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Jesús Hernández Tomás

August 27, 2023

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Hernández and the second or maternal family name is Tomás.

Jesús Hernández Tomás (1907 – 11 January 1971) was a Spanish communist leader. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) he was Minister of Education and Fine Arts, then Minister of Education and Health. After the war he went into exile in Oran, Moscow and then Mexico. He was expelled from the party in 1944 for disloyalty to the leadership, and purged from the official history of the party after writing a book in 1953 critical of the Stalinist role in the Civil War.

Jesús Hernández Tomás
Minister of Education and Fine Arts
In office
4 September 1936 – 17 May 1937
Preceded byFrancisco Barnés Salinas
Succeeded bySegundo Blanco
Minister of Education and Health
In office
17 May 1937 – 5 April 1938
Preceded byFederica Montseny (Health)
Succeeded bySegundo Blanco
Personal details
Born1907
Murcia
Died11 January 1971
Mexico
NationalitySpanish
OccupationPolitician

Early years Edit

Jesús Hernández Tomás was born in Murcia in 1907. He was one of the founders of the Communist Party in Biscay. In 1922 he was part of the guard of Óscar Pérez Solís, Secretary General of the Spanish Communist Party (Partido Comunista Español, PCE). Hernández participated in the failed attack on the socialist Indalecio Prieto. In 1927 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth Hernández was arrested in 1929 and released the next year. Hernández went to the Soviet Union around the time the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931.[1] He studied at the Leninist School in Moscow.[2]

In 1932 the Spanish Communist Party made a major change in direction when it abandoned the Comintern slogan "Workers' and Peasants' Government" and adopted "Defense of the Republic". Hernández Tomás was among the new leaders of the party who succeeded José Bullejos. The others were José Díaz, Vicente Uribe, Antonio Mije and Juan Astigarrabía.[3] That year Hernández became a member of the PCE Politburo in charge of agitprop.[2] He returned to Spain in 1933, and was made editor of the PCE journal Mundo Obrero (Worker's World).[1]

Civil war Edit

Hernández was elected Deputy for Cordoba in the 1936 elections.[1] After the outbreak of Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), on 8 August 1936 he said clearly "We cannot talk today of the proletarian revolution in Spain, because the historical circumstances do not permit it." The Stalinists did indeed provide substantial support for the Giral and Caballero governments, including important military aid from the USSR.[4] President Francisco Largo Caballero appointed Hernández Minister of Education and Fine Arts on 4 September 1936.[1]

The Socialist Largo Caballero found himself increasingly isolated, and by February 1937 was demanding that his ministers confirm their support for him, particularly the communist ministers Vicente Uribe and Jesús Hernández.[5] On 15 May 1937 Uribe and Hernández caused the collapse of Largo Caballero's government. The trigger was a disagreement in a cabinet meeting over the May Days violence in Barcelona, which the communists blamed on the Anarchist CNT and FAI and the POUM.[6] They demanded that the POUM be banned and its leaders arrested as "fascists".[7] Largo Caballero refused to act, and most of the ministers walked out of the meeting.[6]

On 17 May 1937 the new President Juan Negrín appointed Hernández Minister of Education and Health.[8] Hernández launched reforms that treated education as a social function.[9] The PCE campaign against the CNT continued. On 2 August 1937 Hernández told reporters after a cabinet meeting "the cabinet has been concerned with examining what measures needed to be taken ... in order to forestall and curtail with the utmost vigour any attempted distirubance or upset which certain extremist elements, who are the instruments of fascism, may seek to provoke."[10] Hernández conducted a campaign against Indalecio Prieto, the Minister of National Defense.[1] Prieto left office early in 1938 due to his efforts.[8]

Hernández was replaced by Segundo Blanco in a cabinet reshuffle in April 1938 and was appointed political commissar in the South Central area.[11][8] When the Republican forces were defeated in the Battle of the Ebro (July–November 1938) and General Francisco Franco's troops reached the Mediterranean, Hernández stayed in Madrid with Pedro Checa, Luis Cabo Giorla, Isidoro Diéguez Dueñas and Antonio Mije while the main Communist leadership center was established in Barcelona.[12] Hernández later took virtual leadership of the party.[13] Hernández was forced to leave Madrid after the March 1939 coup d'état by Segismundo Casado.[8]

