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John Dix Fisher

March 07, 2023

John Dix Fisher (March 27, 1797 – March 3, 1850) was a physician and founder of Perkins Institution for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts.

Portrait of John Dix Fisher by his brother, artist Alvan Fisher (ca.1840)

Early life

He was born in Needham, Massachusetts, the youngest of the six sons of Aaron and Lucy (Stedman) Fisher. The Fisher family was descended from Anthony Fisher, one of the signers of the Dedham Covenant in 1636. All six sons were self-made men who became successful merchants, traders and professional men in Dedham and Boston, Massachusetts.[citation needed]

Career

With the support of his older brothers, John Dix Fisher entered Brown University, graduating in 1820. After receiving his M.D. degree in 1825 from what was then called Massachusetts Medical College of Harvard University, he immediately accompanied his brother, the artist Alvan Fisher, on a trip to Europe. In Paris, he pursued his professional studies with such eminent physicians of the period as René Laennec, inventor of the stethoscope; Gabriel Andral, distinguished pathologist; and Alfred Velpeau, renowned for his knowledge of surgical anatomy. In medical school, Dr. Fisher had studied with Dr. James Jackson, Harvard's first professor of clinical medicine and one of the "fathers" of Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Jackson had touched on the difficulties of distinguishing smallpox from other eruptive diseases and the need for a series of colored pictures which would illustrate the progress of the disease. Dr. Fisher undertook such a project while in Paris and wrote Description of the Distinct, Confluent, and Inoculated Small Pox, Varioloid Disease, Cow Pox, and Chicken Pox (1829) which included thirteen colored plates. The paintings from which the plates were made were executed under Dr. Fisher's direction by a French artist working at the bedside of the patients during 1825 and 1826 when smallpox was an epidemic in Paris.[citation needed]

Dr. Fisher also observed the methods of instructing the blind that were being practiced in Paris. He visited the world's first school for blind children, L'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles, founded by Valentin Haüy in 1784. He was impressed with the manner in which students were taught to read from raised-type books, to write, and to learn mathematics, geography, languages, music and manual arts. Inspired, he returned to Boston and spent the next three years persuading family and friends who had both the means and the conscience to help fund an American version of the Paris school. The Massachusetts legislature eventually signed an act incorporating the New England Asylum for the Blind on March 2, 1829, and soon after provided $6,000 of funding. The trustees searched for two years for a superintendent for the new school until, in 1831, Dr. Fisher recruited his friend, Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe. The two men had studied together at Brown University and at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Howe opened the school in the summer of 1832 using an approach that gave students both the ability to think and the skills to support themselves with the goal of turning out independent, productive, well-educated members of society. Dr. Fisher continued as the school's doctor and vice president. The school's name was eventually changed to Perkins School for the Blind and is now located in Watertown, Massachusetts.[citation needed]

Dr. Fisher was a pioneer for medical reform in Boston. He is credited with introducing the stethoscope into the United States and was an early advocate for the practice of mediate auscultation—listening to the body through a stethoscope—using the techniques that he had learned during his studies in Paris with Laënnec. In July 1832, while using auscultation to examine a child affected with chronic hydrocephalus, he discovered what was called "cephalic bellows-sound" or "cerebral murmur", a phenomenon related to cerebral circulation which was thought to be a physical symptom of diseases of the brain.[1] His findings were circulated in medical journals throughout the world. However, the phenomenon was dismissed in 1880 as being without pathological significance. He was among those present in the Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital when ether was first used in public for a surgical operation, described by many as the most significant event in American medical history. He was one of the first to use ether during childbirth. Although Antoine Jean Desormeaux, a French surgeon, first introduced the endoscope to a patient and is considered the Father of Endoscopy, Dr. Fisher had several years earlier described an endoscope initially to inspect the vagina, but later modified it to examine the bladder and urethra.[2] As one of a group of young American doctors influenced by the teachings of another French physician, Pierre Louis, Dr. Fisher was an advocate of the "numerical method" in the United States, where the emphasis on the collection of observable, detailed data and their statistical analysis became a guideline for medical research and the foundation for epidemiology.[3] He was present along with William Cogswell, Richard Fletcher, Oliver Peabody and Lemuel Shattuck at a meeting held on November 17, 1839, in which the American Statistical Association (ASA) was formed. These men were graduates of Brown, Dartmouth, and Harvard and were trained in law, medicine, theology, literature and education. The constitution of the Society set out as its aims: "...to collect, preserve, and diffuse statistical information in the different departments of human knowledge."[4] It was particularly instrumental in improving public health and encouraging advances in preventive medicine. He was also a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society which, in concert with the ASA in 1842, led the effort to establish the first statewide system to collect and publish vital statistics in the United States. In 1846, Dr. Fisher was elected attending physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, a position he held until his death on March 3, 1850, at his home in Hayward Place, Boston. On March 17, 1850, the hospital's Board of Trustees expressed its deep regret for "...the loss of an officer who, to high scientific attainments, united amiable and unassuming manners and the greatest kindness of heart; one who has uniformly discharged in a most zealous, faithful, and acceptable manner his duties toward this institution."[5] A white marble monument in his memory stands in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Trivia

