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Karolus magnus et Leo papa

March 30, 2023

The Karolus magnus et Leo papa (Classical Latin: [ˈkarɔlʊz ˈmaŋnʊs ɛt ˈlɛ.oː ˈpaːpa], Ecclesiastical Latin: [ˈkaːroluz ˈmaɲɲus ɛt ˈlɛːo ˈpaːpa]; lit. "Charles the Great and Pope Leo"), sometimes called the Paderborn Epic or the Aachen Epic, is a Carolingian Latin epic poem of which only the third of four books is extant. It recounts the meeting of Charlemagne, king of the Franks, with Pope Leo III, in AD 799.

The poem details the meeting between Charlemagne (here in a 1725 depiction) and Pope Leo III, in AD 799.

Date, authorship, and title

Carl Erdmann first brought historians' attention to the Paderborn Epic in 1951, when he argued that it was written before June 800.[1] The epic may have been written in 799, but probably in the decade after, certainly before Charlemagne's death in 814.[2] Henry Mayr-Harting suggests that the court held at Aachen in 802 is the most plausible context of composition.[3]

Janet Nelson says that "one of [Charlemagne's counsellors] surely wrote this poem,"[4] and it may have been written by his own biographer, Einhard.[5] Francesco Stella has argued for the authorship of Modoin, whose debt to Virgil in his description of Aachen elsewhere equals that of the Paderborn poet.[6] It was familiar to Ermold the Black, who may have used it for the hunt scene in the fourth book of his Carmina in honorem Hludovici, an epic poem in honour of Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious.[7]

The first two as well as the final books do not survive. Helene Scheck argues that the original, complete poem "recounted Charlemagne's ascendancy" and that consequently "it would seem that the first two sections offer background on Charlemagne's rise and the poem would reach its culmination in the coronation of Charlemagne."[8] Although it must have been more widely disseminated in Ermold's time, the only surviving copy is the single-book fragment preserved in a late ninth-century manuscript.[9]

The conventional title, Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa, derives from the first modern edition by Ernst Dümmler in 1881.[10] A more recent edition by F. Brunhölzl was published under the title De Karolo rege et Leone papa in 1966[11] and re-published in 1999.[12] Given that the poem as it now exists is not a complete work, Dieter Schaller points out that giving the work any title that translate to "Charlemagne and Pope Leo" is rather inaccurate, as such a move over-emphasizes the importance of merely one of the many events in the larger work.[8]

Contents

 
Pope Leo III is the titular Leo papa discussed in the poem.

The Paderborn Epic's hunt scene probably describes an actual hunt in the spring of 799, although it is "highly stylized". The importance of women in Charlemagne's court is highlighted by the order of his retinue: Queen Luitgard, followed by sons Charles and Pippin, and then the "brilliant order of girls" (puellarum… ordo coruscus) Rotrude, Bertha, Gisela, Ruodhaid, Theodrada, and Hiltrud.[13] During the hunt, Charlemagne stops to take a nap and dreams that Leo has been attacked and his eyes and tongue cut out.[14]

Historically, Leo was wounded severely during an attack on 25 April 799, but his eyes and tongue were saved by Charlemagne's missi dominici.[15] The poet nevertheless mentions the mutilation five times and seven times describes a miraculous healing. The miracle was used to attest Leo's saintliness amidst accusations of adultery by his enemies. By August 799, Charlemagne's adviser Alcuin of York had burned a letter about Leo's adulteries, perhaps convinced of his innocence by the miraculous healing.[14]

The meeting at Paderborn was probably the first time that an imperial coronation was discussed for Charlemagne, and it is no coincidence that its verse epic is "replete with imperial phraseology".[3] The poet compares Charlemagne to Aeneas, forefather of the Romans, and calls him augustus and Europae venerandus apex, pater optimus ("revered pinnacle of Europe; best father").[3][16][17] The poet also likens Charlemagne's capital of Aachen to a "second Rome" and a "Rome-to-be".[17]

