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Johann Christian Poggendorff

January 09, 2023

Johann Christian Poggendorff (29 December 1796 – 24 January 1877), was a German physicist born in Hamburg. By far the greater and more important part of his work related to electricity and magnetism. Poggendorff is known for his electrostatic motor which is analogous to Wilhelm Holtz's electrostatic machine. In 1841 he described the use of the potentiometer for measurement of electrical potentials without current draw.[1]

Johann Christian Poggendorff
Born(1796-12-29)29 December 1796
Hamburg
Died24 January 1877(1877-01-24) (aged 80)
Berlin, German Empire
Known forPoggendorff cell
Poggendorff illusion
Mirror galvanometer
Potentiometer

Biography

Poggendorf had apprenticed himself to an apothecary in Hamburg, and when twenty-two began to earn his living as an apothecary's assistant at Itzehoe. Ambition and a strong inclination towards a scientific career led him to throw up his business and move to Berlin, where he entered Humboldt University in 1820. Here his abilities were speedily recognized, and in 1823 he was appointed meteorological observer to the Academy of Sciences.

Even at this early period he had conceived the idea of founding a physical and chemical scientific journal, and the realization of this plan was hastened by the sudden death of Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert, the editor of Gilbert's Annalen der Physik, in 1824 Poggendorff immediately put himself in communication with the publisher, Barth of Leipzig. He became editor of Annalen der Physik und Chemie, which was to be a continuation of Gilbert's Annalen on a somewhat extended plan. Poggendorff was admirably qualified for the post, and edited the journal for 52 years, until 1876. In 1826, Poggendorff developed the mirror galvanometer, a device for detecting electric currents.

He had an extraordinary memory, well stored with scientific knowledge, both modern and historical, a cool and impartial judgment, and a strong preference for facts as against theory of the speculative kind. He was thus able to throw himself into the spirit of modern experimental science. He possessed in abundant measure the German virtue of orderliness in the arrangement of knowledge and in the conduct of business. Further he had an engaging geniality of manner and much tact in dealing with men. These qualities soon made Poggendorff's Annalen (abbreviation: Pogg. Ann.) the foremost scientific journal in Europe.

In the course of his fifty-two years editorship of the Annalen Poggendorff could not fail to acquire an unusual acquaintance with the labors of modern men of science. This knowledge, joined to what he had gathered by historical reading of equally unusual extent, he carefully digested and gave to the world in his Biographisch-literarisches Handworterbuch zur Geschichte der exacten Wissenschaften, containing notices of the lives and labors of mathematicians, astronomers, physicists, and chemists, of all peoples and all ages. This work contains an astounding collection of facts invaluable to the scientific biographer and historian. The first two volumes were published in 1863; after his death a third volume appeared in 1898, covering the period 1858-1883, and a fourth in 1904, coming down to the beginning of the 20th century.

His literary and scientific reputation speedily brought him honorable recognition. In 1830 he was made royal professor, in 1838 Hon. Ph.D. and extraordinary professor in the University of Berlin, and in 1839 member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1845, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Many offers of ordinary professorships were made to him, but he declined them all, devoting himself to his duties as editor of the Annalen, and to the pursuit of his scientific researches. He died at Berlin on 24 January 1877.[2]

His daughter Marie Poggendorff (born 12 August 1838) married Valentin Rose in 1872.

 

Illusion

The Poggendorff Illusion is an optical illusion that involves the brain's perception of the interaction between diagonal lines and horizontal and vertical edges. It is named after Poggendorff, who discovered it in the drawing of Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, in which he showed the Zöllner illusion in 1860.[3] In the adjacent picture, a straight black line is obscured by a dark gray rectangle. The black line appears disjointed, although it is in fact straight; the second picture illustrates this fact.

