John Fisher

For other uses, see John Fisher (disambiguation).

John Fisher (c. 19 October 1469 – 22 June 1535) was an English Catholic bishop, cardinal, and theologian. Fisher was also an academic and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. He is honoured as a martyr and saint by the Catholic Church.

Saint John Fisher
Cardinal Bishop of Rochester
Depicted by a follower of Hans Holbein the Younger
Church	Catholic Church
Metropolis	Canterbury
Diocese	Rochester
See	Rochester
Appointed	14 October 1504
Installed	24 April 1505
Term ended	2 January 1535
Predecessor	Richard FitzJames
Successor	Nicholas Heath
Other post(s)	Cardinal-Priest of San Vitale
Orders
Ordination	17 December 1491 by Thomas Rotherham
Consecration	24 November 1504 by William Warham
Created cardinal	21 May 1535 by Pope Paul III
Rank	Bishop, Cardinal-Priest
Personal details
Born	c. 19 October 1469^[1] Beverley, Yorkshire, Kingdom of England
Died	22 June 1535(1535-06-22) (aged 65) Tower Hill, London, Kingdom of England
Denomination	Roman Catholic
Motto	faciam vos fieri piscatores hominum ("I shall make you fishers of men")
Coat of arms
Sainthood
Feast day	22 June (Catholic Church) 6 July (Church of England) 9 July (Catholic pre-1969)
Venerated in	Catholic Church, Church of England, some of the other Churches in the Anglican Communion
Title as Saint	Bishop, cardinal and martyr, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyr
Beatified	29 December 1886 Rome, Kingdom of Italy, by Pope Leo XIII
Canonized	19 May 1935 Vatican City, by Pope Pius XI
Patronage	Diocese of Rochester, Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester; Rochester, New York

Styles of John Fisher
Reference style	His Eminence
Spoken style	Your Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal

Fisher was executed by order of Henry VIII during the English Reformation for refusing to accept him as the supreme head of the Church of England and for upholding the Catholic Church's doctrine of papal supremacy. He was named a cardinal shortly before his death. He was canonized by Pope Pius XI. He shares his feast day with Thomas More on 22 June in the Catholic calendar of saints and on 6 July in that of the Church of England.

Biography

Early life

John Fisher was born at Beverley, Yorkshire in 1469,^[2] the son of Robert Fisher, a prosperous mercer of Beverley, and Agnes, his wife, who had produced four children. Robert Fisher died in 1477, buried in St.Mary's, the parish church; in his will, he bequeathed to his children and various poorhouses, churches, priests, and Masses.^[3]

John, who was then 8 years old, subsequently watched his mother remarry her second husband, a man named White, from which also emanated four children.^[4]

Fisher seems to have had close contacts with his extended family all his life. Fisher's early education was probably received in the school attached to the collegiate church in his home town.

University of Cambridge

Acknowledging Fisher's aptitude for learning, and being financially well-off, his mother assented to his admission into the University of Cambridge. In the 1482, at the age of twelve or thirteen, he left Lincoln for Cambridge.

The University of Cambridge had regressed and stagnated academically. In an oration done before Henry VII in 1506, he recalled:

"At the time when your majesty first showed your concern for us, learning had begun to decline among us—this may have been the result of constant litigation with the town, or of the frequent plagues that beset us so that we lost many of our leading scholars, or of the lack of patrons of learning.^[5] Whatever the cause, we should indeed have been reduced to despair had not your majesty shone down upon us like the rising sun itself."^[6]

Fisher studied at the University of Cambridge from 1484, where at Michaelhouse he came under the influence of William Melton, a pastorally-minded theologian open to the new current of reform in studies arising from the Renaissance. Fisher earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1487. In 1491 proceeded to a Master of Arts degree and was elected a fellow of his college.^[7]

Also in 1491 Fisher received a papal dispensation to enter the priesthood despite being under canonical age.^[8] On 17 December 1491 he was ordained into the priesthood, and appointed (nominal) Vicar of Northallerton, Yorkshire.

In 1494 he resigned this benefice to become proctor of the university and three years later was appointed master debater, about which date he also became chaplain and confessor to Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of King Henry VII.

On 5 July 1501, he became a doctor of sacred theology and 10 days later was elected Vice-Chancellor of the university. Under Fisher's guidance, his patroness Lady Margaret founded St John's and Christ's Colleges at Cambridge, and a Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity at each of the two universities at Oxford and Cambridge, Fisher himself becoming the first occupant of the Cambridge chair. From 1505 to 1508 he was also the President of Queens' College. At the end of July 1516 he was at Cambridge for the opening of St John's College and consecrated the chapel.