The city of the poem is generally identified with Charlemagne's capital, although it is not explicit in the poem and the city might in fact be Paderborn itself, whose church was consecrated in 799.[18] The poet alludes to the conversion of the Saxons and praises terror as a means to an end: "What the contrary mind and perverse soul refuse to do with persuasion / Let them leap to accomplish when compelled by fear" (Quod mens laeva vetat suadendo animusque sinister / Hoc saltim cupiant implere timore coacti).[19]

Notes

  1. ^ Bullough 1970, p. 66.
  2. ^ Scharer 2009, p. 274.
  3. ^ a b c Mayr-Harting 1996, pp. 1117–18.
  4. ^ Nelson 2005, p. 9.
  5. ^ Noble 2009, pp. 8–9.
  6. ^ McKitterick 2008, p. 140.
  7. ^ Noble 2009, p. 121.
  8. ^ a b Scheck 2012, p. 13.
  9. ^ Garrison 1994, p. 136.
  10. ^ Dümmler 1881.
  11. ^ Beumann et al. 1966, pp. 22–28.
  12. ^ Hentze 1999, pp. 72–78.
  13. ^ Scharer 2009, pp. 274–75.
  14. ^ a b Nelson 2005, pp. 7–10.
  15. ^   Shahan, Thomas; Macpherson, Ewan (1908). "Charlemagne". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  16. ^ Bullough 1970, p. 105.
  17. ^ a b Garrison 1994, p. 130.
  18. ^ McKitterick 2008, p. 141.
  19. ^ Garrison 1994, p. 133.

Bibliography

  • Beumann, H; Brunhölzl, F.; Winkelmann, W., eds. (1966). Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa: Ein Paderborner Epos von Jahre 799. Paderborn, Germany: Bonifacius Druckerei.
  • Bullough, D. A. (1970). "Europae Pater: Charlemagne and His Achievement in the Light of Recent Scholarship". The English Historical Review. 85 (334): 59–105. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxv.334.59. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 563053.
  • Dümmler, Ernst, ed. (1881). "Karolus Magnus et Leo papa". Poetae latini aevi Carolini (in Latin). Vol. 1. Berlin, Germany: Weidmannos. pp. 366–379. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  • Garrison, Mary (1994). "The Emergence of Carolingian Latin Literature and the Court of Charlemagne (780–814)". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–40. ISBN 9780521405249.
  • Godman, Peter (1985). Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780585118260.
  • Hentze, Wilhelm; von Padberg, Lutz; Schwind, Johannes; Stork, Hans-Walter; Brunhölzl, Franz, eds. (1999). De Karolo rege et Leone papa: der Bericht über die Zusammenkunft Karls des Grossen mit Papst Leo III. in Paderborn 799 in einem Epos für Karl den Kaiser. Paderborn: Bonifatius. ISBN 9783897100640.
  • Mayr-Harting, Henry (1996). "Charlemagne, the Saxons, and the Imperial Coronation of 800". The English Historical Review. 111 (444): 1113–1133. doi:10.1093/ehr/cxi.444.1113. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 575852.