See also

Publications

 
Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften, 1863
  • Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. 1863.
    • Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften (in German). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. 1863.
    • Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften (in German). Vol. 3. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. 1898.
    • Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften (in German). Vol. 4. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. 1904.
  • J. C. Poggendorff, Annalen Der Physik, Ser. 2, Vol. 139, pp 513–546 (1870)
  • J. C. Poggendorff, "Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch der exakten Naturwissenschaften" "(Tr. "biographic-literary hand dictionary of the exact sciences"). Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, 1863. Two volumes, Band 2 (M-Z) at Google Books (weitergeführt in den Bänden III bis VIII durch die Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig)
  • Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch[4]
  • Emil Frommel, Johann Christian Poggendorff (Berlin, 1877)
  • Lebenslinien zur Geschichte der exacten Wissenschaften seit Wiederherstellung derselben. Alexander Duncker, Berlin 1853. Johann Christian Poggendorff at Google Books
  • Geschichte der Physik. Joh. Ambr. Barth, Leipzig 1879. US at Google Books, US at Google Books, [1] at the Internet Archive

References

  1. ^ http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Electrical_Measurements/Potentiometer/Potentiometer.html Potentiometer, retrieved 2010 Nov 2
  2. ^ American Academy of Arts and Sciences Daedalus: proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume 12, 1877 page 330-331
  3. ^ Zöllner F (1860). "Ueber eine neue Art von Pseudoskopie und ihre Beziehungen zu den von Plateau und Oppel beschriebenen Bewegungsphänomenen". Annalen der Physik. 186 (7): 500–25. Bibcode:1860AnP...186..500Z. doi:10.1002/andp.18601860712.
  4. ^ Website of Poggendorff's Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine

Sources

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Poggendorff, Johann Christian".
General
  • Johann Christian Poggendorff at Open Library  
  • , f3wm.free.fr, 2004-11-08.
Illusion
  • Poggendorf Illusion
  • Circular Poggendorf Illusion
  • Explanation of the Poggendorff, Hering, and Zoellner illusions

