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Julian II the Roman

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Julian (emperor).

Julian II,[nb 1] also known as Julian the Roman or Julian the Soldier (Syriac: Yulyanos Rūmōyō),[1] was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 687 until his death in 708.

Julian II
Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East
ChurchSyriac Orthodox Church
Installed687
Term ended708
PredecessorAthanasius II Baldoyo
SuccessorElias I
Personal details
Died708
ResidenceMonastery of Qenneshre

Biography edit

Julian was the son of a soldier in the army of the Roman general David the Armenian and a Syrian woman.[3] Julian grew up in the army with his father, and participated in David's campaign in Mesopotamia, for which he earned the cognomen "the Roman".[4] Whilst in the army, he was part of a Syrian contingent under the command of Titus, which did not take part in the atrocities committed by David's soldiers at Beth Ma'de, and survived the rest of the army's destruction by withdrawing to Amida.[5] It is suggested that Titus was fabricated by the historian Dionysius of Tel Mahre, whose work survives in the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, to disassociate Julian from events at Beth Ma'de.[4]

After the failure of David's expedition into Mesopotamia, Julian was brought to the monastery of Qenneshre by his father, where he became a monk and was educated in Greek.[4] He was regarded as exceptionally handsome.[4] He succeeded Athanasius II Baldoyo as patriarch of Antioch in November 687 (AG 999),[6] and was consecrated by Athanasius of Sarug at Amida, according to the histories of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus.[7] The Chronicle of 846 details that he became patriarch at the monastery of Jacob of Cyrrhus.[8] Julian's consecration is placed in 687 (AG 999) by the Chronicle of 846 and the histories of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus,[9] whereas the Zuqnin Chronicle erroneously gives 703/704 (AG 1015).[10]

Soon after his ascension to the patriarchal office, Julian came into conflict with the archbishop Jacob of Edessa on the observance of ecclesiastical canons.[11] Jacob had defrocked and expelled clergymen for uncanonical behaviour, but Julian advised him to treat the clergy less severely.[11] In response, Jacob travelled to Julian's residence at the monastery of Qenneshre, where he set fire to a copy of the canon laws, criticised the patriarch for his laxity, and abdicated as archbishop of Edessa.[11] Julian also clashed with John, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Matthew, as he had sent an archbishop to replace him upon receiving a letter from the monastery's monks that falsely stated that John had become too old and had abdicated.[12] Eastern bishops (bishops of the former Sasanian Empire) resented Julian's actions towards John, and six bishops ordained him as archbishop of Tikrit, the highest-ranking prelate amongst the eastern bishops.[12]

Relations between Julian and the eastern bishops remained poor after John's death on 14 January 688, and his succession by Denha on 13 March in the same year.[12] Denha, with John of Circesium, bishop of Beth Garmai, and Joseph, bishop of the Taghlib,[13] demanded the right to ordain suffragan bishops without the patriarch's permission,[14] thus resurrecting the controversy over ordination rights that had predominated the tenure of the Patriarch Severus II bar Masqeh.[15] Julian restored relations with a number of eastern bishops who opposed Denha's refusal to restore the union with the Church and with the help of the Muslim authorities had Denha brought to his residence at the monastery of Qenneshre by force.[16] Denha was imprisoned at Qenneshre for the remainder of Julian's reign, Joseph was deposed, and Bacchus, bishop of Aqula, was made responsible for Denha's diocese in his absence.[17]

Julian attended the consecration of the church of Saint Theodore at Nisibis with Simeon of the Olives, bishop of Harran, in 706/707.[18] He subsequently died in 708 (AG 1019).[2] 708 (AG 1019) as the year of Julian's death is unanimous in the sources, including the histories of Elijah of Nisibis and Michael the Syrian, the Chronicle of 846, and the Zuqnin Chronicle.[19]

References edit

Notes

  1. ^ He is counted as either Julian II, as the second Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch by that name,[1] or Julian III.[2]

Citations

  1. ^ a b Burleson & Van Rompay (2011).
  2. ^ a b Wilmshurst (2019), p. 807.
  3. ^ Mazzola (2018), p. 251.
  4. ^ a b c d Palmer (1993), pp. 86–87.
  5. ^ Palmer (1993), pp. 87, 165.
  6. ^ Harrak (1999), p. 148.
  7. ^ Chabot (1905), p. 449; Mazzola (2018), p. 251.
  8. ^ Palmer (1993), p. 78.
  9. ^ Harrak (1999), p. 148; Mazzola (2018), p. 251.
  10. ^ Palmer (1993), p. 67.
  11. ^ a b c Teule (2008), p. 83.
  12. ^ a b c Ignatius Jacob III (2008), pp. 58–59.
  13. ^ Moosa (2014), p. 488.
  14. ^ Morony (2005), pp. 26–27.
  15. ^ Mazzola (2018), pp. 399–413.
  16. ^ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), pp. 58–59; Moosa (2014), p. 507.
  17. ^ Mazzola (2018), p. 362.
  18. ^ Palmer (1990), p. 160.
  19. ^ Harrak (1999), p. 149.