Fisher's strategy was to assemble funds and attract to Cambridge leading scholars from Europe, promoting the study not only of Classical Latin and Greek authors, but of Hebrew. He placed great weight upon pastoral commitment, above all popular preaching by the endowed staff. Fisher had a vision to which he dedicated all his personal resources and energies. He managed despite occasional opposition to administer a whole university, one of only two in England. He conceived and saw through long-term projects.

Fisher's foundations were also dedicated to prayer for the dead, especially through chantry foundations. A stern and austere man, Fisher was known to place a human skull on the altar during Mass and on the table during meals.^[9]

 

John Fisher as a young man by Pietro Torrigiano.

Erasmus said of John Fisher: "He is the one man at this time who is incomparable for uprightness of life, for learning and for greatness of soul."^[10]

Bishop

By papal bull dated 14 October 1504, Fisher was appointed the bishop of Rochester at the personal insistence of Henry VII.^[11] Rochester was then the poorest diocese in England and usually seen as a first step on an ecclesiastical career. Nonetheless, Fisher stayed there, presumably by his own choice, for the remaining 31 years of his life.

At the same time, like any English bishop of his day, Fisher had certain state duties. In particular, he maintained a passionate interest in the University of Cambridge. In 1504 he was elected the university's chancellor. Re-elected annually for 10 years, Fisher ultimately received a lifetime appointment. At this date he is also said to have acted as tutor to the future king, Henry VIII. As a preacher his reputation was so great that Fisher was appointed to preach the funeral oration for King Henry VII and the Lady Margaret, both of whom died in 1509, the texts being extant. Besides his share in the Lady Margaret's foundations, Fisher gave further proof of his zeal for learning by inducing Erasmus to visit Cambridge. The latter attributes it ("Epistulae" 6:2) to Fisher's protection that the study of Greek was allowed to proceed at Cambridge without the active molestation that it encountered at Oxford.^[2]

Despite his fame and eloquence, it was not long before Fisher came into conflict with the new King, his former pupil. The dispute arose over funds left by the Lady Margaret, the King's grandmother, for financing foundations at Cambridge.

In 1512 Fisher was nominated as one of the English representatives at the Fifth Council of the Lateran, then sitting, but his journey to Rome was postponed, and finally abandoned.^[2]

Opposition to Lutheranism

Fisher was "the first theologian to diagnose justification through faith alone as the founding dogma of the Protestant Reformation."^[12]

Fisher has also been named, though without any real proof, as the true author of the royal treatise against Martin Luther entitled "Assertio septem sacramentorum" (Defence of the Seven Sacraments), published in 1521, which won for King Henry VIII the title "Fidei Defensor" (Defender of the Faith). Prior to this date Fisher had denounced various abuses in the church, urging the need for disciplinary reforms.

In 1523, Fisher published a 200,000 word response to Martin Luther's Latin: Assertio Omnium Articulor (Assertions): Latin: Assertionis Lutheranae Confutatio (Confutation of the Lutheran Assertions). Luther omitted some of the more provocative material from his German version, allowing the view that Fisher (and, the next year, Erasmus) had misunderstood Luther.^[13] Luther did not respond to Fisher.

On about 11 February 1526, at the King's command, he preached a famous sermon against Luther at St Paul's Cross, the open-air pulpit outside St Paul's Cathedral in London. This was in the wake of numerous other controversial writings; the battle against heterodox teachings increasingly occupied Fisher's later years.

In 1529 Fisher was called to confirm with Thomas Hitton, a follower of William Tyndale arrested for suspected heresy, that the records of his interviews and forthright admissions to Archbishop William Warham were correct and to convince Hitton to abjure.^{[14]: 1149–1151} Failing this, Hitton was handed to the secular authorities and executed at the stake for heresy. William Tyndale, then living overseas, claimed that Hitton had been tortured by the archbishops,^[15] however Protestant historian John Foxe who was diligent in passing on this kind of claim, does not claim this.^[14]

Defence of Catherine of Aragon

When Henry tried to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Fisher became the Queen's chief supporter.^[16] As such, he appeared on the Queen's behalf in the legates' court, where he startled the audience by the directness of his language and by declaring that, like St John the Baptist, he was ready to die on behalf of the indissolubility of marriage.^[17] Henry VIII, upon hearing this, grew so enraged by it that he composed a long Latin address to the legates in answer to the bishop's speech. Fisher's copy of this still exists, with his manuscript annotations in the margin which show how little he feared the royal anger.^[18] The removal of the cause to Rome brought Fisher's personal involvement to an end, but the King never forgave him for what he had done.

