dead, Pat Deasy and Jim O'Sullivan, were shot after the false surrender but Keohane reported that O'Sullivan had been hit earlier, and that Jack Hennessy and John Lordan were wounded after they stood to take the surrender. Ambush veteran Ned Young reported (see above) being told afterwards that Lordon bayonetted an Auxiliary he believed had surrendered falsely. Hennessy described in his BMH statement (WS 1,234) an incident in which, after Michael McCarthy was shot dead, he stood and shouted "hands up" to an auxiliary who had "thrown down his rifle". Hennessy reported the auxiliary then "drew his revolver", causing Hennessy to "shoot him dead".

IRA veterans reported variously that wounded Auxiliaries, finished off after the firefight, were killed with close range shots, blows from rifle butts and bayonet thrusts. Ambush participant Jack O'Sullivan told historian Meda Ryan that, after he disarmed an Auxiliary, "He was walking him up the road as a prisoner when a shot dropped him at his feet". Barry did not engage in this level of detail in his account of the first lorry confrontation, or after the false surrender event. They are consistent with his order to continue fighting to the finish after the false surrender attempt, refusing further surrender attempts.^[15]

After fighting ceased it was observed that two IRA volunteers – Michael McCarthy and Jim O'Sullivan – were dead and that Pat Deasy (brother of Liam Deasy) was mortally wounded. The IRA fighters thought they had killed all of the Auxiliaries. In fact two survived, one very badly injured, while another who escaped was later captured and shot dead. Among the 16 British dead on the road at Kilmichael was Francis Crake, commander of the Auxiliaries in Macroom, probably killed at the start of the action by Barry's Mills bomb.

The severity of his injuries probably saved Frederick Henry Forde^[16] (also referred to as H.F. Forde^[17]). He was left for dead at the ambush site with, amongst other injuries, a bullet wound to his head. Forde was picked up by British forces the following day and taken to hospital in Cork. He was later awarded £10,000 in compensation. The other surviving Auxiliary, Cecil Guthrie (ex Royal Air Force), was badly wounded but escaped from the ambush site. He asked for help at a nearby house. However, unknown to him, two IRA men were staying there. They killed him with his own gun^[18] and dumped his body in Annahala bog. In 1926, on behalf of the Guthrie family, Kevin O'Higgins, Irish Free State Minister for Home Affairs, interceded with the local IRA, after which Guthrie's remains were disinterred and buried in the Church of Ireland graveyard at Macroom.^[19]

Many IRA volunteers were deeply shaken by the severity of the action, referred to by Barry as "the bloodiest in Ireland", and some were physically sick. Barry attempted to restore discipline by making them form up and perform drill before marching away. Barry himself collapsed with severe chest pains on 3 December and was secretly hospitalized in Cork City. It is possible that the ongoing stress of being on the run and commander of the flying column, along with a poor diet as well as the intense combat at Kilmichael, contributed to his illness, diagnosed as heart displacement.^[20]

Aftermath

Soon after the ambush, The Times of London described the engagement as a "brutal massacre" of the Auxiliary Division. This, along with other reports in the British media, "had a chilling effect on all members of the crown forces"; British claims of killing disarmed or surrendered Auxiliaries portrayed the IRA as having "descended to a new level of brutality."^[21] One day after the ambush, IRA volunteers from the Cork No. 1 Brigade abducted and killed civilians James and Frederick Blemens, believing them to be British spies.^[22] Four days later on 2 December, 3 volunteers were ambushed and killed by soldiers from the Essex Regiment after contacting a British deserter.^[23]

In response to news of the ambush and Bloody Sunday on successive Sundays, barriers were installed on both ends of Downing Street in London to protect 10 Downing Street from IRA attacks.^[24] The Chief Secretary of Ireland, Sir Hamar Greenwood, reported the ambush to the British Parliament; historians Gerry White and Brendan O'Shea noted that Greenwood's denunciation failed to prevent a Labour Party delegation from travelling to Ireland to ascertain the reality of the ongoing conflict.^[25]

