Khatumo State
Khatumo State (Somali: Khaatumo), officially known as the SSC-Khaatumo Administration (Somali: Maamulka SSC-Khaatumo), is an autonomous administration[1] in Northern Somalia, with its capital in Las Anod.[2] It includes parts of the Sool, Sanaag, and Cayn regions (combined under the acronym "SSC").
Khatumo State of Somalia | |
|---|---|
Flag Coat of arms | |
| Capital and largest city | Las Anod 9°8′N 48°00′E / 9.133°N 48.000°E |
| Government | Autonomous presidential democracy |
• President | Abdikhadir Ahmed Aw-Ali |
• Vice President | Mohamed Abdi Ismail |
• Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly Council | Jama Yasin Warsame |
| Autonomy within Somalia | |
| 2012 | |
• Dissolution | 2017 |
| 2023 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 103,897 km2 (40,115 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2023 census | 2,500,000 |
| Currency | Somali shilling (SOS) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Calling code | +252 (Somalia) |
| ISO 3166 code | SO |
| Internet TLD | .so |
| Today part of | Somalia |
SSC-Khaatumo was acknowledged as an interim administration by the Federal Government of Somalia on October 19, 2023,[3] following its reestablishment on February 6, 2023, as SSC-Khaatumo after a period of mass civil unrest in Las Anod.[2]
History edit
Establishment edit
Ssc movement was established in the first half of 2009, a meeting was held by the Dhulbahante clan to establish a regional government directly by under the Federal Republic of Somalia, including residents of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn. In early 2012, the Khaatumo State was established in Taleh, a significant town in the Sool region. This followed a series of events, including the collapse of the SSC movement.[4]
Khatumo is derived from an Arabic term meaning a "positive conclusion." The administration's stated aim was to bring development and stability to the region through the establishment of a locally based government.
The conference in Taleh involved key personalities from the region and the diaspora, with support from local leaders and intellectuals.[4]
After extensive consultations, over 2,300 Dhulbahante clan members gathered in Taleh for a ten-day conference, which concluded with the decision to establish the autonomous Khaatumo State of Somalia.[4]
Split of Khaatumo and dissolution of Ali Khalif group edit
Within a year of its founding, Khaatumo began to dissolve due to a lack of palpable results[5] and by 2015 the proto state practically ceased to function,[6] with the idea of an autonomous Khaatumo state having lost ground among the Dhulbahante, the clan that inhabits the area, a year after its establishment.[7]
In August 2016 Khatumo state commenced peace talks with Somaliland.[8][9] The talks, however, caused a major disagreement between the president and vice-president of the administration, Ali Khalif Galaydh and Abdulle Agalule respectively, which eventually produced two separate administrations that both claimed to be the legitimate government.[10] The group led by Ali Khalif reached an agreement with Somaliland, at the town of Aynabo in October 2017, which stipulated that under the condition of changing the constitution of Somaliland, the organization would become integrated within the Somaliland government.[11]
The agreement made by Ali Khalif Galaydh and Silanyo in October 2017 couldn't be implemented because it was rejected by Isaaq clan and also Muse Bihi, who won Somaliland's presidency in the November 2017 elections. This marked the end of the Khatuumo State until its reestablishment in 2023 during the 2023 Las Anod conflict.
