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Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border

The Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border is 1,212 kilometres (753 mi) and runs from the tripoint with Uzbekistan to the tripoint with China.[1] Bishkek, the Kyrgyz capital, is situated just 16 km (10 mi) to the south of this boundary, and Almaty (Kazakhstan's largest city and former capital) is situated just 29 kilometres (18 mi) to the north of it.

Map of Kyrgyzstan with Kazakhstan to the north
Kazakhstani and Kyrgyzstani boundary markers

Description edit

The border starts in the west at the tripoint with Uzbekistan in the Ugam Range and then proceeds in a north-eastwards direction, past Taraz and along the Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountains. The border then traces a rough arc around Kara-Balta, before following the Chu river past Bishkek and Tokmok. Leaving the Chu near the town of Kara-Bulak, the border then proceeds eastwards across the Küngöy Ala-Too Range, north of lake Issyk-Kul, to the tripoint with China.

Kazakhstan's Taraz to Aktobe railway crosses through Kyrgyzstan briefly, a legacy of the Soviet era where infrastructure was built without regard to what were then internal boundaries.

History edit

Russia had conquered Central Asia in the 19th century, by annexing the formerly independent Khanates of Kokand and Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara. After the Communists took power in 1917 and created the Soviet Union it was decided to divide Central Asia into ethnically based republics in a process known as National Territorial Delimitation (or NTD). This was in line with Communist theory that nationalism was a necessary step on the path towards an eventually communist society, and Joseph Stalin's definition of a nation as being “a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture”.

The NTD is commonly portrayed as being nothing more than a cynical exercise in divide and rule, a deliberately Machiavellian attempt by Stalin to maintain Soviet hegemony over the region by artificially dividing its inhabitants into separate nations and with borders deliberately drawn so as to leave minorities within each state. The charge is so common as to have become almost the conventional wisdom within mainstream journalistic coverage of Central Asia, with Stalin himself often the one drawing the borders, see for example Stourton, E. in The Guardian, 2010 Kyrgyzstan: Stalin's deadly legacy;[2] Zeihan, P. for Stratfor, 2010 The Kyrgyzstan Crisis and the Russian Dilemma;[3] The Economist, 2010 Kyrgyzstan - Stalin's Harvest;[4] Pillalamarri, A in the Diplomat, 2016, The Tajik Tragedy of Uzbekistan;[5] Rashid, A in the New York Review of Books, 2010, Tajikistan - the Next Jihadi Stronghold?;[6] Schreck, C. in The National, 2010, Stalin at core of Kyrgyzstan carnage,[7] Though indeed the Soviets were concerned at the possible threat of pan-Turkic nationalism,[8] as expressed for example with the Basmachi movement of the 1920s, closer analysis informed by the primary sources paints a much more nuanced picture than is commonly presented.[9][10][11]

The Soviets aimed to create ethnically homogeneous republics, however many areas were ethnically mixed (e.g. the Ferghana Valley) and it often proved difficult to assign a ‘correct’ ethnic label to some peoples (e.g. the mixed Tajik-Uzbek Sart, or the various Turkmen/Uzbek tribes along the Amu Darya).[12][13] Local national elites strongly argued (and in many cases overstated) their case and the Soviets were often forced to adjudicate between them, further hindered by a lack of expert knowledge and the paucity of accurate or up-to-date ethnographic data on the region.[12][14] Furthermore, NTD also aimed to create ‘viable’ entities, with economic, geographical, agricultural and infrastructural matters also to be taken into account and frequently trumping those of ethnicity.[15][16] The attempt to balance these contradictory aims within an overall nationalist framework proved exceedingly difficult and often impossible, resulting in the drawing of often tortuously convoluted borders, multiple enclaves and the unavoidable creation of large minorities who ended up living in the ‘wrong’ republic. Additionally the Soviets never intended for these borders to become international frontiers as they are today.