The bodies of the killed Auxiliaries were sent to England after a lavish funeral procession through Cork on 2 December, which was provided with a military and police escort and attended by numerous prominent dignitaries from the British Army, Catholic Church and Royal Irish Constabulary.^[26] After the procession, the Auxiliary Division increased their mistreatment of the County Cork population, to the extent that "no person was safe from their molestations."^[27] On 10 December, martial law was declared in response to the ambush in the counties of Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary. The next day, angered British forces burnt sections of the city centre of Cork, preventing the city's fire brigade from putting out the fires for a period of time. Two IRA volunteers were shot dead while asleep, their killers most likely being Auxiliaries.^[28]

Controversy

Accounts from the British press alleged that the search party that found the Auxiliary casualties the following morning believed that many of them had been "butchered". Local Coroner Dr Jeremiah Kelleher told the military Court of Inquiry at Macroom on 30 November 1920 that he carried out a "superfical examination" on the bodies. He found that one of the dead, an Auxiliary named William Pallister, had a "wound ... inflicted after death by an axe or some similar heavy weapon". He stated that three suffered shotgun wounds at close range. The subsequently publicised term "butchered" was derived from a military witness, Lieutenant H.G. Hampshire, who said, "From my experience as a soldier I should imagine that about four had been killed instantaneously and the others butchered".^[29]

The principal published source for what happened at the Kilmichael Ambush is Tom Barry's Guerrilla Days in Ireland. The first by a participant, Stephen O'Neill (reported above), appeared in 1937 (republished in Rebel Cork's Fighting Story, 1947, 2009). The first account of a false surrender event at Kilmichael appeared in June 1921, seven months later, in the British Empire journal Round Table ^[30] by Lionel Curtis, citing a "trustworthy" source in the area. Curtis was British Prime Minister Lloyd George's secretary during Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations. A second British account, in former Auxiliary commander F.P. Crozier's Ireland Forever (1932), also gave a brief account of the same false surrender event.^[31] Piaras Beaslaí noted a false surrender in his Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland in 1926, published also in two daily newspapers.^[32] Ernie O'Malley's 1936 memoir, On Another Man's Wound, noted the incident also.^[33] A 1924 letter to Free State Army headquarters concerning IRA casualty Michael McCarthy, released in 2021 by the Bureau of Military History, confirmed the contemporary perception of a false surrender.^[34]

In The IRA And Its Enemies, Newfoundland historian Professor Peter Hart took issue with Tom Barry's false surrender account. He mistakenly claimed that Crozier's in 1932 was the first published (and also a concoction). Hart asserted that Barry invented the false surrender claim: surviving Auxiliary officers were killed after surrendering. As a result of the debate Hart's claims generated, the ambush is quite often considered synonymously with those claims.^[35]

Hart's use of anonymous interviews with ambush veterans was regarded as particularly controversial. Meda Ryan disputed his claim to have personally interviewed two IRA veterans in 1988–89, a rifleman and a scout.^[36] Ryan stated that just one ambush veteran, Ned young, was alive then. Young died on 13 November 1989, aged 97. The second last reported surviving veteran of the Kilmichael Ambush, Jack O'Sullivan, died in December 1986. Ned Young's son, John Young, stated in 2007 that his father was not capable of giving Hart an interview in 1988, as Ned Young suffered a debilitating stroke in late 1986. John Young swore an affidavit to this effect in December 2007, published in 2008 in Troubled History ^[37] a critique of Hart's research. It reproduced on its cover a Southern Star report on the death of "Ned Young – last of the boys of Kilmichael", dated 18 November 1989. In 2011, Meehan reported on the deaths of the last surviving Kilmichael veterans as follows:

The 3rd December 1983 Southern Star report of that year's Kilmichael Ambush Commemoration noted three surviving veterans, Tim O'Connell, Jack O'Sullivan and Ned Young. The event was widely reported ... The following 24th December 1983 Southern Star reported, "One of the three surviving members of the famous KiImichael Ambush has died. He was lieutenant Timothy O'Connell". The newspaper referred, as did the 7th December 1985 Southern Star, to "two survivors, Ned Young and Jack O'Sullivan". One year later, the 20th December 1986 edition reported the death of "one of the last two Survivors of the Kilmichael Ambush Jack O'Sullivan". The 26th November 1988 Southern Star subsequently referred to "The sole Survivor of the volunteers who performed so well under the leadership of general Tom Barry, namely Ned Young".^[38]

Hart stated that he interviewed an unarmed scout, his second ambush participant, on 19 November 1989, six days after Ned Young died, one after his death was reported (see above). This claim intensified the debate, as the last ambush and dispatch scouts reportedly died in 1967 and 1971.^[39] In a 2010 television interview (broadcast 2011, 2022), Hart considered whether he had been the victim of "some sort of hoax" and of a "fantasist", but concluded "that seems extremely unlikely".^[40]. D.R. O'Connor Lysaght observed that "it is possible that Dr Hart was the victim of one or more aged chancer".^[41]

Niall Meehan suggested in Troubled History (2008) and subsequently that Hart may have based his interview with the scout partly on Jack Hennessy's BMH testimony (reported above). Though Hennessy died in 1970, Hart had a copy of his BMH statement. In his book, Hart paraphrased the anonymous scout reporting "a sort of false surrender". Hennessy was not unarmed or a scout. However, in Hart's 1992 TCD PhD thesis, this particular interviewee was not described as either a scout or as unarmed. Further anomalies surround this individual. For instance, Hart's PhD thesis reported him giving the author a tour of the ambush site, a claim the book withdrew.^[42] Eve Morrison argued in a 2012 essay on Kilmichael that Hart did not deliberately falsify evidence. She stated that one quote ascribed by Hart to the scout were actually remarks from ambush participant Jack O'Sullivan (who was not an unarmed scout), in a 1969 audiotape Hart listened to. Meehan and Eve Morrison debated the significance of these points in 2012, 2017, 2020 and 2022.^{[43][44][45][46][47][48]}

Hart's 1998 book cited a further three ambush participant accounts, again anonymously. His claimed source was audio taped interviews conducted in 1969 for Liam Deasy's memoir Toward Ireland Free (1973) by a Father John Chisholm.^[49] However, Morrison stated in her 2012 Kilmichael essay that Chisholm recorded two (not three) Kilmichael participants speaking on Kilmichael. One was Ned Young the other being Jack O'Sullivan, reportedly the last and second last ambush veterans to die, in 1986 and 1989. In other words, without informing his readers, Hart counted an anonymous Ned Young interview twice, in 1969 (Chisholm interview) and in 1988–9 (claimed Hart interview), while giving readers the impression he was citing two distinct veterans of the ambush.^[44][45][43]

In addition to his anonymous interviews, Hart cited a captured unsigned typed "rebel commandant's report" of the ambush from the Imperial War Museum, which does not mention a false surrender, as Barry's after-action report to his superiors. Meda Ryan and Brian Murphy challenged the authenticity of the document. They suggest that it contains factual errors Barry would not have made and also accurate information unknown to Barry. For instance: stating that the ambush was unplanned and a chance encounter; that two IRA volunteers had been mortally wounded and one killed outright, when the reverse was the case; getting British losses right, attesting to "sixteen of the enemy ... being killed", when Barry thought 17 (including Forde) were dead after the ambush. The document stated that IRA fighters had 100 rounds each when the correct figure reportedly was 35. Barry did not know that Guthrie, the Auxiliary who escaped, was, as the "report" put it, "now missing", or even that he had escaped. In other words, the document contained correct information known only to British authorities but unknown by Barry, and also incorrect information as to the planned nature of the engagement, the disposition of the IRA and the sequence of casualties, that Barry would not have misreported to his superiors.^[50]