2023 conflict and establishment of SSC-Khaatumo edit
On February 6, 2023, the Dhulbahante clan elders declared their intent to form a state government named "SSC-Khatumo" within Somalia.[12] On 19 March, the traditional leaders met with a delegation of MPs from Federal Government of Somalia.[13][14]
After mass protests continuing from December into January 2023, the retreat of the Somaliland troops paved the way for the return of the supreme Garad of Dhulbahante, Garad Jama Garad Ali – a community leader exiled from Las Anod since 2007.[15] Rumor spread of a grand meeting of all Dhulbahante clan elders, followed by speculation that the elders would vote to exile Somaliland security forces from the city.[16] On February 6, 2023, the Dhulbahante clan elders declared their intent to form a state government named "SSC-Khatumo" within the Federal Government of Somalia.[12] Fighting broke out earlier on the same day in Las Anod between Somaliland troops and Dhulbahante militias in the Sayadka Hill suburb (reportedly home to two committee members), with shots heard in the streets surrounding Hamd Hotel where Somaliland dignitaries were staying.[17]
On February 8, the supreme Garad of Dhulbahante, Garad Jama Garad Ali, accused the Somaliland government of genocide, called for peace and declared Las Anod's intent to be governed from Mogadishu under the Federal Government of Somalia.[18] Within the same week of February, fighting and civilian bombardments had killed at least 82 people in total and displaced 90% of the residents. The region had produced 185,000 internally displaced people and 60,000 refugees in February.[19] On March 2, the mayor of Las Anod reported that Somaliland forces were bombing public buildings from the surrounding countryside including government institutions and hospitals. The UN also reported a casualty count of over 200 deaths.[20]
A number of fellow Harti-Darod (including Warsangali & Majeerteen) clans local or the diaspora Canada and the United States, Somali diaspora have announced their support for the Las Anod unionist movement and sent money and armed militias to the city.[21][22] The Dhulbahante are receiving money, equipment and fighters from allied Darod-Harti clans in Somalia - the Warsangali and Majeerteen.[21][22]
On April 20, Amnesty International released a report concluding a 2-month human rights investigation into the Las Anod conflict. The report called for urgent investigation into the conflict, including interviews from local citizens describing shrapnel and mortar shell deaths.[23] The report also included photos of indiscriminate 107mm rocket shelling from Somaliland security forces – confirming use of weapons banned as part of the current UN Somali arms embargo.[23][24]
On June 7, the UN Security Council released a statement reaffirming its full respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence, and unity of Somalia. They also stated, "The members of the Security Council called for the immediate withdrawal of 'Somaliland' security forces and urged all parties to exercise restraint, refrain from provocative actions, incitement to violence, and inflammatory rhetoric. This is in order to de-escalate the situation on the ground, rebuild trust, and create the conditions for peace."[25] The following day, the Somaliland Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement expressing their view that the UNSC "appears to be misinformed about the facts on the ground."[26]
On July 11, Somaliland troops were reported to have shelled a health facility in Las Anod, destroying 2 ambulances and causing dozens of casualties (including healthcare workers and patients).[27] The World Health Organization published a press release condemning the attack on the facility and the shelling of hospitals.[28] In response, the Somaliland Ministry of Foreign Affairs described the statement as "disturbing" and claimed that they were fighting clan militias and Al-Shabaab terrorists, to ensure "that those in need have access to these services and other humanitarian assistance".[29]
On 16 August, Somali traditional poet Abwan Jama Kadiye died in an incident that generated significant attention and concern. Reports suggest that he was a victim of indiscriminate mortar shelling in the vicinity of Goja Adde. While there have been claims attributing this incident to Somaliland, Somaliland has denied any involvement in these allegations.[30]
The incident has sparked strong emotions among the residents of SSC-Khatumo and the diaspora, who are understandably outraged by the loss of a respected poet and community member. Some individuals within this community have expressed a desire for justice and retribution in response to the incident. They have indicated a potential intent to take revenge on Somaliland, given their suspicions.[31]
On August 25, the SSC administration overran two strongholds of the Somaliland National Army in Maraaga and Goja’adde, capturing numerous weapons and vehicles. A spokesperson for SSC-Khatumo stated that they achieved a significant victory on Friday by capturing all nearby Somaliland military outposts and seizing their war vehicles, weapons, and ammunition stocks.[32] During the battle, General Faisal Abdi Bootan was taken as a Prisoner of War.[33] On the same day, the Somaliland Ministry of Defense released a statement saying, "The National Army is in the midst of reorganization and serious preparation to confront the enemy."[34]
Recognition edit
In accordance with a joint press release, Abdulqadir Firdhiye, the President of the newly formed SSC-Khatumo interim administration, was invited, along with a delegation, to Mogadishu. During a 10-day period, extensive discussions were held on the political, security, and humanitarian situation in the disputed region.[35]
Ultimately, on 19 Octoboer 2023, the Federal Government agreed to endorse the statement by traditional elders during their conference in Las Anod on February 6, 2023, which stated that SSC-Khatumo was not under the authorities of Puntland or Somaliland, but under the Federal Government.[3]
Additionally, the Federal Government called on Somaliland authorities and SSC-Khatumo to halt hostilities and release prisoners, expressing readiness to facilitate associated activities.[35]
Government edit
Khaatumo's government structure comprises a legislative body and an executive body, with ongoing initiatives to establish a judicial body.