 
Soviet Central Asia in 1922 before national delimitation

NTD of the area along ethnic lines had been proposed as early as 1920.[17][18] At this time Central Asia consisted of two Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs) within the Russian SFSR: the Turkestan ASSR, created in April 1918 and covering large parts of what are now southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, as well as Turkmenistan), and the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz ASSR, Kirgizistan ASSR on the map), which was created on 26 August 1920 in the territory roughly coinciding with the northern part of today's Kazakhstan (at this time Kazakhs were referred to as ‘Kyrgyz’ and what are now the Kyrgyz were deemed a sub-group of the Kazakhs and referred to as ‘Kara-Kyrgyz’ i.e. mountain-dwelling ‘black-Kyrgyz’). There were also the two separate successor ‘republics’ of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva, which were transformed into the Bukhara and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics following the takeover by the Red Army in 1920.[19]

On 25 February 1924 the Politburo and Central Committee of the Soviet Union announced that it would proceed with NTD in Central Asia.[20][21] The process was to be overseen by a Special Committee of the Central Asian Bureau, with three sub-committees for each of what were deemed to be the main nationalities of the region (Kazakhs, Turkmen and Uzbeks), with work then exceedingly rapidly.[22][23][24][25][26] There were initial plans to possibly keep the Khorezm and Bukhara PSRs, however it was eventually decided to partition them in April 1924, over the often vocal opposition of their Communist Parties (the Khorezm Communists in particular were reluctant to destroy their PSR and had to be strong-armed into voting for their own dissolution in July of that year).[27]

The creation of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz border was hampered by disputes over whether the Kyrgyz (then called ‘Kara-Kirghiz’) were a separate people from the Kazakhs (then called ‘Kirghiz’), or just Kazakhs who happened to be semi-nomadic dwellers of mountainous regions.[28] It was decided that the Kara-Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) were different enough to warrant the creation of an Autonomous Oblast within the Russia SSR in October 1924, with borders matching those of modern Kyrgyzstan. In 1925 it was renamed the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast in May 1925, then became the Kirghiz ASSR in 1926 (not to be confused with the Kirghiz ASSR that was the first name of Kazak ASSR), and finally it became the Kirghiz SSR in 1936.[29]

The boundary became an international frontier in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of its constituent republics. The two countries began work on demarcating their common boundary in the 1990s and 2000s in a spirit of cooperation that contrasts starkly with much of the other ex-Soviet Central Asian states.[30] A final border treaty was signed on 15 December 2001, entering into force in 2008, with the border being demarcated on the ground in the following years.[31]

Border crossings edit

  • Aisha Bibi (KAZ) – Chongkapka (KGZ) (road)[32]
  • Merke (KAZ) – Kara-Balta (KGZ) (road and rail)[32]
  • Korday (KAZ) – Lugovoye/Akjol (KGZ) (road)[32]
  • Khun Chi (KAZ) - Kara-Su (KGZ) (road)[32]
  • Avtodorozhniy (KAZ) - Kenbulun (KGZ) (road, locals only)[32]
  • Kegen (KAZ) – Tüp (KGZ) (road, summer only)[32]
  • Almaty (KAZ) – Chong-Sary-Oy (KGZ) (road and hiking via the Ozerny Pass/Pereval Ozernyy)[33]

Settlements near the border edit

Kazakhstan edit

Kyrgyzstan edit

History maps edit

Historical English-language maps of the Kazakh SSR–Kyrgyz SSR border, mid to late 20th century:


Border regions edit

  Regions of Kazakhstan bordering Kyrgyzstan:

  Regions of Kyrgyzstan bordering Kazakhstan:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ CIA World Factbook - Kyrgyzstan, 23 September 2018
  2. ^ "Kyrgyzstan: Stalin's deadly legacy | Edward Stourton". the Guardian. 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  3. ^ "The Kyrgyzstan Crisis and the Russian Dilemma". Stratfor. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  4. ^ "Stalin's harvest". The Economist. 2010-06-17. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  5. ^ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. "The Tajik Tragedy of Uzbekistan". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  6. ^ Rashid, Ahmed. "Tajikistan: The Next Jihadi Stronghold?". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  7. ^ "Stalin at core of Kyrgyzstan carnage". The National. 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  8. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39-40
  9. ^ Haugen, Arne (2003) The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia, Palgrave Macmillan, pgs. 24-5, 182-3
  10. ^ Khalid, Adeeb (2015) Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR, Cornell University Press, pg. 13
  11. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 46
  12. ^ a b Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 44-5
  13. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 47
  14. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 53
  15. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 43-4
  16. ^ Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011) Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia Routledge, pg. 112
  17. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 40-1
  18. ^ Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011) Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia Routledge, pg. 105
  19. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39
  20. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 55
  21. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 42
  22. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pg. 54
  23. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pgs. 52-3
  24. ^ Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 92
  25. ^ Starr, S. Frederick (ed.) (2011) Ferghana Valley – the Heart of Central Asia Routledge, pg. 106
  26. ^ Khalid, Adeeb (2015) Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR, Cornell University Press, pg. 271-2
  27. ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan, Princeton University Press, pgs. 56-8
  28. ^ Haugen, Arne (2003) The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia, Palgrave Macmillan, pg. 168
  29. ^ Haugen, Arne (2003) The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia, Palgrave Macmillan, pg. 167
  30. ^ Trofimov, Dmitriy (2002), Ethnic/Territorial and Border Problems in Central Asia, retrieved 28 October 2018
  31. ^ , archived from the original on 2020-01-22, retrieved 12 September 2018
  32. ^ a b c d e f Caravanistan - Kyrgyzstan border crossings, retrieved 23 September 2018
  33. ^ "Ozerny Pass: This road is not for timid drivers".

kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, border, kilometres, runs, from, tripoint, with, uzbekistan, tripoint, with, china, bishkek, kyrgyz, capital, situated, just, south, this, boundary, almaty, kazakhstan, largest, city, former, capital, situated, just, kilometres, north, k. The Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan border is 1 212 kilometres 753 mi and runs from the tripoint with Uzbekistan to the tripoint with China 1 Bishkek the Kyrgyz capital is situated just 16 km 10 mi to the south of this boundary and Almaty Kazakhstan s largest city and former capital is situated just 29 kilometres 18 mi to the north of it Map of Kyrgyzstan with Kazakhstan to the north Kazakhstani and Kyrgyzstani boundary markers Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 Border crossings 4 Settlements near the border 4 1 Kazakhstan 4 2 Kyrgyzstan 5 History maps 6 Border regions 7 See also 8 ReferencesDescription editThe border starts in the west at the tripoint with Uzbekistan in the Ugam Range and then proceeds in a north eastwards direction past Taraz and along the Kyrgyz Ala Too mountains The border then traces a rough arc around Kara Balta before following the Chu river past Bishkek and Tokmok Leaving the Chu near the town of Kara Bulak the border then proceeds eastwards across the Kungoy Ala Too Range north of lake Issyk Kul to the tripoint with China Kazakhstan s Taraz to Aktobe railway crosses through Kyrgyzstan briefly a legacy of the Soviet era where infrastructure was built without regard to what were then internal boundaries History editRussia had conquered Central Asia in the 19th century by annexing the formerly independent Khanates of Kokand and Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara After the Communists took power in 1917 and created the Soviet Union it was decided to divide Central Asia into ethnically based republics in a process known as National Territorial Delimitation or NTD This was in line with Communist theory that nationalism was a necessary step on the path towards an eventually communist society and Joseph Stalin s definition of a nation as being a historically constituted stable community of people formed on the basis of a common language territory economic life and psychological make up manifested in a common culture The NTD is commonly portrayed as being nothing more than a cynical exercise in divide and rule a deliberately Machiavellian attempt by Stalin to maintain Soviet hegemony over the region by artificially dividing its inhabitants into separate nations and with borders deliberately drawn so as to leave minorities within each state The charge is so common as to have become almost the conventional wisdom within mainstream journalistic coverage of Central Asia with Stalin himself often the one drawing the borders see for example Stourton E in The Guardian 2010 Kyrgyzstan Stalin s deadly legacy 2 Zeihan P for Stratfor 2010 The Kyrgyzstan Crisis and the Russian Dilemma 3 The Economist 2010 Kyrgyzstan Stalin s Harvest 4 Pillalamarri A in the Diplomat 2016 The Tajik Tragedy of Uzbekistan 5 Rashid A in the New York Review of Books 2010 Tajikistan the Next Jihadi Stronghold 6 Schreck C in The National 2010 Stalin at core of Kyrgyzstan carnage 7 Though indeed the Soviets were concerned at the possible threat of pan Turkic nationalism 8 as expressed for example with the Basmachi movement of the 1920s closer analysis informed by the primary sources paints a much more nuanced picture than is commonly presented 9 10 11 The Soviets aimed to create ethnically homogeneous republics however many areas were ethnically mixed e g the Ferghana Valley and it often proved difficult to assign a correct ethnic label to some peoples e g the mixed Tajik Uzbek Sart or the various Turkmen Uzbek tribes along the Amu Darya 12 13 Local national elites strongly argued and in many cases overstated their case and the Soviets were often forced to adjudicate between them further hindered by a lack of expert knowledge and the paucity of accurate or up to date ethnographic data on the region 12 14 Furthermore NTD also aimed to create viable