In her book Tom Barry: IRA Freedom Fighter, Ryan suggests that the "rebel commandant's report" was forged by Castle officials and Auxiliaries during the Truce in order to help ensure that the families of those Auxiliaries who were killed at Kilmichael received compensation payments.^[51] Ryan's argument was queried by American historian W. H. Kautt, who discovered that the report had been included in a collection of captured IRA documents that was published by the British Army's Irish Command in June 1921 before the Truce. In Ambushes and Armour: The Irish Rebellion 1919-1921, Kautt concluded that the report could be authentic.^[52]

Hart continued to stand by his account until his death in 2010. In 2012 Eve Morrison published 'Kilmichael Revisited' in Terror in Ireland (David Fitzpatrick, ed.), an essay based partly on IRA veteran testimony. She cited an unpublished draft by Hart, dated 2004, responding to controversy surrounding his claims. The essay's defence of Hart was reviewed by John Borgonovo, Niall Meehan, Pádraig Óg Ó Ruairc and John Regan (in Irish Historical Studies, Reviews in History, History Ireland and Dublin Review of Books).^[53] Morrison cited six participant statements to the Bureau of Military History (including the controversial Timothy Keohane^[54]) that were published in 2003. She listened to two conducted by Father John Chisholm in 1970 for Liam Deasy's Toward Ireland Free, with Jack O'Sullivan and Ned Young (who also contributed a BMH account). In 2014 Irish Historical Studies published an apology to Morrison for an assertion in John Borgonovo's 2012 review of Terror in Ireland: that Morrison "provides little evidence for her assertion that Barry invented the false surrender story and then convinced his colleagues to maintain a fifty-year conspiracy of silence about it".^[55]

Morrison's 2022 book on the ambush, Kilmichael: the Life and Afterlife of an Ambush, also addressed the debate. She consulted Hart's original interview notes (in Memorial University Newfoundland) as well as those he made listening to Chisholm's recorded interviews. Hart's notes identified his Kilmichael interviewees as Ned Young and a Willie Chambers. Morrison said Chambers was the anonymous unarmed scout interviewed on 19 November 1989.^[56] She also stated that a December 1947 Kerryman newspaper account of the ambush by West Cork local historian Flor Crowley does not support Barry's Guerilla Days version of events.^[57]

In November 2022 Niall Meehan's 'Rehabilitating Peter Hart' discussed Morrison's claims. He pointed out that Willie Chambers was not, by his own admission, at the Kilmichael Ambush on 20 November 1920. He noted that Ned Young, who was, said nothing to Peter Hart about the ambush at his alleged interview (aged 96), though Hart claimed an anonymous interview with Young as an ambush source. Flor Crowley's 1947 view of a false surrender at the first auxiliary lorry was very soon changed to placing it (like Barry and Section Commander Stephen O'Neill) at the second lorry. In addition, Meehan pointed out that, in an interview available online and not cited by Morrison, Father John Chisholm claimed that he alone wrote 'every word' of Towards Ireland Free, not Liam Deasy. Chisholm also stated that he doubted the false surrender account before researching it. He then failed to put his view to Tom Barry when they met. Chisholm told Ned Young's son in 2008 that he had no audio-tape interview with Ned Young, though discovered it three years later, claiming he had forgotten its existence. The young interview contains at least two references to a false surrender event, that Hart did not mention in his 1998 report of Young's (then anonymous) Chisholm tape utterances. Meehan noted no refutation of a false surrender event at Kilmichael in Morrison's book, apart from by Hart, Chisholm and Morrison herself.^[58]

All of the ambush participants named in Hart's separate unpublished 2004 draft response, bar Ned Young and the alleged "scout", were dead when Hart was researching in the late 1980s. Six were named: Paddy O'Brien, Jim "Spud" Murphy, Jack Hennessy, Ned Young, Michael O'Driscoll and Jack O'Sullivan. Significantly, Hart did not name the seventh in his draft, the "scout" allegedly interviewed six days after Ned Young died. Morrison stated that Hart had heard or read ten accounts in total by these seven veterans (five witness statements and five other interviews). But this was in 2004, six years after publication of The IRA and its Enemies. Morrison identified in Hart's book Chisholm interview utterances in all but two of Hart's anonymous quotes (though without identifying these two). Confirming Meehan's 2008 observation, Morrison noted that one of the quotes Hart ascribed to the 'scout' was in fact uttered by another interviwee, Jack O'Sullivan to Fr Chisholm.^[59]