The Legislative Assembly Council of the SSC-Khaatumo administration commenced its term on July 7, 2023, with the swearing-in of 45 members. These members were selected by regional Garaads and Sultans on July 6, 2023.[36]
The SSC-Khatumo Legislative Assembly Council assembly convened on August 1, 2023, in Las Anod to select its leadership. Jama Yasin Warsame secured the position of Speaker, garnering 25 votes out of the available 45, while Jama Adan Osman was elected as the Vice Speaker.[37]
Abdiqadir Ahmed Aw-Ali (Firdhiye) became the President of the SSC-Khatumo Administration on August 7, 2023, receiving 30 out of 45 total votes. Mohamed Abdi Ismail (Shiine) was elected as the Deputy President.[38]
President Abdiqadir Ahmed Aw-Ali announced the appointment of cabinet secretaries on September 12, each nominated secretary underwent a vote of confidence from the SSC-Khaatumo 45-member committee to ensure their alignment with the administration's objectives.[39]
The Legislative Assembly Council unanimously approved the nine cabinet secretaries appointed by the President on September 26, officially concluding the formation and assembly of both the executive and legislative bodies of the government.[40]
Military edit
Khatumo maintains its own security forces. Exclusively financed by the state administration, they are tasked with assuring local security and defending the region's borders. According to Khatumo President Abdinuur Elmi Qaaji, the forces are well trained and armed.[41] Khatumo troops have been deployed in defense operations against invading Somaliland troops in Buhoodle and other disputed towns within SSC territory.[41][42] In 2012, Khatumo forces were led by Abdirisak Fanah, with Omar Jama Saleiman serving as official spokesman.[43][44]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Jama (19 October 2023). "Somali government makes a strategic move by recognizing SSC-Khaatumo". The Somali Digest | Somali News in English. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ a b Barnett, James (7 August 2023). "Inside the Newest Conflict in Somalia's Long Civil War". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Dowladda Federaalka oo aqoonsatay maamulka SSC-Khaatumo". Voice of America (in Somali). 19 October 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b c Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Vision. Rift Valley Institute. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5.
- ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London: Rift Valley Institute. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.
- ^ Musa, Ahmed. "Lasanod: City at the margins" (PDF). Rift Valley Institute: 7. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London: Rift Valley Institute. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.