  • Mayr-Harting, Henry (2011). "Charlemagne's Religion". In Godman, Peter; Jarnut, Jörg; Johanek, Peter (eds.). Am Vorabend der Kaiserkrönung: Das Epos "Karolus Magnus et Leo papa" und der Papstbesuch in Paderborn 799. pp. 113–24. ISBN 9783050056272.
  • McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139472852.
  • Nelson, Janet L. (2005). "England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: IV, Bodies and Minds". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 15: 1–27. doi:10.1017/S0080440105000368. ISSN 0080-4401. JSTOR 3679360.
  • Noble, Thomas F. X. (2009). Charlemagne and Louis the Pious: The Lives by Einhard, Notker, Ermoldus, Thegan, and the Astronomer. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. ISBN 9780271035734.
  • Ratkowitsch, Christine (1997). Karolus Magnus – alter Aeneas, alter Martinus, alter Iustinus: zu Intention und Datierung des "Aachener Karlsepos". Vienna, Austria: Austrian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9783700126355.
  • Schaller, Dieter (1976). "Das Aachener Epos für Karls den Kaiser". Frühmittelalterliche Studien. 10: 136–68. doi:10.1515/9783110242096.134. S2CID 186745264.
  • Schaller, Dieter (1977). "Interpretationsprobleme im Aachener Karlsepos". Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. 41: 160–79.
  • Schaller, Dieter (1983). "De Karolo rege et Leone papa". In Karl Langosch; Kurt Ruh (eds.). Die Deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters: Verfasserlexikon Vol. 4. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110088397.
  • Scharer, Anton (2009). "Charlemagne's Daughters". In Stephen David Baxter; Catherine Karkov; Janet L. Nelson; David Pelteret (eds.). Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 269–82. ISBN 9780754663317.
  • Scheck, Helene (2012). "Nuns on Parade: Memorializing Women in Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa". In M. Cotter-Lynch; B. Herzog (eds.). Reading Memory and Identity in the Texts of Medieval European Holy Women. Springer. pp. 13–38. ISBN 9781137064837.
  • Stella, Francesco (2011). "Autore e attribuzioni del 'Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa'". In Godman, Peter; Jarnut, Jörg; Johanek, Peter (eds.). Am Vorabend der Kaiserkrönung: Das Epos "Karolus Magnus et Leo papa" und der Papstbesuch in Paderborn 799. pp. 19–33. ISBN 9783050056272.
  • Zwierlein, O. (1973). "Karolus Magnus – alter Aeneas?". In A. Önnerfors; J. Rathofer; F. Wagner (eds.). Literatur und Sprache im Europaische Mittelalter: Festschrift für Karl Langosch. Darmstadt, Germany: Wiss. Buchges. pp. 44–52. ISBN 9783534063925.