Ned Young's son, John Young, afterwards continued to dispute the claim that Hart interviewed his then 96-year-old father in 1988.^[60] In April 2013 Marion O'Driscoll took issue with John Young, in a cosigned letter with Eve Morrison to History Ireland. She reported that her late husband Jim O'Driscoll had introduced Hart to Young in the late 1980s and "no doubt whatsoever that Hart had interviewed Ned Young". In 2007 Jim O'Driscoll had witnessed John Young's signature to an earlier mentioned affidavit refuting Hart's claim to have interviewed his father.^[61] In Rehabilitating Peter Hart, Meehan noted Morrison's admission that Hart's notes of his encounter with Ned Young do not mention the Kilmichael Ambush. He remarked, "despite claims in The IRA and its Enemies, Ned Young said nothing to Peter Hart about the Kilmichael Ambush. Why argue over whether Young was capable of speaking to Hart if he did not talk about the ambush? We are left with three possibilities. Either, incredibly, Hart did not ask Young about the ambush, Young refused to discuss it, or he was incapable of doing so. Take your pick".^[62]

Commemoration

In 1929, an iron cross commemorating the engagement was erected on the site by Barry and some others who had taken part in the ambush.^[63] In 1966, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising, it was decided that a roadside monument was to erected in commemoration of the volunteers.^[63][64] The monument (pictured in infobox) was designed by Terry McCarthy, a stone cutter from Cork, with funds being raised by donations.^[65] The monument was unveiled on 10 July.^[64] During the ceremony Barry, who spoke at the unveiling, and other surviving volunteers paraded in a guard of honour.^[64]

In popular culture

• A one-act play in the Irish language, Gleann an Mhacalla (The Echoing Glen) was written by an t-Athair Pádraig Ó hArgáin in 1970, the 50th anniversary of the ambush. It centres on the youngest of the three volunteers killed, 16-and-a-half year old Pat Deasy.^[66]
• Ken Loach's 2006 film The Wind That Shakes the Barley features an IRA ambush scene that is partly inspired by Kilmichael.^[2][67][68]

Centenary documentaries

• In late 2020, film makers Brendan Hayes and Jerry O'Mullane along with David Sullivan and Bernie O'Regan announced that they were currently working on a documentary called "Forget not the boys".^[69][70] Hayes has already produced work on Sam Maguire, another prominent figure in the war of independence. The documentary premiered on 28 November 2021 and featured interviews from the children of some of the volunteers who fought in the ambush as well as Barry biographer Meda Ryan and former Fine Gael leader Alan Dukes.
• As the COVID-19 pandemic prevented a public commemoration of the ambush from taking place, local historians of the Coppeen Archeological, Historical and Cultural Society produced a documentary titled Kilmichael – A Story of a Century.^[71][72]

See also

• Crossbarry Ambush
• Carrowkennedy ambush
• Timeline of the Irish War of Independence