entities with economic geographical agricultural and infrastructural matters also to be taken into account and frequently trumping those of ethnicity 15 16 The attempt to balance these contradictory aims within an overall nationalist framework proved exceedingly difficult and often impossible resulting in the drawing of often tortuously convoluted borders multiple enclaves and the unavoidable creation of large minorities who ended up living in the wrong republic Additionally the Soviets never intended for these borders to become international frontiers as they are today nbsp Soviet Central Asia in 1922 before national delimitationNTD of the area along ethnic lines had been proposed as early as 1920 17 18 At this time Central Asia consisted of two Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics ASSRs within the Russian SFSR the Turkestan ASSR created in April 1918 and covering large parts of what are now southern Kazakhstan Uzbekistan and Tajikistan as well as Turkmenistan and the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Kirghiz ASSR Kirgizistan ASSR on the map which was created on 26 August 1920 in the territory roughly coinciding with the northern part of today s Kazakhstan at this time Kazakhs were referred to as Kyrgyz and what are now the Kyrgyz were deemed a sub group of the Kazakhs and referred to as Kara Kyrgyz i e mountain dwelling black Kyrgyz There were also the two separate successor republics of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva which were transformed into the Bukhara and Khorezm People s Soviet Republics following the takeover by the Red Army in 1920 19 On 25 February 1924 the Politburo and Central Committee of the Soviet Union announced that it would proceed with NTD in Central Asia 20 21 The process was to be overseen by a Special Committee of the Central Asian Bureau with three sub committees for each of what were deemed to be the main nationalities of the region Kazakhs Turkmen and Uzbeks with work then exceedingly rapidly 22 23 24 25 26 There were initial plans to possibly keep the Khorezm and Bukhara PSRs however it was eventually decided to partition them in April 1924 over the often vocal opposition of their Communist Parties the Khorezm Communists in particular were reluctant to destroy their PSR and had to be strong armed into voting for their own dissolution in July of that year 27 The creation of the Kazakh Kyrgyz border was hampered by disputes over whether the Kyrgyz then called Kara Kirghiz were a separate people from the Kazakhs then called Kirghiz or just Kazakhs who happened to be semi nomadic dwellers of mountainous regions 28 It was decided that the Kara Kirghiz Kyrgyz were different enough to warrant the creation of an Autonomous Oblast within the Russia SSR in October 1924 with borders matching those of modern Kyrgyzstan In 1925 it was renamed the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast in May 1925 then became the Kirghiz ASSR in 1926 not to be confused with the Kirghiz ASSR that was the first name of Kazak ASSR and finally it became the Kirghiz SSR in 1936 29 The boundary became an international frontier in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of its constituent republics The two countries began work on demarcating their common boundary in the 1990s and 2000s in a spirit of cooperation that contrasts starkly with much of the other ex Soviet Central Asian states 30 A final border treaty was signed on 15 December 2001 entering into force in 2008 with the border being demarcated on the ground in the following years 31 Border crossings editAisha Bibi KAZ Chongkapka KGZ road 32 Merke KAZ Kara Balta KGZ road and rail 32 Korday KAZ Lugovoye Akjol KGZ road 32 Khun Chi KAZ Kara Su KGZ road 32 Avtodorozhniy KAZ Kenbulun KGZ road locals only 32 Kegen KAZ Tup KGZ road summer only 32 Almaty KAZ Chong Sary Oy KGZ road and hiking via the Ozerny Pass Pereval Ozernyy 33 Settlements near the border editKazakhstan edit Taraz Kasyk KordayKyrgyzstan edit Kok Say Amanbayevo Sheker Pokrovka Kyzyl Adyr Kopuro Bazar Chaldybar Chuy Kaindy Kamyshanovka Vasil yevka Birdik Ivanovka Tokmok Kara Bulak