- ^ "Wadahadallo u socda Somaliland iyo Khaatumo". BBC Somali. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- ^ "Somalia: Khatumo begins peace talks with Somaliland". Garowe Online. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- ^ "Khilaaf ballaaran oo soo kala dhexgalay madaxda Khaatumo". BBC Somali. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- ^ Mahmood, Omar S. (1 November 2019). "Overlapping Claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The Case of Sool and Sanaag". Africa Portal. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ a b Haji, Mohammed (20 February 2023). "What's driving conflict in the disputed Somali city of Las Anod?". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ "The Daily Somalia: "A delegation of Mps & Senators from #Mogadishu, led by the Deputy Speaker of the Upper House Abdullahi Ali Hirsi Timacade arrived in #LasAnod. They held meetings with the traditional leaders of @SSCKhaatumo."". Twitter. 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Abbas A Hashi: "15 years after federal delegation and the MPs representing the SSC regions arrived today in the #lasanod to survey the damage. This arrival was brought about by the locals' resistance to the SL, not by a delegation or through diplomacy. The solution for the haughty is a gun."". Twitter. 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Clan chief returns to Las Anod for first time since 2007". www.hiiraan.com. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ "Grand entry of exiled traditional elders in Las Anod major concerns for Somaliland". Garowe Online. 30 June 2020. from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ "Somalia: Fresh fighting breaks out in Las Anod city". Garowe Online. 6 February 2023. from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Ali, Garad Jama (19 March 2023). "BBC World News - Garad Jama Ali declares Dulbahante intent to merge Sool with federal Somali govt" (video). YouTube. BBC World News. from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Ahmed, Kaamil (22 February 2023). "Tens of thousands of refugees flee from Somaliland clashes". The Guardian. from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ^ "More than 200 killed, nearly 700 wounded in Somaliland clashes". TRT World. 2 March 2023. from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Time for Somaliland and the Dhulbahante to Talk". Crisis Group. 19 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ a b Hoehne, Markus Virgil (13 June 2023). "Somalia: The Dynamics of Conflict Over Lasanod - Ongoing Fighting, Administration Building, Failed Mediation and Forecast". African Arguments. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ a b "Investigate Somaliland killings, says Amnesty International". Amnesty International. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ "UN extends Somalia arms embargo amid government dissatisfaction". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ "Security Council Press Statement on Situation in Somalia". 7 June 2023.
- ^ "Hargeisa, Somaliland, June 8th, 2023 - Press Release on UN Security Council's June 7th Statement". 8 June 2023.
- ^ "Somaliland expresses deep concern over WHO statement on Las'anod conflict". hornobserver.com. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ^ "WHO condemns attack on health care facility in Las Canood, Somaliland". WHO EMRO. Cairo/Mogadishu. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ^ "Somaliland Government Response to WHO Statement Regarding Las'anod". Republic of Somaliland Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ^ "Abwaan Jaamac Kadiye oo lagu aasay Laascaanood". VOA (in Somali). 17 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ "Garaad Mukhtaar Garaad Cali Buraale: "Xabaasha Gambara ee AUN Abwaan Jaamac Kadiye waxa xigi doona xabaalo badan oo Hargeysa & Burco"". Radio Daljir (in Somali). 17 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
- ^ Staff, Horseed (25 August 2023). "Somalia: SSC Forces Capture Somaliland's Goojacade military Base". Horseed Media. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- ^ @dhoorebbc (25 August 2023). "Gen. Faisal Abdi Botan, the Commander of #Somaliland's 12th division has been apprehended by SSC-Khaatumo forces, on Friday. The forces also have taken over Goojacade military base and other several locations, eyewitnesses and local journalists confirmed" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 August 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ @somalilandmod (25 August 2023). ""Ciidanka Qaranku waxay ku jiraan dib-isku-habayn iyo diyaargarow culus oo cadowga lagaga hortagayo." Wasaaradda Gaashaandhiga JSL" ["The National Army is in the midst of reorganization and serious preparation to confront the enemy." Ministry of Defense JSL] (Tweet) (in Somali). Retrieved 26 August 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b Shino, Abdirisaq (19 October 2023). "Somali Federal Government Recognizes New SSC-Khatumo Administration". Horseed Media. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "Las Anod governing committee sworn into office with paramount task – Liberation". The Somali Digest | Somali News in English. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Las Anod: Jama Yasin elected chairman of SSC-Khatumo Central Committee". The Somali Digest | Somali News in English. 1 August 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "SSC-Khatumo elects leadership and charts course for federal statehood". The Somali Digest | Somali News in English. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "SSC-Khaatumo Leader announced cabinet appointments". The Somali Digest | Somali News in English. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Las Anod: Nine SSC-Khaatumo cabinet secretaries sworn in". The Somali Digest | Somali News in English. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ a b . Somalia Report. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ . Garowe Online. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ Omar, Shiine (2 August 2012). "Deadly Fighting in Buhoodle". Somalia Report. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ Said Ismail, Aweys Cadde (26 January 2012). "Somaliland Attacks Khatumo Militia". Somalia Report. Retrieved 27 September 2013.