Footnotes

1. "The Truth About the Boys of Kilmichael" 2006-02-21 at the Wayback Machine, Sunday Business Post, 26 November 2000
2. Kostick, Conor (16 October 2020). "The Kilmichael Ambush". Independent Left. from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
3. Michael Hopkinson The Irish War of Independence, p. 88–91
4. . Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
5. Barry
6. Barry, pp. 38-41
7. Bureau of military history - Witness Statement 812 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie
8. Barry pp. 44-45
9. O'Halpin, Eunan & Ó Corráin, Daithí (2020), The Dead of the Irish Revolution. Yale University Press, pg 242
10. Barry p. 44
11. Barry p. 45
12. Ryan, Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter, p. 43
13. Auxiliaries Annihilated at Kilmichael, in Rebel Cork's Fighting Story, Mercier, 2009, p. 142 (originally published 1947, it first appeared in The Kerryman newspaper on 11 December 1937)
14. Discussed in Niall Meehan review (p12) of Terror in Ireland 1916-23, 2012, David Fitzpatrick (ed)
15. Ryan, Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter, p. 43, Morrison p. 168-172
16. "Frederick Henry Forde MC". theauxiliaries.com. Retrieved 17 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
17. Hart, Peter (1999). The I.R.A. and Its Enemies. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-151338-1.
18. According to Pat Twohig’s Green Tears for Hecuba, Guthrie was identified as the member of the Auxiliaries who had previously killed a civilian, Séamus Ó Liatháin, in Ballymakeerahe on 17 October. See Manus O'Riordan, Forget not the boys of Kilmichael in Ballingeary Historical Society Journal 2005 (reproduced in http://www.indymedia.ie/article/69172 12 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine)
19. Ryan p. 47
20. Barry, pp. 54–55
21. Gerry White, Brendan O'Shea, The Burning of Cork, p. 87
22. Gerry White, Brendan O'Shea, The Burning of Cork, p. 88
23. https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Cork_s_Revolutionary_Dead/QD3BDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=3+december+1920+ira&pg=PT516&printsec=frontcover
24. Michael Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence, p. 88
25. Gerry White, Brendan O'Shea, The Burning of Cork, p. 91
26. Gerry White, Brendan O'Shea, The Burning of Cork, p. 94
27. Gerry White, Brendan O'Shea, The Burning of Cork, p. 95
28. Gerry White, Brendan O'Shea, The Burning of Cork, p. 96-120
29. "Find My Past UK". from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
30. Round Table, June 1921, p. 500
31. Ireland Forever (1932) p. 128
32. Beaslai, Piaras Vol. 2, 1926, p. 97; Beaslaí newspaper accounts reproduced in Niall Meehan, Rehabilitating Peter Hart, Aubane, 2022, p16
33. O'Malley, Ernie On Another Man's Wound (1979) p. 217
34. "New evidence challenges claim Tom Barry invented story of false surrender at Kilmichael". from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
35. See for example: What Is The Dispute About Kilmichael And Dunmanway Really About? 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine; and similar articles 25 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine; also History Ireland, 2005, Vol 13, Numbers, 2,3,4,5 28 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine; Terror in Ireland 1916-23, David Fitzpatrick (ed) - review by Niall Meehan (including David Fitzpatrick, Eve Morrison, responses) 4 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine; Niall Meehan, Reply to Professor David Fitzpatrick and to Dr Eve Morrison's response to criticism of Terror in Ireland 1916-1923 4 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine; John M Regan, The History of the Last Atrocity 9 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine; Eve Morrison, Reply to John Regan 15 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine; John M Regan, West Cork and The Writing of History 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine; History Ireland letters and review, Vol.20 No.3 May June, Jul-Aug, Sep-Oct (plus online) 2012-13, by Padraig Óg Ó Rourke, Maureen Deasy, Sean Kelleher, Niall Meehan, Eve Morrison, Maura O'Donovan, John Young, Kilmichael Ambush 1920-2020, Relatives Speak: Maureen Deasy (daughter of Liam Deasy) Seán Kelleher (son of Tom Kelleher) Maura O'Donovan (daughter of Pat O'Donovan) John Young (son of Ned Young) plus historians Niall Meehan, Eve Morrison, Pádraig Óg Ó Ruairc; Niall Meehan, 'Examining Peter Hart', Field Day Review 10, 2014 4 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
36. Meda, Ryan Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter
37. Niall Meehan, Brian Murphy, Troubled History, Aubane, 2008
38. Niall Meehan, Reply to Jeffrey Dudgeon on Peter Hart, Irish Political Review, November 2011, Vol. 26 No. 11, contains publicly reported dates of deaths of Kilmichael veterans during the 1980s.
39. Ryan, Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter
40. Scéal Tom Barry, TG4, Dir. Jerry O'Callaghan, 19 January 2011, cited in Niall Meehan review of Terror in Ireland 1916-1923, David Fitzpatrick, ed., 2012 4 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Also in Marú in Iarthar Chorcaí, TG4, Dir. Jerry O'Callaghan, 7 December 2022
