A killing jar or killing bottle is a device used by entomologists to kill captured insects quickly and with minimum damage.[1] The jar typically contains plaster of Paris on the bottom to absorb a killing fluid. The killing fluid evaporates into the air and gasses the insect. Typically only adult hard bodied insects are killed in a killing jar; other insects require different methods of killing.
A wasp placed in a killing jar atop crumpled legal pad paper
The jar, typically glass, must be hermetically sealable. One design has a thin layer of hardened plaster of Paris on the bottom to absorb the killing agent. The killing agent will then slowly evaporate, allowing the jar to be used many times before it needs to be refreshed. The absorbent plaster of Paris layer also helps prevent the agent sticking to and damaging insects. Crumpled paper tissue is also placed in the jar for the same reason. A second method utilises a wad of cotton or other absorbent material placed in the bottom of the jar. Liquid killing agent is added until the absorbent material is nearly saturated. A piece of stiff paper or cardboard cut to fit the inside of the jar tightly is then pressed in.[2]
The most common killing agents are ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate has many advantages and is very widely used. Its fumes are less toxic to humans than those of the other agents, and specimens will remain limp if they are left in an ethyl acetate killing jar for several days and the ethyl acetate is not allowed to entirely evaporate from the specimens. It also preserves the body colors of some insects, such as dragonflies, that would otherwise lose their color, especially if there is a liquid layer to saturate their body tissues. A disadvantage is that, although the insects are quickly stunned by ethyl acetate, it kills them slowly and specimens may revive if removed from the killing jar too soon. Isopropyl alcohol is an easy to find and use killing agent for amateurs. Potassium cyanide or other cyanide compounds, including calcium cyanide, are also used, but only by experts due to its extreme toxicity. It also has the disadvantages that it makes the specimens brittle when left in the jar for several hours and that it may also cause some discoloration of colored specimens. It does kill rapidly, and the cyanide charge will last a long time. A few drops of acetic acid will increase the cyanide gas production. If the jar is not used for long periods it may dry out and produce little gas; a few drops of water will help get the process going again.[2] The potassium cyanide slowly decomposes, releasing hydrogen cyanide. In former times, amateur entomologists commonly used the thick green leaves of the Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus or Prunus caroliniana) which, crushed or finely sliced, will similarly release hydrogen cyanide.[3][4]
Types of insectsedit
Gassing in a killing jar is typically only used on adult hard-bodied insects. Soft-bodied and hard-bodied immature insects, such as the larval stage of many insects, are generally fixed in ethanol at 70–80% concentration in a vial. Dropping them in the vial containing ethanol both kills and preserves them. Higher concentrations of ethanol are not recommend for use with soft bodied insects, as it can distort and harden the body.[5] Parasitic wasps are typically fixed in 95% alcohol to preserve the wing structure.[5] Butterflies and moths are generally killed manually by crushing the thorax, as they can often destroy their wings by beating their them against the jar.[6]
^Smithers, C. N. 1988. The Handbook of Insect Collecting. ISBN0-589-50288-3
^ ab"Collecting and Preserving Insects and Mites: Tools and Techniques". USDA.
^Cherry Laurel [www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/trees/laurel.htm], Retrieved on 25 June 2018.
^Hall, T. F.; Breeland, S. G.; Anderson, P. K. (1969-01-15). "Use of Cherry-Laurel Foliage for Preparation of an Effective Insect-Killing Jar". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 62 (1): 242–244. doi:10.1093/aesa/62.1.242. ISSN 1938-2901.
^ abSupport, Extension Web (2018-06-06). "Preserving insects and related arthropods". Oregon State University Extension Service.
Collecting and Preserving Insects and Mites: Tools and Techniques
How to Collect and Prepare Forest Insect and Disease Organisms and Plant Specimens for Identification
A.Tereshkin Killing Jar with pieces of rubber tube for absorption of chloroform.