According to an extract from Flashes of Light from the Spirit-Land compiled by Allen Putnam and published in 1872 by William White & Co., Boston, Mrs. J. H Conant was an American medium who, through the generosity of Luther Colby, editor of The Banner of Light, (a weekly subtitled "An Exponent of the Spiritual Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century," which had the largest circulation of any spiritualist paper in the world) gave, for the last 17 years of her life, free public séances in Boston. Her trance messages, characterized by the impersonation of the departed, were published weekly in The Banner. Mrs. Conant was known in spiritualist circles as both an inspirational speaker and a platform healer. For her medical diagnosis, the medium relied on the spirit of Dr. John Dix Fisher, a famous old Boston physician.[6]

References

  1. ^ Wood, George B., M.D., A Treatise on the Practice of Medicine, vol. 2, J.P. Lippincott and Co., Philadelphia (1833) pp. 654-655.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
  3. ^ Osler, William, M.D., F.R.S., The Influence of Louis on American Medicine in An Alabama Student and Other Biographical Essays, Oxford University Press American Branch, New York (1908) pp. 198-199.
  4. ^ American Quarterly Register, published by The American Education Society, vol.XIII (1841) p. 451
  5. ^ Bowditch, Nathaniel I., A History of the Massachusetts General Hospital (To August 5, 1851), (1851) pp. 361-362.
  6. ^ Day, John W., Biography of Mrs. J. H. Conant, the World's Medium of the Nineteenth Century, William White and Company, Boston (1873)

Further reading

  • Fisher, Philip A.: Fisher Genealogy (1878) pp. 275–277
  • French, Kimberly: Perkins School for the Blind (2004) pp. 9–11
  • French, Kimberly: "The Man Who Would Change Everything", Brown Alumni Magazine, May–June 2007
  • Gitter, Elizabeth: The Imprisoned Guest:Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, the Original Deaf-Blind Girl (2004) pp. 23–26
  • Kelly, Howard A., M.D.:A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography from 1610 to 1910, vol. 1 (1912) pp. 305–306
  • The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, by Kappa Lambda Association of the United States (1829) pp. 175–177, Article XV

External links

  • Heirs of Hippocrates No. 1571
  • Perkins School for the Blind History[permanent dead link]
  • Perkins School for the Blind History
  • American Statistical Association
  • www.samuelgridleyhowe.net