Henry's attack on church prerogatives

In November 1529, the "Long Parliament" of Henry's reign began encroaching on the Catholic Church's prerogatives. Fisher, as a member of the upper house, the House of Lords, at once warned Parliament that such acts could only end in the utter destruction of the Catholic Church in England. The Commons, through their speaker, complained to the King that Fisher had disparaged Parliament, presumably with Henry prompting them behind the scenes.^[19]: 433 Henry summoned Fisher before him, demanding an explanation. This being given, Henry declared himself satisfied, leaving it to the Commons to declare that the explanation was inadequate, so that he appeared as a magnanimous sovereign, instead of Fisher's enemy.^{[citation needed]}

A year later, in 1530, the continued encroachments on the Church moved Fisher, as bishop of Rochester, along with the bishops of Bath and Ely, to appeal to the Holy See. This gave the King his opportunity and an edict forbidding such appeals was immediately issued, and the three bishops were arrested. Their imprisonment, however, must have lasted only a few months for in February 1531, Convocation met, and Fisher was present. This was the occasion when the clergy were forced, at a cost of 100,000 pounds, to purchase the King's pardon for having recognized Cardinal Wolsey's authority as legate of the pope; and at the same time to acknowledge Henry as supreme head of the Church in England, to which phrase the addition of the clause "so far as God's law permits" was made through Fisher's efforts.

This yere was a coke boylyd in a cauderne in Smythfeld for he wolde a powsyned the bishop of Rochester Fycher with dyvers of hys servanttes, and he was lockyd in a chayne and pullyd up and downe with a gybbyt at dyvers tymes tyll he was dede.

Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London, 1531

Poisoned porridge and canonball

A few days later, several of Fisher's household were taken ill after eating some porridge served to the household and two died: however Fisher was fasting that day. Henry VIII had parliament enact a retroactive bill that allowed the cook, Richard Roose, to be executed by the state by boiling alive for attempted poisoning without a public trial.

On another occasion in 1530, a canonball fired from across the Thames hit Fisher's house, narrowly missing his study.^[20]: 218 This was rumoured to be a warning or assassination attempt from the Boleyn family.^[21]

Intrigues with the Holy Roman Emperor

Fisher also engaged in secret activities to overthrow Henry. As early as 1531 he began secretly communicating with foreign diplomats. In September 1533 communicating secretly through the imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys he encouraged Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to invade England and depose Henry in combination with a domestic uprising.^[22]

"The King's Great Matter"

Main article: The King's Great Matter

 

John Fisher by Gerard Valck, after Adriaen van der Werff, 1697.

Matters now moved rapidly. In May 1532, Sir Thomas More resigned the chancellorship and, in June, Fisher preached publicly against the annulment. In August, William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, died and Thomas Cranmer was at once proposed by Henry to the Pope as his successor. In January of the next year, Henry secretly went through a form of marriage with Anne Boleyn. Cranmer's consecration as a bishop took place in March 1533, and, a week later, Fisher was arrested. It seems that the purpose of this arrest was to prevent him from opposing the annulment which Cranmer pronounced in May, or the coronation of Anne Boleyn which followed on 1 June, for Fisher was set at liberty again within a fortnight of the latter event, no charge being made against him.

In the autumn of 1533, various arrests were made in connection with the so-called revelations of the Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth Barton, but as Fisher was taken seriously ill in December, proceedings against him were postponed for a time. However, in March 1534, a special Bill of Attainder against Fisher and others for complicity in the matter of the Maid of Kent was introduced in Parliament and passed. By this, Fisher was condemned to forfeit all his personal estate and to be imprisoned during the King's pleasure. Subsequently, a pardon was granted him on payment of a fine of 300 pounds.