Later career Edit

After the fall of the Republican government in March 1939 Hernández went into exile in Oran, and then in Moscow. He was elected to the Executive Committee of the Communist International.[1] He lost influence during the power struggle that followed the suicide of José Díaz in March 1942.[14] In 1943 Joseph Stalin sent him to Mexico, and in 1944 he was expelled from the PCE for working against the party executive.[1]

In 1953 Hernández published memoirs of the Civil War under the title Yo fui ministro de Stalin (I Was Stalin's Minister). The French translation was published as La Grande trahison (The Great Betrayal). The book revealed how Andrés Nin had been tortured and then killed, the Procès de Moscou tribunal and other aspects of Stalinist interference.[15] PCE loyalists called Hernández a "bon vivant", "womanizer", "degenerate" and other derogatory terms.[14]

In 1953 Hernández founded the short-lived Independent Communist Party, based in Bucharest.[1] The party was pro-Yugoslav.[2] After it dissolved he left politics and returned to Mexico where he lived until his death in 1971.[1] He was omitted from the official PCE history published in Paris in 1960. In her memoirs Dolores Ibárruri referred to him as "the other communist minister", but would not name him.[14]

Publications Edit

  • Jesus Hernandez (1951). La URSS en la guerra del pueblo español.
  • Jesus Hernandez (1951). A los comunistas de España.
  • Jesus Hernandez (1953). Yo fui ministro de Stalin: Memorias de la guerra civil Española 1936-39.
  • Jesus Hernandez (1974). En el país de la gran mentira: Segunda parte del libro Yo fui un ministro de Stalin.

Notes Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jesús Hernández Tomás – Fuenterrebollo.
  2. ^ a b c Dimitrov 2008, p. 102.
  3. ^ Alexander 1999, p. 108.
  4. ^ Bookchin 2005, p. 219.
  5. ^ Graham 1991, p. 91.
  6. ^ a b Peirats & Ealham 2005, p. 151.
  7. ^ Bookchin 2005, p. 253.
  8. ^ a b c d Alpert 2013, p. 337.
  9. ^ Bolado Somolinos 1975, p. 128.
  10. ^ Peirats & Ealham 2005, p. 228.
  11. ^ Beevor 2012, p. 415.
  12. ^ Elorza & Bizcarrondo 1999, p. 417.
  13. ^ Peirats & Ealham 2005, p. 243.
  14. ^ a b c Hernández Sánchez 2007.
  15. ^ Preston & Mackenzie 1996, p. 267.

Sources Edit

  • Alexander, Robert J. (1999). The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War. Janus Publishing Company Lim. ISBN 978-1-85756-400-6. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
  • Alpert, Michael (2013-02-28). The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02873-9. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  • Beevor, Antony (2012-08-23). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-78022-453-4. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  • Bolado Somolinos, Jose Manuel (1975). "Del Ministerio de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes a la Cartera de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. 100 Minostros para un centenario.". Revista de educación. ISSN 0034-8082. Retrieved 2015-08-25. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  • Bookchin, Murray (2005-06-08). The Third Revolution. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-7801-6. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  • Hernández Sánchez, Fernando (2007-06-16). Comunistas sin partido, Jesús Hernández, ministro en la Guerra Civil, disidente en el exilio (in Spanish). Editorial Raíces. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  • Dimitrov, Georgi (2008-10-01). The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933-1949. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13385-1. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  • Elorza, Antonio; Bizcarrondo, Marta (1999). Queridos camaradas. La Internacional Comunista en España 1919-1939. Barcelona: Planeta. ISBN 84-08-02222-9.
  • Graham, Helen (1991-06-28). Socialism and War: The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and Crisis, 1936-1939. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39257-0. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  • "Jesús Hernández Tomás". Fuenterrebollo. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  • Peirats, José; Ealham, Chris (2005). The CNT in the Spanish Revolution. ChristieBooks.com. ISBN 978-1-873976-24-1. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  • Preston, Paul; Mackenzie, Ann L. (1996). The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain 1936-1939. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0861-4. Retrieved 2015-06-27.

External links Edit

  • "Jesús Hernández I was a Minister of Stalin - excerpt". Writers on the Spanish Revolution. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 2015-07-12.