Bibliography edit

  • Burleson, Samuel; Van Rompay, Lucas (2011). "List of Patriarchs: II. The Syriac Orthodox Church and its Uniate continuations". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  • Chabot, Jean-Baptiste, ed. (1905). Chronique de Michel le Syrien (in French). Vol. III. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
  • Harrak, Amir (1999). The Chronicle of Zuqnin, Parts III and IV A.D. 488–775. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. ISBN 9780888442864.
  • Ignatius Jacob III (2008). History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press.
  • Mazzola, Marianna, ed. (2018). Bar 'Ebroyo's Ecclesiastical History : writing Church History in the 13th century Middle East. PSL Research University. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  • Mazzola, Marianna (2019). "Centralism and Local Tradition : A Reappraisal of the Sources on the Metropolis of Tagrit and Mor Matay". Le Muséon. 132 (3–4): 399–413. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  • Moosa, Matti, ed. (2014). The Syriac Chronicle of Michael Rabo (the Great): A Universal History from the Creation. Beth Antioch Press. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  • Morony, Michael (2005). "History and Identity in the Syrian Churches". In Jan Jacob van Ginkel; Hendrika Lena Murre-van den Berg; Theo Maarten van Lint (eds.). Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East Since the Rise of Islam. Peeters Publishers. pp. 1–35.
  • Palmer, Andrew (1990). Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  • Palmer, Andrew, ed. (1993). The Seventh Century in the West Syrian Chronicles. Liverpool University Press.
  • Teule, Herman G.B. (2008). "Jacob Of Edessa And Canon Law". In R.B. ter Haar Romeny (ed.). Jacob of Edessa and the Syriac Culture of His Day. Brill. pp. 83–100.
  • Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 806–813.