Succession and supremacy

The same session of Parliament passed the First Succession Act, by which all who should be called upon to do so were compelled to take an oath of succession, acknowledging the issue of Henry and Anne as legitimate heirs to the throne, under pain of being guilty of misprision of treason. Fisher refused the oath and was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 26 April 1534.^[11] Several efforts were made to induce him to submit, but without effect, and in November he was attained of misprision of treason a second time, his goods being forfeited as from the previous 1 March, and the See of Rochester being declared vacant as of 2 June following. He was to remain in the Tower for over a year, and while he was allowed food and drink sent by friends, and a servant, he was not allowed a priest, even to the very end. A long letter exists, written from the Tower by Fisher to Thomas Cromwell, speaking of the severity of his conditions of imprisonment.

Like Thomas More, Bishop Fisher believed that, because the statute condemned only those speaking maliciously against the King's new title, there was safety in silence. However, on 7 May he fell into a trap laid for him by Richard Rich, who was to perjure himself to obtain Thomas More's conviction. Rich told Fisher that for his own conscience's sake the King wished to know, in strict secrecy, Fisher's real opinion. Fisher, once again, declared that the King was not Supreme Head of the Church of England.^[10]

Cardinalate and martyrdom

 

Memorial space at the Tower Hill public execution site

In May 1535, the newly elected Pope Paul III created Fisher Cardinal Priest of San Vitale, apparently in the hope of inducing Henry to ease Fisher's treatment. The effect was precisely the reverse:^[10] Henry forbade the cardinal's hat to be brought into England, declaring that he would send the head to Rome instead.

In June a special commission for Fisher's trial was issued, and on Thursday, 17 June, he was arraigned in Westminster Hall before a court of seventeen, including Thomas Cromwell, Anne Boleyn's father, and ten justices. The charge was treason, in that he denied that the King was the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Since he had been deprived of his position of Bishop of Rochester by the Act of Attainder, he was treated as a commoner, and tried by jury. The only testimony was that of Richard Rich. John Fisher was found guilty and condemned to be hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn.

 

The Bell Tower, where John Fisher was held during his prison time together with Thomas More, though imprisoned separately therein.

However, a public outcry was brewing among the London populace who saw a sinister irony in the parallels between the conviction of Fisher and that of his patronal namesake, Saint John the Baptist, who was executed by King Herod Antipas for challenging the validity of Herod's marriage to his brother's divorcée Herodias. For fear of John Fisher's living through his patronal feast day, that of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist on 24 June, and of attracting too much public sympathy, King Henry commuted the sentence to that of beheading, to be accomplished before 23 June, the Vigil of the feast of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist.

He was executed on Tower Hill on 22 June 1535.^[23] The execution had the opposite effect from that which King Henry VIII intended, as it created yet another parallel with that of the martyrdom of St. John the Baptist, who was also beheaded; his death also happened on the feast day of Saint Alban, the first martyr of Britain.^[23]

Fisher met death with a calm dignified courage which profoundly impressed those present. His body was treated with particular rancour, apparently on Henry's orders, being stripped and left on the scaffold until the evening,^[10] when it was taken on pikes and thrown naked into a rough grave in the churchyard of All Hallows' Barking, also known as All Hallows-by-the-Tower. There was no funeral prayer. A fortnight later, his body was laid beside that of Sir Thomas More in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London. Fisher's head was stuck upon a pole on London Bridge but its ruddy and lifelike appearance excited so much attention that, after a fortnight, it was thrown into the Thames, its place being taken by that of Sir Thomas More, whose execution, also at Tower Hill, occurred on 6 July.^[2]

"Catholic piety conventionally explains the scarlet robes that Cardinals wear as a sign of their readiness to shed their blood for the sake of the Christian gospel. This is an edifying thought: but as a matter of fact, in the whole millenium-long history of the cardinalate, only one member of the Sacred College has actually ever suffered martyrdom. That man was John Fisher. (...)

— Eamon Duffy ^[24]: 150

Writings

A list of Fisher's writings is found in Joseph Gillow's Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics (London, s.d.), II, 262–270. There are twenty-six works in all, printed and manuscript, mostly ascetical or controversial treatises, several of which have been reprinted many times. The original editions are very rare and valuable. The principal are:

• Treatise concernynge ... the seven penytencyall Psalms (London, 1508)
• Sermon ... agayn ye pernicyous doctrin of Martin Luther (London, 1521)
• Assertionis Lutheranae Confutatio (Confutation of the Lutheran Assertions) (1523)
• Defensio Henrici VIII (Cologne, 1525)
• De Veritate Corporis et Sanguinis Christi in Eucharistia, adversus Johannem Oecolampadium (Cologne, 1527)
• De Causa Matrimonii ... Henrici VIII cum Catharina Aragonensi (Alcalá de Henares, 1530)
• The Wayes to Perfect Religion (London, 1535)
• A Spirituall Consolation written ... to hys sister Elizabeth (London, 1735)