January 09, 2023
johann, christian, poggendorff, december, 1796, january, 1877, german, physicist, born, hamburg, greater, more, important, part, work, related, electricity, magnetism, poggendorff, known, electrostatic, motor, which, analogous, wilhelm, holtz, electrostatic, m. Johann Christian Poggendorff 29 December 1796 24 January 1877 was a German physicist born in Hamburg By far the greater and more important part of his work related to electricity and magnetism Poggendorff is known for his electrostatic motor which is analogous to Wilhelm Holtz s electrostatic machine In 1841 he described the use of the potentiometer for measurement of electrical potentials without current draw 1 Johann Christian PoggendorffBorn 1796 12 29 29 December 1796HamburgDied24 January 1877 1877 01 24 aged 80 Berlin German EmpireKnown forPoggendorff cellPoggendorff illusionMirror galvanometerPotentiometer Contents 1 Biography 2 Illusion 3 See also 4 Publications 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksBiography EditPoggendorf had apprenticed himself to an apothecary in Hamburg and when twenty two began to earn his living as an apothecary s assistant at Itzehoe Ambition and a strong inclination towards a scientific career led him to throw up his business and move to Berlin where he entered Humboldt University in 1820 Here his abilities were speedily recognized and in 1823 he was appointed meteorological observer to the Academy of Sciences Even at this early period he had conceived the idea of founding a physical and chemical scientific journal and the realization of this plan was hastened by the sudden death of Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert the editor of Gilbert s Annalen der Physik in 1824 Poggendorff immediately put himself in communication with the publisher Barth of Leipzig He became editor of Annalen der Physik und Chemie which was to be a continuation of Gilbert s Annalen on a somewhat extended plan Poggendorff was admirably qualified for the post and edited the journal for 52 years until 1876 In 1826 Poggendorff developed the mirror galvanometer a device for detecting electric currents He had an extraordinary memory well stored with scientific knowledge both modern and historical a cool and impartial judgment and a strong preference for facts as against theory of the speculative kind He was thus able to throw himself into the spirit of modern experimental science He possessed in abundant measure the German virtue of orderliness in the arrangement of knowledge and in the conduct of business Further he had an engaging geniality of manner and much tact in dealing with men These qualities soon made Poggendorff s Annalen abbreviation Pogg Ann the foremost scientific journal in Europe In the course of his fifty two years editorship of the Annalen Poggendorff could not fail to acquire an unusual acquaintance with the labors of modern men of science This knowledge joined to what he had gathered by historical reading of equally unusual extent he carefully digested and gave to the world in his Biographisch literarisches Handworterbuch zur Geschichte der exacten Wissenschaften containing notices of the lives and labors of mathematicians astronomers physicists and chemists of all peoples and all ages This work contains an astounding collection of facts invaluable to the scientific biographer and historian The first two volumes were published in 1863 after his death a third volume appeared in 1898 covering the period 1858 1883 and a fourth in 1904 coming down to the beginning of the 20th century His literary and scientific reputation speedily brought him honorable recognition In 1830 he was made royal professor in 1838 Hon Ph D and extraordinary professor in the University of Berlin and in 1839 member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences In 1845 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Many offers of ordinary professorships were made to him but he declined them all devoting himself to his duties as editor of the Annalen and to the pursuit of his scientific researches He died at Berlin on 24 January 1877 2 His daughter Marie Poggendorff born 12 August 1838 married Valentin Rose in 1872 Illusion EditThe Poggendorff Illusion is an optical illusion that involves the brain s perception of the interaction between diagonal lines and horizontal and vertical edges It is named after Poggendorff who discovered it in the drawing of Johann Karl Friedrich Zollner in which he showed the Zollner illusion in 1860 3 In the adjacent picture a straight black line is obscured by a dark gray rectangle The black line appears disjointed although it is in fact straight the second picture illustrates this fact See also EditChromic acid cellPublications Edit Biographisch literarisches Handworterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften 1863 Biographisch literarisches Handworterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften in German Vol 1 Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1863 Biographisch literarisches Handworterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften in German Vol 2 Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1863 Biographisch literarisches Handworterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften in German Vol 3 Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1898 Biographisch literarisches Handworterbuch zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften in German Vol 4 Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1904 J C Poggendorff Annalen Der Physik Ser 2 Vol 139 pp 513 546 1870 J C Poggendorff Biographisch Literarisches Handworterbuch der exakten Naturwissenschaften Tr biographic literary hand dictionary of the exact sciences Johann Ambrosius Barth Leipzig 1863 Two volumes Band 2 M Z at Google Books weitergefuhrt in den Banden III bis VIII durch die Sachsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig Biographisch Literarisches Handworterbuch 4 Emil Frommel Johann Christian Poggendorff Berlin 1877 Lebenslinien zur Geschichte der exacten Wissenschaften seit Wiederherstellung derselben Alexander Duncker Berlin 1853 Johann Christian Poggendorff at Google Books Geschichte der Physik Joh Ambr Barth Leipzig 1879 US at Google Books US at Google Books 1 at the Internet ArchiveReferences Edit http physics kenyon edu EarlyApparatus Electrical Measurements Potentiometer Potentiometer html Potentiometer retrieved 2010 Nov 2 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Daedalus proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Volume 12 1877 page 330 331 Zollner F 1860 Ueber eine neue Art von Pseudoskopie und ihre Beziehungen zu den von Plateau und Oppel beschriebenen Bewegungsphanomenen Annalen der Physik 186 7 500 25 Bibcode 1860AnP 186 500Z doi 10 1002 andp 18601860712 Website of Poggendorff s Biographisch Literarisches Handworterbuch Archived 2013 10 05 at the Wayback MachineSources Edit This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Poggendorff Johann Christian Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed 1911 p 890 External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Poggendorff Johann Christian GeneralJohann Christian Poggendorff at Open Library Poggendorff s disk f3wm free fr 2004 11 08 IllusionPoggendorf Illusion Circular Poggendorf Illusion Poggendorf Illusion Explanation of the Poggendorff Hering and Zoellner illusions Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Johann Christian Poggendorff amp oldid 1117629223, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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