41. D.R.O'Connor Lysaght (21 May 2013). "Critique and slander: D.R.O'Connor Lysaght and Ireland's Historical revisionists". from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
42. Meehan, Troubled History 4 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, p23-4, also, n75,76,79.
43. Eve Morrison, Kilmichael Revisited (in David Fitzpatrick Ed. Terror in Ireland, 1916-1923, 2012).
44. Meehan, Niall. "Niall Meehan review of Terror in Ireland 1916-23, David Fitzpatrick (ed), including David Fitzpatrick, Eve Morrison, responses". from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
45. Meehan, Niall. "Meehan reply to Fitzpatrick and Morrison response to his review". from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
46. Keane, Barry; Meehan, Niall (January 2017). "West Cork's War of Independence: Sectarianism, Tom Barry, Peter Hart and the Kilmichael Ambush - a 2017 Southern Star, Irish Times, discussion between Tom Cooper, Gerry Gregg, Eoghan Harris, Cal Hyand, Barry Keane, Simon Kingston, Niall Meehan, Eve Morrison, John Regan, Donald Wood, AHS, 2017". Southern Star. from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
47. Meehan, Niall (January 2020). "Three letters on the Kilmichael Ambush Southern Star August 2020". Southern Star. from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
48. Eve Morrison, Kilmichael, the Life and Afterlife of an Ambush, Merrion, 2022; Niall Meehan, Rehabilitating Peter Hart, Aubane, 2022.
49. Deasy, Liam Toward Ireland Free (1973)
50. "Meda Ryan, History Ireland, May-June 2005, v13, n5)". from the original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
51. Ryan, Tom Barry: IRA Freedom Fighter pp. 82-84.
52. W. H. Kautt, Ambushes and Armour: The Irish Rebellion 1919-1921 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2010), pp. 109-114.
53. Terror in Ireland 1916-23, David Fitzpatrick (ed) - review by Niall Meehan (including David Fitzpatrick, Eve Morrison, responses); Niall Meehan reply to Professor David Fitzpatrick and to Dr Eve Morrison's response to criticism of Terror in Ireland 1916-1923; John M Regan, The History of the Last Atrocity; Eve Morrison, Reply to John Regan; John M Regan, West Cork and the Writing of History; History Ireland (Vol.20 No.3 May-June 2012) review by Padraig O'Rourke at Kilmichael Ambush 1920-2020, Relatives Speak: Maureen Deasy (daughter of Liam Deasy) Seán Kelleher (son of Tom Kelleher) Maura O'Donovan (daughter of Pat O'Donovan) John Young (son of Ned Young) plus historians Niall Meehan, Eve Morrison, Pádraig Óg Ó Ruairc.
54. See discussion in Meehan review of Terror in Ireland, 1916-23, Morrison response, Meehan reply, linked above
55. John Borgonovo, "Review Article: Revolutionary Violence and Irish Historiography" in Irish Historical Studies, vol. 38, iss. 150 (Nov. 2012), pp. 325–31; Irish Historical Studies, "Apology", IHS, vol. 38, iss. 153 (May 2014), p. 177.
56. Eve Morrison, Kilmichael: the Life and Afterlife of an Ambush (Newbridge: Irish Academic Press, 2022), pp. 145-146.
57. Morrison, Kilmichael: the Life and Afterlife of an Ambush, pp.87-105.
58. Niall Meehan, Rehabilitating Peter Hart (Aubane 2022)
59. See: Terror in Ireland 1916-23, David Fitzpatrick (ed) - review by Niall Meehan (including David Fitzpatrick, Eve Morrison, responses); Niall Meehan reply to Professor David Fitzpatrick and to Dr Eve Morrison's response to criticism of Terror in Ireland 1916-1923; John M Regan, The History of the Last Atrocity; Eve Morrison, Reply to John Regan; John M Regan, West Cork and the Writing of History.
60. Why Spinwatch is publishing John Young’s Statement.
61. Response from Eve Morrison and Marion O'Driscoll, 9 April 2013, History Ireland online, at Letters Extra (www.historyireland.com/lettersextra/peter-hart-etc/, accessed 17 Dec. 2021), p8.
62. Niall Meehan, Rehabilitating Peter Hart (Aubane 2022), p.12
63. Ryan, Meda (28 November 2020). "Kilmichael Ambush left an indelible print on memories of the Volunteers". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
64. "Kilmichael Ambush Monument Unveiled 1966". RTÉ Archives. RTÉ. 10 July 1966. Retrieved 29 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
65. "Kilmichael Monument Design 1966". RTÉ Archives. RTÉ. 6 March 1966. Retrieved 29 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
66. "Bandon Historical Journal" (28). 2012: 19–26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
67. Foster, Roy (2006). "The red and the green". The Dublin Review. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
68. Howe, Stephen (15 June 2006). "The Wind That Shakes the Barley: Ken Loach and Irish history". openDemocracy. Retrieved 13 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
69. Hayes, Brendan (28 November 2020). "100 years on, recalling ambush at Kilmichael". The Echo. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
70. "Brendan making documentary about the Kilmichael ambush". The Southern Star. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
71. Roche, Barry (28 November 2020). "Tom Barry showed great military expertise, says historian". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
72. "Kilmichael - "A story of a Century"". Coppeen Heritage. Retrieved 19 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Sources