August 27, 2023
jesús, hernández, tomás, this, spanish, name, first, paternal, surname, hernández, second, maternal, family, name, tomás, 1907, january, 1971, spanish, communist, leader, during, spanish, civil, 1936, 1939, minister, education, fine, arts, then, minister, educ. In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Hernandez and the second or maternal family name is Tomas Jesus Hernandez Tomas 1907 11 January 1971 was a Spanish communist leader During the Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 he was Minister of Education and Fine Arts then Minister of Education and Health After the war he went into exile in Oran Moscow and then Mexico He was expelled from the party in 1944 for disloyalty to the leadership and purged from the official history of the party after writing a book in 1953 critical of the Stalinist role in the Civil War Jesus Hernandez TomasMinister of Education and Fine ArtsIn office 4 September 1936 17 May 1937Preceded byFrancisco Barnes SalinasSucceeded bySegundo BlancoMinister of Education and HealthIn office 17 May 1937 5 April 1938Preceded byFederica Montseny Health Succeeded bySegundo BlancoPersonal detailsBorn1907MurciaDied11 January 1971MexicoNationalitySpanishOccupationPolitician Contents 1 Early years 2 Civil war 3 Later career 4 Publications 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 External linksEarly years EditJesus Hernandez Tomas was born in Murcia in 1907 He was one of the founders of the Communist Party in Biscay In 1922 he was part of the guard of oscar Perez Solis Secretary General of the Spanish Communist Party Partido Comunista Espanol PCE Hernandez participated in the failed attack on the socialist Indalecio Prieto In 1927 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth Hernandez was arrested in 1929 and released the next year Hernandez went to the Soviet Union around the time the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 1 He studied at the Leninist School in Moscow 2 In 1932 the Spanish Communist Party made a major change in direction when it abandoned the Comintern slogan Workers and Peasants Government and adopted Defense of the Republic Hernandez Tomas was among the new leaders of the party who succeeded Jose Bullejos The others were Jose Diaz Vicente Uribe Antonio Mije and Juan Astigarrabia 3 That year Hernandez became a member of the PCE Politburo in charge of agitprop 2 He returned to Spain in 1933 and was made editor of the PCE journal Mundo Obrero Worker s World 1 Civil war EditHernandez was elected Deputy for Cordoba in the 1936 elections 1 After the outbreak of Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 on 8 August 1936 he said clearly We cannot talk today of the proletarian revolution in Spain because the historical circumstances do not permit it The Stalinists did indeed provide substantial support for the Giral and Caballero governments including important military aid from the USSR 4 President Francisco Largo Caballero appointed Hernandez Minister of Education and Fine Arts on 4 September 1936 1 The Socialist Largo Caballero found himself increasingly isolated and by February 1937 was demanding that his ministers confirm their support for him particularly the communist ministers Vicente Uribe and Jesus Hernandez 5 On 15 May 1937 Uribe and Hernandez caused the collapse of Largo Caballero s government The trigger was a disagreement in a cabinet meeting over the May Days violence in Barcelona which the communists blamed on the Anarchist CNT and FAI and the POUM 6 They demanded that the POUM be banned and its leaders arrested as fascists 7 Largo Caballero refused to act and most of the ministers walked out of the meeting 6 On 17 May 1937 the new President Juan Negrin appointed Hernandez Minister of Education and Health 8 Hernandez launched reforms that treated education as a social function 9 The PCE campaign against the CNT continued On 2 August 1937 Hernandez told reporters after a cabinet meeting the cabinet has been concerned with examining what measures needed to be taken in order to forestall and curtail with the utmost vigour any attempted distirubance or upset which certain extremist elements who are the instruments of fascism may seek to provoke 10 Hernandez conducted a campaign against Indalecio Prieto the Minister of National Defense 1 Prieto left office early in 1938 due to his efforts 8 Hernandez was replaced by Segundo Blanco in a cabinet reshuffle in April 1938 and was appointed political commissar in the South Central area 11 8 When the Republican forces were defeated in the Battle of the Ebro July November 1938 and