January 01, 1970
killing, other, uses, killing, disambiguation, killing, killing, bottle, device, used, entomologists, kill, captured, insects, quickly, with, minimum, damage, typically, contains, plaster, paris, bottom, absorb, killing, fluid, killing, fluid, evaporates, into. For other uses see The Killing Jar disambiguation A killing jar or killing bottle is a device used by entomologists to kill captured insects quickly and with minimum damage 1 The jar typically contains plaster of Paris on the bottom to absorb a killing fluid The killing fluid evaporates into the air and gasses the insect Typically only adult hard bodied insects are killed in a killing jar other insects require different methods of killing A wasp placed in a killing jar atop crumpled legal pad paper Contents 1 Jar set up 2 Killing fluids 3 Types of insects 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksJar set up editThe jar typically glass must be hermetically sealable One design has a thin layer of hardened plaster of Paris on the bottom to absorb the killing agent The killing agent will then slowly evaporate allowing the jar to be used many times before it needs to be refreshed The absorbent plaster of Paris layer also helps prevent the agent sticking to and damaging insects Crumpled paper tissue is also placed in the jar for the same reason A second method utilises a wad of cotton or other absorbent material placed in the bottom of the jar Liquid killing agent is added until the absorbent material is nearly saturated A piece of stiff paper or cardboard cut to fit the inside of the jar tightly is then pressed in 2 Killing fluids edit nbsp A diagram of a killing jar with potassium cyanide at the bottom covered by plaster of Paris The most common killing agents are ether chloroform and ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate has many advantages and is very widely used Its fumes are less toxic to humans than those of the other agents and specimens will remain limp if they are left in an ethyl acetate killing jar for several days and the ethyl acetate is not allowed to entirely evaporate from the specimens It also preserves the body colors of some insects such as dragonflies that would otherwise lose their color especially if there is a liquid layer to saturate their body tissues A disadvantage is that although the insects are quickly stunned by ethyl acetate it kills them slowly and specimens may revive if removed from the killing jar too soon Isopropyl alcohol is an easy to find and use killing agent for amateurs Potassium cyanide or other cyanide compounds including calcium cyanide are also used but only by experts due to its extreme toxicity It also has the disadvantages that it makes the specimens brittle when left in the jar for several hours and that it may also cause some discoloration of colored specimens It does kill rapidly and the cyanide charge will last a long time A few drops of acetic acid will increase the cyanide gas production If the jar is not used for long periods it may dry out and produce little gas a few drops of water will help get the process going again 2 The potassium cyanide slowly decomposes releasing hydrogen cyanide In former times amateur entomologists commonly used the thick green leaves of the Cherry Laurel Prunus laurocerasus or Prunus caroliniana which crushed or finely sliced will similarly release hydrogen cyanide 3 4 Types of insects editGassing in a killing jar is typically only used on adult hard bodied insects Soft bodied and hard bodied immature insects such as the larval stage of many insects are generally fixed in ethanol at 70 80 concentration in a vial Dropping them in the vial containing ethanol both kills and preserves them Higher concentrations of ethanol are not recommend for use with soft bodied insects as it can distort and harden the body 5 Parasitic wasps are typically fixed in 95 alcohol to preserve the wing structure 5 Butterflies and moths are generally killed manually by crushing the thorax as they can often destroy their wings by beating their them against the jar 6 See also editInsect collecting Container glassReferences edit Smithers C N 1988 The Handbook of Insect Collecting ISBN 0 589 50288 3 a b Collecting and Preserving Insects and Mites Tools and Techniques USDA Cherry Laurel www saps plantsci cam ac uk trees laurel htm Retrieved on 25 June 2018 Hall T F Breeland S G Anderson P K 1969 01 15 Use of Cherry Laurel Foliage for Preparation of an Effective Insect Killing Jar Annals of the Entomological Society of America 62 1 242 244 doi 10 1093 aesa 62 1 242 ISSN 1938 2901 a b Support Extension Web 2018 06 06 Preserving insects and related arthropods Oregon State University Extension Service Collecting and Preserving Butterflies Texas A amp M AgriLife Extension Service Retrieved 2023 10 30 External links editCollecting and Preserving Insects and Mites Tools and Techniques How to Collect and Prepare Forest Insect and Disease Organisms and Plant Specimens for Identification A Tereshkin Killing Jar with pieces of rubber tube for absorption of chloroform Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Killing jar amp oldid 1221418625, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