Legacy

Canonisation

Saint John Fisher Bishop of Rochester
Bishop and Martyr
Born	19 October 1469 Beverley, Yorkshire, Kingdom of England
Died	22 June 1535 (aged 65) Tower Hill, Tower of London, London, Kingdom of England
Venerated in	Catholic Church
Beatified	29 December 1886, Rome by Leo XIII
Canonized	19 May 1935, Vatican City by Pius XI
Feast	22 June

Fisher was beatified by Pope Leo XIII with Thomas More and 52 other English Martyrs on 29 December 1886. In the Decree of Beatification, the greatest place was given to Fisher.

He was canonised, with Thomas More, on 19 May 1935 by Pope Pius XI, after the presentation of a petition by English Catholics.^[25] His feast day, for celebration jointly with St Thomas More, is on 22 June (the date of Fisher's execution). In 1980, despite being an opponent of the English Reformation, Fisher was added to the Church of England's calendar of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church, jointly with Thomas More, to be commemorated every 6 July^[26] (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, Scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535".^[27] He is also listed along with Thomas More in the calendar of saints of some of the other Churches of the Anglican Communion, such as The Anglican Church of Australia.^{[citation needed]}

Patronage

Australia

• St John Fisher College at the University of Tasmania in Hobart
• St John Fisher Catholic High school in Bracken Ridge, Queensland^[28]
• St John Fisher Church (Kurnell), Sydney, Australia
• St John Fisher Church (Tarragindi), Brisbane, Queensland^[29]

Canada

• St. John Fisher Catholic School, Scarborough
• Fisher Hall, one of the residence halls at Saint Michael's College at the University of Toronto
• St. John Fisher R.C. School, Forest, Ontario^[30]
• St. John Fisher Parish, Bramalea (Brampton), Ontario^[31]
• St. John Fisher Elementary School, Pointe-Claire, Quebec^[32]

United Kingdom

• The University of Cambridge:
  • Fisher House, the Cambridge University Catholic Chaplaincy.^[33]
  • Fisher Building, a student accommodation at Queens' College, where Fisher was president from 1505 to 1508^[34]
  • The Fisher Building, conference centre and meeting rooms in St John's College^[35]
• Schools:
  • St John Fisher Catholic College in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire^[36]
  • St John Fisher Catholic High School in Harrogate, North Yorkshire^[37]
  • St John Fisher Catholic High School in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire.^[38]
  • St John Fisher Catholic High School, Wigan, Lancashire^[39]
  • St John Fisher Catholic School in Chatham, Kent.^[40]
  • St John Fisher Catholic Voluntary Academy in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire^[41]
  • Ss John Fisher and Thomas More Roman Catholic High School, Colne, Lancashire^[42]
  • The John Fisher School located in Purley, Surrey^[43]
• St John Fisher Catholic Primary School, Loughton, Essex
• Churches:
  • Saint John Fisher parish, Kidbrooke, London^[44]
  • Saint John Fisher Roman Catholic Church, Harrow, London
  • Saint John Fisher Roman Catholic Church, Shepperton, London
  • Saint John Fisher Roman Catholic Church, Rochester, Kent
  • John Fisher R.C Church, Scarthoe, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. (Closed 2017)
  • Saint John Fisher R.C. Church, Priory Crescent, Southend on Sea, Essex
  • Saint John Fisher Church, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire
• Other:
  • St John Fisher House, Reading – the headquarters of the FSSP in England and Wales.^[45]
  • The football teams Fisher Athletic F.C. (1908–2009) and Fisher F.C. (founded 2009) of Rotherhithe, south-east London^[46]

United States

• Fisher is the patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester in New York State, so named by Pope John XXIII in 1961.^[47]
• Due to his status as the Bishop of Rochester, Fisher has been adopted as a patron of several institutions in other cities named Rochester, including:
  • St. John Fisher University^[48]
  • Saint John of Rochester Catholic Church in the Rochester, New York area,
  • Saint John Fisher Catholic Church near Rochester, Michigan.

• St. John Fisher Seminary Residence is located in the Catholic Diocese of Bridgeport, Connecticut.