General Francisco Franco s troops reached the Mediterranean Hernandez stayed in Madrid with Pedro Checa Luis Cabo Giorla Isidoro Dieguez Duenas and Antonio Mije while the main Communist leadership center was established in Barcelona 12 Hernandez later took virtual leadership of the party 13 Hernandez was forced to leave Madrid after the March 1939 coup d etat by Segismundo Casado 8 Later career EditAfter the fall of the Republican government in March 1939 Hernandez went into exile in Oran and then in Moscow He was elected to the Executive Committee of the Communist International 1 He lost influence during the power struggle that followed the suicide of Jose Diaz in March 1942 14 In 1943 Joseph Stalin sent him to Mexico and in 1944 he was expelled from the PCE for working against the party executive 1 In 1953 Hernandez published memoirs of the Civil War under the title Yo fui ministro de Stalin I Was Stalin s Minister The French translation was published as La Grande trahison The Great Betrayal The book revealed how Andres Nin had been tortured and then killed the Proces de Moscou tribunal and other aspects of Stalinist interference 15 PCE loyalists called Hernandez a bon vivant womanizer degenerate and other derogatory terms 14 In 1953 Hernandez founded the short lived Independent Communist Party based in Bucharest 1 The party was pro Yugoslav 2 After it dissolved he left politics and returned to Mexico where he lived until his death in 1971 1 He was omitted from the official PCE history published in Paris in 1960 In her memoirs Dolores Ibarruri referred to him as the other communist minister but would not name him 14 Publications EditJesus Hernandez 1951 La URSS en la guerra del pueblo espanol Jesus Hernandez 1951 A los comunistas de Espana Jesus Hernandez 1953 Yo fui ministro de Stalin Memorias de la guerra civil Espanola 1936 39 Jesus Hernandez 1974 En el pais de la gran mentira Segunda parte del libro Yo fui un ministro de Stalin Notes Edit a b c d e f g h i Jesus Hernandez Tomas Fuenterrebollo a b c Dimitrov 2008 p 102 Alexander 1999 p 108 Bookchin 2005 p 219 Graham 1991 p 91 a b Peirats amp Ealham 2005 p 151 Bookchin 2005 p 253 a b c d Alpert 2013 p 337 Bolado Somolinos 1975 p 128 Peirats amp Ealham 2005 p 228 Beevor 2012 p 415 Elorza amp Bizcarrondo 1999 p 417 Peirats amp Ealham 2005 p 243 a b c Hernandez Sanchez 2007 Preston amp Mackenzie 1996 p 267 Sources EditAlexander Robert J 1999 The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War Janus Publishing Company Lim ISBN 978 1 85756 400 6 Retrieved 2015 09 29 Alpert Michael 2013 02 28 The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 02873 9 Retrieved 2015 06 27 Beevor Antony 2012 08 23 The Battle for Spain The Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Orion Publishing Group ISBN 978 1 78022 453 4 Retrieved 2015 06 27 Bolado Somolinos Jose Manuel 1975 Del Ministerio de Instruccion Publica y Bellas Artes a la Cartera de Educacion Cultura y Deporte 100 Minostros para un centenario Revista de educacion ISSN 0034 8082 Retrieved 2015 08 25 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Bookchin Murray 2005 06 08 The Third Revolution A amp C Black ISBN 978 0 8264 7801 6 Retrieved 2015 06 27 Hernandez Sanchez Fernando 2007 06 16 Comunistas sin partido Jesus Hernandez ministro en la Guerra Civil disidente en el exilio in Spanish Editorial Raices Retrieved 2015 06 27 Dimitrov Georgi 2008 10 01 The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov 1933 1949 Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 13385 1 Retrieved 2015 06 27 Elorza Antonio Bizcarrondo Marta 1999 Queridos camaradas La Internacional Comunista en Espana 1919 1939 Barcelona Planeta ISBN 84 08 02222 9 Graham Helen 1991 06 28 Socialism and War The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and Crisis 1936 1939 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 39257 0 Retrieved 2015 06 27 Jesus Hernandez Tomas Fuenterrebollo Retrieved 2015 06 27 Peirats Jose Ealham Chris 2005 The CNT in the Spanish Revolution ChristieBooks com ISBN 978 1 873976 24 1 Retrieved 2015 06 27 Preston Paul Mackenzie Ann L 1996 The Republic Besieged Civil War in Spain 1936 1939 Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 0861 4 Retrieved 2015 06 27 External links Edit Jesus Hernandez I was a Minister of Stalin excerpt Writers on the Spanish Revolution Marxists Internet Archive Retrieved 2015 07 12 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jesus Hernandez Tomas amp oldid 1161786952, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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