January 01, 1970
julian, roman, confused, with, julian, emperor, julian, also, known, julian, roman, julian, soldier, syriac, yulyanos, rūmōyō, patriarch, antioch, head, syriac, orthodox, church, from, until, death, julian, iisyriac, orthodox, patriarch, antioch, eastchurchsyr. Not to be confused with Julian emperor Julian II nb 1 also known as Julian the Roman or Julian the Soldier Syriac Yulyanos Rumōyō 1 was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 687 until his death in 708 Julian IISyriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the EastChurchSyriac Orthodox ChurchInstalled687Term ended708PredecessorAthanasius II BaldoyoSuccessorElias IPersonal detailsDied708ResidenceMonastery of QenneshreBiography editJulian was the son of a soldier in the army of the Roman general David the Armenian and a Syrian woman 3 Julian grew up in the army with his father and participated in David s campaign in Mesopotamia for which he earned the cognomen the Roman 4 Whilst in the army he was part of a Syrian contingent under the command of Titus which did not take part in the atrocities committed by David s soldiers at Beth Ma de and survived the rest of the army s destruction by withdrawing to Amida 5 It is suggested that Titus was fabricated by the historian Dionysius of Tel Mahre whose work survives in the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian to disassociate Julian from events at Beth Ma de 4 After the failure of David s expedition into Mesopotamia Julian was brought to the monastery of Qenneshre by his father where he became a monk and was educated in Greek 4 He was regarded as exceptionally handsome 4 He succeeded Athanasius II Baldoyo as patriarch of Antioch in November 687 AG 999 6 and was consecrated by Athanasius of Sarug at Amida according to the histories of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus 7 The Chronicle of 846 details that he became patriarch at the monastery of Jacob of Cyrrhus 8 Julian s consecration is placed in 687 AG 999 by the Chronicle of 846 and the histories of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus 9 whereas the Zuqnin Chronicle erroneously gives 703 704 AG 1015 10 Soon after his ascension to the patriarchal office Julian came into conflict with the archbishop Jacob of Edessa on the observance of ecclesiastical canons 11 Jacob had defrocked and expelled clergymen for uncanonical behaviour but Julian advised him to treat the clergy less severely 11 In response Jacob travelled to Julian s residence at the monastery of Qenneshre where he set fire to a copy of the canon laws criticised the patriarch for his laxity and abdicated as archbishop of Edessa 11 Julian also clashed with John archbishop of the monastery of Saint Matthew as he had sent an archbishop to replace him upon receiving a letter from the monastery s monks that falsely stated that John had become too old and had abdicated 12 Eastern bishops bishops of the former Sasanian Empire resented Julian s actions towards John and six bishops ordained him as archbishop of Tikrit the highest ranking prelate amongst the eastern bishops 12 Relations between Julian and the eastern bishops remained poor after John s death on 14 January 688 and his succession by Denha on 13 March in the same year 12 Denha with John of Circesium bishop of Beth Garmai and Joseph bishop of the Taghlib 13 demanded the right to ordain suffragan bishops without the patriarch s permission 14 thus resurrecting the controversy over ordination rights that had predominated the tenure of the Patriarch Severus II bar Masqeh 15 Julian restored relations with a number of eastern bishops who opposed Denha s refusal to restore the union with the Church and with the help of the Muslim authorities had Denha brought to his residence at the monastery of Qenneshre by force 16 Denha was imprisoned at Qenneshre for the remainder of Julian s reign Joseph was deposed and Bacchus bishop of Aqula was made responsible for Denha s diocese in his absence 17 Julian attended the consecration of the church of Saint Theodore at Nisibis with Simeon of the Olives bishop of Harran in 706 707 18 He subsequently died in 708 AG 1019 2 708 AG 1019 as the year of Julian s death is unanimous in the sources including the histories of Elijah of Nisibis and Michael the Syrian the Chronicle of 846 and the Zuqnin Chronicle 19 References editNotes He is counted as either Julian II as the second Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch by that name 1 or Julian III 2 Citations a b Burleson amp Van Rompay 2011 a b Wilmshurst 2019 p 807 Mazzola 2018 p 251 a b c d Palmer 1993 pp 86 87 Palmer 1993 pp 87 165 Harrak 1999 p 148 Chabot 1905 p 449 Mazzola 2018 p 251 Palmer 1993 p 78 Harrak 1999 p 148 Mazzola 2018 p 251 Palmer 1993 p 67 a b c Teule 2008 p 83 a b c Ignatius Jacob III 2008 pp 58 59 Moosa 2014 p 488 Morony 2005 pp 26 27 Mazzola 2018 pp 399 413 Ignatius Jacob III 2008 pp 58 59 Moosa 2014 p 507 Mazzola 2018 p 362 Palmer 1990 p 160 Harrak 1999 p 149 Bibliography editBurleson Samuel Van Rompay Lucas 2011 List of Patriarchs II The Syriac Orthodox Church and its Uniate continuations In Sebastian P Brock Aaron M Butts George A Kiraz Lucas Van Rompay eds Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage Electronic Edition Gorgias Press Retrieved 3 October 2019 Chabot Jean Baptiste ed 1905 Chronique de Michel le Syrien in French Vol III Paris Ernest Leroux Harrak Amir 1999 The Chronicle of Zuqnin Parts III and IV A D 488 775 Toronto Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies ISBN 9780888442864 Ignatius Jacob III 2008 History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul Translated by Matti Moosa Gorgias Press Mazzola Marianna ed 2018 Bar Ebroyo s Ecclesiastical History writing Church History in the 13th century Middle East PSL Research University Retrieved 31 May 2020 Mazzola Marianna 2019 Centralism and Local Tradition A Reappraisal of the Sources on the Metropolis of Tagrit and Mor Matay Le Museon 132 3 4 399 413 Retrieved 12 July 2020 Moosa Matti ed 2014 The Syriac Chronicle of Michael Rabo the Great A Universal History from the Creation Beth Antioch Press Retrieved 12 July 2020 Morony Michael 2005 History and Identity in the Syrian Churches In Jan Jacob van Ginkel Hendrika Lena Murre van den Berg Theo Maarten van Lint eds Redefining Christian Identity Cultural Interaction in the Middle East Since the Rise of Islam Peeters Publishers pp 1 35 Palmer Andrew 1990 Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier The Early History of Tur Abdin Cambridge University Press Retrieved 15 July 2020 Palmer Andrew ed 1993 The Seventh Century in the West Syrian Chronicles Liverpool University Press Teule Herman G B 2008 Jacob Of Edessa And Canon Law In R B ter Haar Romeny ed Jacob of Edessa and the Syriac Culture of His Day Brill pp 83 100 Wilmshurst David 2019 West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians In Daniel King ed The Syriac World Routledge pp 806 813 Preceded byAthanasius II Baldoyo Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch687 708 Succeeded byElias I Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Julian II the Roman amp oldid 1210259300, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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