March 07, 2023
john, fisher, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, lead, provide, accessible, overview, important, aspects, article, april, 2022, march, 1797, march, 1850, physician, founder, perkins, institution, bl. This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article April 2022 John Dix Fisher March 27 1797 March 3 1850 was a physician and founder of Perkins Institution for the Blind in Boston Massachusetts Portrait of John Dix Fisher by his brother artist Alvan Fisher ca 1840 Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Trivia 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksEarly life EditHe was born in Needham Massachusetts the youngest of the six sons of Aaron and Lucy Stedman Fisher The Fisher family was descended from Anthony Fisher one of the signers of the Dedham Covenant in 1636 All six sons were self made men who became successful merchants traders and professional men in Dedham and Boston Massachusetts citation needed Career EditWith the support of his older brothers John Dix Fisher entered Brown University graduating in 1820 After receiving his M D degree in 1825 from what was then called Massachusetts Medical College of Harvard University he immediately accompanied his brother the artist Alvan Fisher on a trip to Europe In Paris he pursued his professional studies with such eminent physicians of the period as Rene Laennec inventor of the stethoscope Gabriel Andral distinguished pathologist and Alfred Velpeau renowned for his knowledge of surgical anatomy In medical school Dr Fisher had studied with Dr James Jackson Harvard s first professor of clinical medicine and one of the fathers of Massachusetts General Hospital Dr Jackson had touched on the difficulties of distinguishing smallpox from other eruptive diseases and the need for a series of colored pictures which would illustrate the progress of the disease Dr Fisher undertook such a project while in Paris and wrote Description of the Distinct Confluent and Inoculated Small Pox Varioloid Disease Cow Pox and Chicken Pox 1829 which included thirteen colored plates The paintings from which the plates were made were executed under Dr Fisher s direction by a French artist working at the bedside of the patients during 1825 and 1826 when smallpox was an epidemic in Paris citation needed Dr Fisher also observed the methods of instructing the blind that were being practiced in Paris He visited the world s first school for blind children L Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles founded by Valentin Hauy in 1784 He was impressed with the manner in which students were taught to read from raised type books to write and to learn mathematics geography languages music and manual arts Inspired he returned to Boston and spent the next three years persuading family and friends who had both the means and the conscience to help fund an American version of the Paris school The Massachusetts legislature eventually signed an act incorporating the New England Asylum for the Blind on March 2 1829 and soon after provided 6 000 of funding The trustees searched for two years for a superintendent for the new school until in 1831 Dr Fisher recruited his friend Dr Samuel Gridley Howe The two men had studied together at Brown University and at Harvard Medical School Dr Howe opened the school in the summer of 1832 using an approach that gave students both the ability to think and the skills to support themselves with the goal of turning out independent productive well educated members of society Dr Fisher continued as the school s doctor and vice president The school s name was eventually changed to Perkins School for the Blind and is now located in Watertown Massachusetts citation needed Dr Fisher was a pioneer for medical reform in Boston He is credited with introducing the stethoscope into the United States and was an early advocate for the practice of mediate auscultation listening to the body through a stethoscope using the techniques that he had learned during his studies in Paris with Laennec In July 1832 while using auscultation to examine a child affected with chronic hydrocephalus he discovered what was called cephalic bellows sound or cerebral murmur a phenomenon related to cerebral circulation which was thought to be a physical symptom of diseases of the brain 1 His findings were circulated in medical journals throughout the world However the phenomenon was dismissed in 1880 as being without pathological significance He was among those present in the Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital when ether was first used in public for a surgical operation described by many as the most significant event in American medical history He was one of the first to use ether during childbirth Although Antoine Jean Desormeaux a French surgeon first introduced the endoscope to a patient and is considered the Father of Endoscopy Dr Fisher had several years earlier described an endoscope initially to inspect the vagina but later modified it to examine the bladder and urethra 2 As one of a group of young American doctors influenced by the teachings of another French physician Pierre Louis Dr Fisher was an advocate of the numerical method in the United States where the emphasis on the collection of observable detailed data and their statistical analysis became a guideline for medical research and the foundation for epidemiology 3 He was present along with William Cogswell Richard Fletcher Oliver Peabody and Lemuel Shattuck at a meeting held on November 17 1839 in which the American Statistical Association ASA was formed These men were graduates of Brown Dartmouth and Harvard and were trained in law medicine theology literature and education The constitution of the Society set out as its aims to collect preserve and diffuse statistical information in the different departments of human knowledge 4 It was particularly instrumental in improving public health and encouraging advances in preventive medicine He was also a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society which in concert with the ASA in 1842 led the effort to establish the first statewide system to collect and publish vital statistics in the United States In 1846 Dr Fisher was elected attending physician at Massachusetts General Hospital a position he held until his death on March 3 1850 at his home in Hayward Place Boston On March 17 1850 the hospital s Board of Trustees expressed its deep regret for the loss of an officer who to high scientific attainments united amiable and unassuming manners and the greatest kindness of heart one who has uniformly discharged in a most zealous faithful and acceptable manner his duties toward this institution 5 A white marble monument in his memory stands in Mount Auburn Cemetery Cambridge Massachusetts Trivia EditAccording to an extract from Flashes of Light from the Spirit Land compiled by Allen Putnam and published in 1872 by William White amp Co Boston Mrs J H Conant was an American medium who through the generosity of Luther Colby editor of The Banner of Light a weekly subtitled An Exponent of the Spiritual Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century which had the largest circulation of any spiritualist paper in the world gave for the last 17 years of her life free public seances in Boston Her trance messages characterized by the impersonation of the departed were published weekly in The Banner Mrs Conant was known in spiritualist circles as both an inspirational speaker and a platform healer For her medical diagnosis the medium relied on the spirit of Dr John Dix Fisher a famous old Boston physician 6 References Edit Wood George B M D A Treatise on the Practice of Medicine vol 2 J P Lippincott and Co Philadelphia 1833 pp 654 655 History of Minimally Invasive Surgery Archived from the original on 2007 06 29 Retrieved 2007 08 05 Osler William M D F R S The Influence of Louis on American Medicine in An Alabama Student and Other Biographical Essays Oxford University Press American Branch New York 1908 pp 198 199 American Quarterly Register published by The American Education Society vol XIII 1841 p 451 Bowditch Nathaniel I A History of the Massachusetts General Hospital To August 5 1851 1851 pp 361 362 Day John W Biography of Mrs J H Conant the World s Medium of the Nineteenth Century William White and Company Boston 1873 Further reading EditFisher Philip A Fisher Genealogy 1878 pp 275 277 French Kimberly Perkins School for the Blind 2004 pp 9 11 French Kimberly The Man Who Would Change Everything Brown Alumni Magazine May June 2007 Gitter Elizabeth The Imprisoned Guest Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman the Original Deaf Blind Girl 2004 pp 23 26 Kelly Howard A M D A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography from 1610 to 1910 vol 1 1912 pp 305 306 The North American Medical and Surgical Journal by Kappa Lambda Association of the United States 1829 pp 175 177 Article XVExternal links EditHeirs of Hippocrates No 1571 Perkins School for the Blind History permanent dead link Perkins School for the Blind History American Statistical Association www samuelgridleyhowe net Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title John Dix Fisher amp oldid 1121175513, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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