• A number of parishes are dedicated to St. John Fisher including those in: Chicago, Illinois;^[49] Auburn Hills, Michigan;^[50] Cincinnati, Ohio;^[51] Boothwyn, Pennsylvania,^[52] Galveston, Texas,^[53] Rancho Palos Verdes, California,^[54] and Portland, Oregon:^[55]
  • St John Fisher Catholic Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma
  • St John Fisher Catholic Church near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
  • Saint John Fisher Church, Newtown, Ohio
  • St John Fisher Catholic Church in Marlborough, Connecticut.^[56]

Personal

Portraits

Several portraits of Fisher exist, the most prominent being by Hans Holbein the Younger in the Royal Collection; and a few secondary relics are extant.

Relic

Fisher's walking-staff is in the possession of the Eyston family of East Hendred, in Oxfordshire (formerly Berkshire).^[57]

Cinematic and television portrayals

John Fisher was portrayed by veteran actor Joseph O'Conor in the film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), by Bosco Hogan in the miniseries The Tudors, by Geoffrey Lewis in the 1971 miniseries The Six Wives of Henry VIII and by Richard Durden in the 2015 miniseries Wolf Hall.

References

1. Based upon his baptismal date as taken from "Lives of the Saints, For Every Day of the Year," edited by the Rev. Hugo Hoever OSB Cist, New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1951
2. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. John Fisher". newadvent.org. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
3. To "a number of churches and almshouses and to two priests. To a monastery at Hagnaby in Lincolnshire he left ten shillings for a trental of Masses for the repose of his soul, and to a church at Holtoft not far away in the same county, he left a small sum for the upkeep of the fabric. …he may have been a native of that part of Lincolnshire. Four children are referred to in the will but not named. We know the names of two, John and his brother Robert who was later steward at Rochester. One of the other children was a daughter who married an Edward White. The fourth child may have been the Ralph Fisher whose name comes in a list of debts owing to John Fisher at his attainder.…An early manuscript version' of John Fisher's life says that he was the eldest son, but this too lacks confirmation."Reynolds, E.E. (1995). St. John Fisher. Mediatrix Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0692546772.
4. Neither White's Christian name nor his occupation is known. Of these children: John and Thomas became merchants, the third, Richard became a priest and Elizabeth White entered the Dominican nunnery at Dartford, Kent.
5. Some similar forces had also impacted the University of Oxford.
6. "Martyr-in-Waiting - Martyrs of Henry VIII: Repression, Defiance, Sacrifice". erenow.org. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
7. "Fisher, John (FSR487J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
8. Reynolds, Ernest Edwin (1955). Saint John Fisher. Anthony Clarke Books. p. 6.
9. Seward, Desmond (2007). The Wars of the Roses. Constable and Robinson. p. 437.
10. Foley OFM, Leonard, "St. John Fisher", Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM), Franciscan Media ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7
11. "Catholic Culture Library: Bishop John Fisher". Retrieved 3 July 2016.
12. Germain Marc’hadour. "Review of Eramus' Defence of his De libero arbitrio". Moreana. 47 (181–182): 299. doi:10.3366/more.2010.47.3-4.17.
13. Scheck, Thomas P. (2013). "Bishop John Fisher's Response To Martin Luther". Franciscan Studies. 71: 463–509. ISSN 0080-5459. JSTOR 43855981.
14. Foxe, John (1851). Fox's Book of Martyrs: The Acts and Monuments of the Church. G. Virtue.
15. Brian Moynahan, God's Messenger
16. Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1890). Life of Blessed John Fisher: Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and Martyr Under Henry VIII. Burns & Oates. p. 165.
17. Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1890). Life of Blessed John Fisher: Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and Martyr Under Henry VIII. Burns & Oates. p. 170.
18. Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1890). Life of Blessed John Fisher: Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church and Martyr Under Henry VIII. Burns & Oates. p. 172.
19. "Chapter XIII: Henry VIII.". The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 2, Ch 13.
20. Coleridge, Hartley (1852). Lady Anne Clifford. Roger Ascham. John Fisher. The Rev. William Mason. Sir Richard Arkwright. E. Moxon.
21. Moore, James (31 October 2016). The Tudor Murder Files. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-5704-9.
22. Brendan Bradshaw (26 January 1989). Humanism, Reform and the Reformation: The Career of Bishop John Fisher. CUP Archive. pp. 156–7. ISBN 9780521340342.
23. Fuller, Thomas. The Church History of Britain, Vol 2. London: Thomas Tegg, 1842. P61-63.
24. Duffy, Eamon (2012). Saints, sacrilege and sedition: religion and conflict in the Tudor reformations. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1441181176.
25. "Saint John Fisher | English priest". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
26. "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
27. "The Calendar". The Church's Year. Church of England. 2000. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
28. "St John Fisher College – Bracken Ridge". stjohnfishercollege.qld.edu.au. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
29. "Life experience makes Fr Bryan a Youngcare fan". Archdiocese of Brisbane. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
30. "Home – St. John Fisher". st-clair.net. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
31. "St. John Fisher Parish, Bramalea". stjohnfisherbr.archtoronto.org. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
32. "St. John Fisher Elementary School, Pointe Claire". stjohnfisher.lbpsb.qc.ca/. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
33. . 18 October 2002. Archived from the original on 18 October 2002. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
34. "Fisher Building history". queens.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
35. "The Cripps Building". St John's College, Cambridge. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
36. "Welcome to St John Fisher Catholic College". St John Fisher Catholic College. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
37. "Welcome to St John Fisher Catholic High School". St John Fisher Catholic High School. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
38. "Welcome to our School". St. John Fisher High School. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
39. "Welcome to St John Fisher Catholic High School!". St John Fisher Catholic High School. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
40. "About Us". St John Fisher Catholic Comprehensive School. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
41. "Welcome to St John Fisher Catholic Voluntary Academy". St John Fisher Catholic Voluntary Academy. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
42. "Home". Ss John Fisher and Thomas More RC High School. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
43. "Our School". The John Fisher School. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
44. "Southwark Parish Directory". directory.rcsouthwark.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
45. "FSSP". Retrieved 12 December 2018.
46. "About Us". Fisher FC. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
47. "Our Parish History". Retrieved 14 June 2021.
48. "History of Fisher". St. John Fisher University, Rochester, NY. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
49. . stjohnfisher.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
50. "St. John Fisher Chapel University Parish". archive.is. 15 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
51. "St. John Fisher Parish". St. John Fisher Parish. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
52. "St. John Fisher Church". St. John Fisher Church. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
53. . archgh.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
54. "Welcome to St. John Fisher Catholic Church". St. John Fisher Catholic Church. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
55. "SJF church Portland". Retrieved 12 December 2018.
56. "St. John Fisher Roman Catholic Church". stjfchurch.org. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
57. The Berkshire Book, Berkshire Federation of Women's Institutes (1951)