March 30, 2023
karolus, magnus, papa, classical, latin, ˈkarɔlʊz, ˈmaŋnʊs, ˈlɛ, ˈpaːpa, ecclesiastical, latin, ˈkaːroluz, ˈmaɲɲus, ˈlɛːo, ˈpaːpa, charles, great, pope, sometimes, called, paderborn, epic, aachen, epic, carolingian, latin, epic, poem, which, only, third, four,. The Karolus magnus et Leo papa Classical Latin ˈkarɔlʊz ˈmaŋnʊs ɛt ˈlɛ oː ˈpaːpa Ecclesiastical Latin ˈkaːroluz ˈmaɲɲus ɛt ˈlɛːo ˈpaːpa lit Charles the Great and Pope Leo sometimes called the Paderborn Epic or the Aachen Epic is a Carolingian Latin epic poem of which only the third of four books is extant It recounts the meeting of Charlemagne king of the Franks with Pope Leo III in AD 799 The poem details the meeting between Charlemagne here in a 1725 depiction and Pope Leo III in AD 799 Contents 1 Date authorship and title 2 Contents 3 Notes 4 BibliographyDate authorship and title EditCarl Erdmann first brought historians attention to the Paderborn Epic in 1951 when he argued that it was written before June 800 1 The epic may have been written in 799 but probably in the decade after certainly before Charlemagne s death in 814 2 Henry Mayr Harting suggests that the court held at Aachen in 802 is the most plausible context of composition 3 Janet Nelson says that one of Charlemagne s counsellors surely wrote this poem 4 and it may have been written by his own biographer Einhard 5 Francesco Stella has argued for the authorship of Modoin whose debt to Virgil in his description of Aachen elsewhere equals that of the Paderborn poet 6 It was familiar to Ermold the Black who may have used it for the hunt scene in the fourth book of his Carmina in honorem Hludovici an epic poem in honour of Charlemagne s son Louis the Pious 7 The first two as well as the final books do not survive Helene Scheck argues that the original complete poem recounted Charlemagne s ascendancy and that consequently it would seem that the first two sections offer background on Charlemagne s rise and the poem would reach its culmination in the coronation of Charlemagne 8 Although it must have been more widely disseminated in Ermold s time the only surviving copy is the single book fragment preserved in a late ninth century manuscript 9 The conventional title Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa derives from the first modern edition by Ernst Dummler in 1881 10 A more recent edition by F Brunholzl was published under the title De Karolo rege et Leone papa in 1966 11 and re published in 1999 12 Given that the poem as it now exists is not a complete work Dieter Schaller points out that giving the work any title that translate to Charlemagne and Pope Leo is rather inaccurate as such a move over emphasizes the importance of merely one of the many events in the larger work 8 Contents Edit Pope Leo III is the titular Leo papa discussed in the poem The Paderborn Epic s hunt scene probably describes an actual hunt in the spring of 799 although it is highly stylized The importance of women in Charlemagne s court is highlighted by the order of his retinue Queen Luitgard followed by sons Charles and Pippin and then the brilliant order of girls puellarum ordo coruscus Rotrude Bertha Gisela Ruodhaid Theodrada and Hiltrud 13 During the hunt Charlemagne stops to take a nap and dreams that Leo has been attacked and his eyes and tongue cut out 14 Historically Leo was wounded severely during an attack on 25 April 799 but his eyes and tongue were saved by Charlemagne s missi dominici 15 The poet nevertheless mentions the mutilation five times and seven times describes a miraculous healing The miracle was used to attest Leo s saintliness amidst accusations of adultery by his enemies By August 799 Charlemagne s adviser Alcuin of York had burned a letter about Leo s adulteries perhaps convinced of his innocence by the miraculous healing 14 The meeting at Paderborn was probably the first time that an imperial coronation was discussed for Charlemagne and it is no coincidence that its verse epic is replete with imperial phraseology 3 The poet compares Charlemagne to Aeneas forefather of the Romans and calls him augustus and Europae venerandus apex pater optimus revered pinnacle of Europe best father 3 16 17 The poet also likens Charlemagne s capital of Aachen to a second Rome and a Rome to be 17 The city of the poem is generally identified with Charlemagne s capital although it is not explicit in the poem and the city might in fact be Paderborn itself whose church was consecrated in 799 18 The poet alludes to the conversion of the Saxons and praises terror as a means to an end What the contrary mind and perverse soul refuse to do with persuasion Let them leap to accomplish when compelled