TupHistory maps editHistorical English language maps of the Kazakh SSR Kyrgyz SSR border mid to late 20th century nbsp nbsp nbsp Border regions edit nbsp Regions of Kazakhstan bordering Kyrgyzstan nbsp Almaty Region nbsp Jambyl Region nbsp Regions of Kyrgyzstan bordering Kazakhstan nbsp Chuy Region nbsp Issyk Kul Region nbsp Talas RegionSee also editKazakhstan Kyrgyzstan relationsReferences edit CIA World Factbook Kyrgyzstan 23 September 2018 Kyrgyzstan Stalin s deadly legacy Edward Stourton the Guardian 2010 06 20 Retrieved 2022 03 13 The Kyrgyzstan Crisis and the Russian Dilemma Stratfor Retrieved 2022 03 13 Stalin s harvest The Economist 2010 06 17 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 2022 03 13 Pillalamarri Akhilesh The Tajik Tragedy of Uzbekistan thediplomat com Retrieved 2022 03 13 Rashid Ahmed Tajikistan The Next Jihadi Stronghold The New York Review of Books Retrieved 2022 03 13 Stalin at core of Kyrgyzstan carnage The National 2010 06 15 Retrieved 2022 03 13 Bergne Paul 2007 The Birth of Tajikistan National Identity and the Origins of the Republic IB Taurus amp Co Ltd pg 39 40 Haugen Arne 2003 The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia Palgrave Macmillan pgs 24 5 182 3 Khalid Adeeb 2015 Making Uzbekistan Nation Empire and Revolution in the Early USSR Cornell University Press pg 13 Edgar Adrienne Lynn 2004 Tribal Nation The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan Princeton University Press pg 46 a b Bergne Paul 2007 The Birth of Tajikistan National Identity and the Origins of the Republic IB Taurus amp Co Ltd pg 44 5 Edgar Adrienne Lynn 2004 Tribal Nation The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan Princeton University Press pg 47 Edgar Adrienne Lynn 2004 Tribal Nation The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan Princeton University Press pg 53 Bergne Paul 2007 The Birth of Tajikistan National Identity and the Origins of the Republic IB Taurus amp Co Ltd pg 43 4 Starr S Frederick ed 2011 Ferghana Valley the Heart of Central Asia Routledge pg 112 Bergne Paul 2007 The Birth of Tajikistan National Identity and the Origins of the Republic IB Taurus amp Co Ltd pg 40 1 Starr S Frederick ed 2011 Ferghana Valley the Heart of Central Asia Routledge pg 105 Bergne Paul 2007 The Birth of Tajikistan National Identity and the Origins of the Republic IB Taurus amp Co Ltd pg 39 Edgar Adrienne Lynn 2004 Tribal Nation The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan Princeton University Press pg 55 Bergne Paul 2007 The Birth of Tajikistan National Identity and the Origins of the Republic IB Taurus amp Co Ltd pg 42 Edgar Adrienne Lynn 2004 Tribal Nation The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan Princeton University Press pg 54 Edgar Adrienne Lynn 2004 Tribal Nation The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan Princeton University Press pgs 52 3 Bergne Paul 2007 The Birth of Tajikistan National Identity and the Origins of the Republic IB Taurus amp Co Ltd pg 92 Starr S Frederick ed 2011 Ferghana Valley the Heart of Central Asia Routledge pg 106 Khalid Adeeb 2015 Making Uzbekistan Nation Empire and Revolution in the Early USSR Cornell University Press pg 271 2 Edgar Adrienne Lynn 2004 Tribal Nation The Making Of Soviet Turkmenistan Princeton University Press pgs 56 8 Haugen Arne 2003 The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia Palgrave Macmillan pg 168 Haugen Arne 2003 The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia Palgrave Macmillan pg 167 Trofimov Dmitriy 2002 Ethnic Territorial and Border Problems in Central Asia retrieved 28 October 2018 Kazakhstan MFA Delimitation and Demarcation of State Border archived from the original on 2020 01 22 retrieved 12 September 2018 a b c d e f Caravanistan Kyrgyzstan border crossings retrieved 23 September 2018 Ozerny Pass This road is not for timid drivers nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan border Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan border amp oldid 1194215049, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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