Further reading

• "The English Works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (1469–1535): Sermons and other Writings, 1520–1535," edited by Cecilia A. Hatt, Oxford University Press, 2002.

• B. Bradshaw & Eamon Duffy (ed.) "Humanism, Reform and the Reformation: The Career of Bishop John Fisher," Cambridge University Press, 1989.
• MacNabb, Vincent (2015). St. John Fisher. Mediatrix Press. ISBN 978-1953746337.
• Vincent Nichols, "St John Fisher: Bishop and Theologian in Reformation and Controversy", Alive Publishing, 2011.
• E.E. Reynolds, "Saint John Fisher," Wheathampstead: Anthony Clarke, 1972.
• Richard Rex, "The Theology of John Fisher," Cambridge University Press
• Edward Surtz, "The Works and Days of John Fisher," Boston: Harvard University Press, 1967.

• Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "Fisher, John". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 42–43. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Fisher.

• "St. John Fisher" in the Catholic Encyclopedia

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to John Fisher.

• John Fisher and Thomas More: Martyrs of England and Wales
•   Texts on Wikisource:
  • "Fisher, John". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
  • Hudleston, Gilbert Roger (1913). "Bl. John Fisher". Catholic Encyclopedia.
  • "Fisher, John". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  • "Fisher, John", A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, 1910 – via Wikisource
  • Mullinger, James Bass (1889). "Fisher, John (1459?-1535)". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 19.
  • "Fisher, John". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
• "John Fisher". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney.
• Literature by and about John Fisher in the German National Library catalogue

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Richard FitzJames	Bishop of Rochester 1504–1535	Succeeded by John Hilsey
Academic offices
Preceded by Henry Babington	Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 1501	Succeeded by Humphrey Fitzwilliam
Preceded by Thomas Wilkynson	President of Queens' College, Cambridge 1505–1508	Succeeded by Robert Bekensaw