by fear Quod mens laeva vetat suadendo animusque sinister Hoc saltim cupiant implere timore coacti 19 Notes Edit Bullough 1970 p 66 Scharer 2009 p 274 a b c Mayr Harting 1996 pp 1117 18 Nelson 2005 p 9 Noble 2009 pp 8 9 McKitterick 2008 p 140 Noble 2009 p 121 a b Scheck 2012 p 13 Garrison 1994 p 136 Dummler 1881 Beumann et al 1966 pp 22 28 Hentze 1999 pp 72 78 Scharer 2009 pp 274 75 a b Nelson 2005 pp 7 10 Shahan Thomas Macpherson Ewan 1908 Charlemagne In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 3 New York Robert Appleton Company Bullough 1970 p 105 a b Garrison 1994 p 130 McKitterick 2008 p 141 Garrison 1994 p 133 Bibliography EditBeumann H Brunholzl F Winkelmann W eds 1966 Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa Ein Paderborner Epos von Jahre 799 Paderborn Germany Bonifacius Druckerei Bullough D A 1970 Europae Pater Charlemagne and His Achievement in the Light of Recent Scholarship The English Historical Review 85 334 59 105 doi 10 1093 ehr lxxxv 334 59 ISSN 0013 8266 JSTOR 563053 Dummler Ernst ed 1881 Karolus Magnus et Leo papa Poetae latini aevi Carolini in Latin Vol 1 Berlin Germany Weidmannos pp 366 379 Retrieved June 27 2017 Garrison Mary 1994 The Emergence of Carolingian Latin Literature and the Court of Charlemagne 780 814 In McKitterick Rosamond ed Carolingian Culture Emulation and Innovation Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press pp 111 40 ISBN 9780521405249 Godman Peter 1985 Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance Norman OK University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 9780585118260 Hentze Wilhelm von Padberg Lutz Schwind Johannes Stork Hans Walter Brunholzl Franz eds 1999 De Karolo rege et Leone papa der Bericht uber die Zusammenkunft Karls des Grossen mit Papst Leo III in Paderborn 799 in einem Epos fur Karl den Kaiser Paderborn Bonifatius ISBN 9783897100640 Mayr Harting Henry 1996 Charlemagne the Saxons and the Imperial Coronation of 800 The English Historical Review 111 444 1113 1133 doi 10 1093 ehr cxi 444 1113 ISSN 0013 8266 JSTOR 575852 Mayr Harting Henry 2011 Charlemagne s Religion In Godman Peter Jarnut Jorg Johanek Peter eds Am Vorabend der Kaiserkronung Das Epos Karolus Magnus et Leo papa und der Papstbesuch in Paderborn 799 pp 113 24 ISBN 9783050056272 McKitterick Rosamond 2008 Charlemagne The Formation of a European Identity Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781139472852 Nelson Janet L 2005 England and the Continent in the Ninth Century IV Bodies and Minds Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 15 1 27 doi 10 1017 S0080440105000368 ISSN 0080 4401 JSTOR 3679360 Noble Thomas F X 2009 Charlemagne and Louis the Pious The Lives by Einhard Notker Ermoldus Thegan and the Astronomer University Park Pennsylvania Penn State University Press ISBN 9780271035734 Ratkowitsch Christine 1997 Karolus Magnus alter Aeneas alter Martinus alter Iustinus zu Intention und Datierung des Aachener Karlsepos Vienna Austria Austrian Academy of Sciences ISBN 9783700126355 Schaller Dieter 1976 Das Aachener Epos fur Karls den Kaiser Fruhmittelalterliche Studien 10 136 68 doi 10 1515 9783110242096 134 S2CID 186745264 Schaller Dieter 1977 Interpretationsprobleme im Aachener Karlsepos Rheinische Vierteljahrsblatter 41 160 79 Schaller Dieter 1983 De Karolo rege et Leone papa In Karl Langosch Kurt Ruh eds Die Deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters Verfasserlexikon Vol 4 Berlin Germany Walter de Gruyter ISBN 9783110088397 Scharer Anton 2009 Charlemagne s Daughters In Stephen David Baxter Catherine Karkov Janet L Nelson David Pelteret eds Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald Farnham UK Ashgate Publishing pp 269 82 ISBN 9780754663317 Scheck Helene 2012 Nuns on Parade Memorializing Women in Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa In M Cotter Lynch B Herzog eds Reading Memory and Identity in the Texts of Medieval European Holy Women Springer pp 13 38 ISBN 9781137064837 Stella Francesco 2011 Autore e attribuzioni del Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa In Godman Peter Jarnut Jorg Johanek Peter eds Am Vorabend der Kaiserkronung Das Epos Karolus Magnus et Leo papa und der Papstbesuch in Paderborn 799 pp 19 33 ISBN 9783050056272 Zwierlein O 1973 Karolus Magnus alter Aeneas In A Onnerfors J Rathofer F Wagner eds Literatur und Sprache im Europaische Mittelalter Festschrift fur Karl Langosch Darmstadt Germany Wiss Buchges pp 44 52 ISBN 9783534063925 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Karolus magnus et Leo papa amp oldid 1140771907, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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