• Tom Barry, Guerrilla Days in Ireland
• Richard Bennet, The Black and Tans
• Peter Hart, The IRA and its Enemies
• Michael Hopkinson, The Irish War of Independence
• Peter Hart, Meda Ryan, et al., in History Ireland, 2005, Vol 13, Numbers 2,3,4,5
• Niall Meehan, Brian Murphy, Troubled History - a tenth anniversary critique of Peter Hart's 'The IRA and its Enemies'
• Niall Meehan, 'Examining Peter Hart', Field Day Review 10, 2014
• (foreword to Murphy)
• Eve Morrison, 'Kilmichael Revisited', in David Fitzpatrick, Ed. Terror in Ireland, 1916-1923
• Brian Murphy, The Origin and Organisation of British Propaganda in Ireland in 1920.
• Meda Ryan, Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter (ISBN 1-85635-480-6) (Blackrock: Mercier Press, 2003)
• Eve Morrison, Kilmichael: the Life and Afterlife of an Ambush (Newbridge: Irish Academic Press, 2022)
• Niall Meehan, Rehabilitating Peter Hart (a critique of Morrison's 2022 research) (Aubane 2022)

External links

• NY Times, 30 November 1920, Sinn Feiners kill 16 Cadets
• NY Times, 2 December 1920, OFFICIAL REPORT ON CADETS' MURDER; Wounded Men "Massacred and Mutilated," Says Official--Cites "Treachery" by Inhabitants
• Irish Independent, 26 November 2000, Bloody fable of Kilmichael's dead
• Distorting Irish History (One), the stubborn facts of Kilmichael: Peter Hart and Irish Historiography
• Terror in Ireland 1916-23, David Fitzpatrick (ed) - Niall Meehan review (including David Fitzpatrick, Eve Morrison, responses),
• Niall Meehan reply to Professor David Fitzpatrick and to Dr Eve Morrison’s response to criticism of Terror in Ireland 1916-1923
• The History of the Last Atrocity
• Eve Morrison, Reply to John Regan
• West Cork and The Writing of History
• Why Spinwatch is publishing John Young’s Statement
• [1] Kilmichael: a 1920 battle that is still being fought.] A Q&A with Eve Morrison, author of Kilmichael: The Life and Afterlife of an Ambush

Coordinates: 51°48′44″N 9°03′24″W / 51.8123°N 9.0568°W / 51.8123; -9.0568