Japanese scientific misconduct allegations

In 2010s, a series of separate allegations of scientific misconducts were raised involving several scientific papers from various Japanese universities.^[1][2][3]

Shigeaki Kato

In February 1996, Shigeaki Kato, who had studied in the laboratory of Pierre Chambon, established his laboratory at the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology of the University of Tokyo. Kato was one of the most well-funded researchers in Japan and published many papers in prominent journals. From 2007, Kato and one former member of his laboratory taught research ethics at the annual meeting of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan [ja].^[4][5]

In mid-2011, the Kato lab withdrew papers published in the Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 2004 and 2007 due to duplicate publications.^[6]

On October 26, 2011, an extensive correction of the Kato laboratory's paper was publicly announced in Nature.^[7] The first author of this Nature paper is the former member who taught research ethics at the annual meeting of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan [ja]. This correction raised suspicions among some researchers^[8] and led to their discovery that 24 of the papers published by Kato's laboratory so far contained a large number of unnatural, highly similar images and traces of modification, as shown in the anonymous 2channel threads,^[9] "捏造、不正論文総合スレ 4" and "捏造、不正論文総合スレ 5." 11jigen, a famous anonymous man who had accused hundreds of papers of research misconduct, then created blogs (Japanese^[10] and English^[11]) and a YouTube video^[1] summarizing the points made, and in early January 2012, he sent a letter of accusation to the University of Tokyo. Another letter of accusation was sent by a journal at about the same time.^[12]

On March 30, 2012, a Cell paper from Kato's laboratory was retracted.^[13] The retraction announcement stated that the first author refused to sign his consent to the retraction.

At the end of March 2012, Kato voluntarily resigned from the University of Tokyo.^[14]

On December 11, 2012, three directors of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan [ja], Mitsuhiro Yanagida, Fumio Hanaoka, and Keiichi Nakayama apologized for putting Kato in charge of research ethics.^[15]

On July 25, 2013, a scoop article by Shigeko Segawa on the progress of the investigation was published on the top of the front page of the Asahi Shimbun newspaper.^[16] This brought the seriousness of the case to the attention of the Japanese people.

On December 26, 2013, the University of Tokyo presented an interim report on the investigation of Kato's laboratory.^[17]

On August 1, 2014, the first round of the investigation of Kato's laboratory was reported,^[18] which identified five papers as fraudulent and indicated that Kato ordered the falsification of experimental notes in order to avoid the retraction of the papers.

On December 26, 2014, the University of Tokyo released the final report of its investigation.^[19] The University of Tokyo found fraud in 33 of the 165 published papers out of the total of 165 papers they had investigated. The President of the University of Tokyo disciplined himself.

Yuji Kohara, a former president of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan [ja], noted in the April 6, 2015 issue of AERA, "Even after reading the investigation report, we cannot determine the cause and process of why there was fraud, and we cannot take real steps to prevent recurrence."^[20] On the other hand, Junichi Hamada, President of the University of Tokyo, said, "We interviewed as many as 100 people involved and conducted a careful investigation. It is unavoidable that it took time. To avoid libel in the event of a trial, we cannot speculate on matters for which we have no evidence."^[20]

2014-2015 anonymous accusations ("Anonymous A")

From the end of 2014 to the beginning of 2015, an anonymous accuser (who called him/herself "Anonymous A") posted comments on an Internet bulletin board^[21] created by Shigeru Kondo [ja]. This board had been created for the discussion of research ethics at the 2013 annual meeting of Molecular Biology Society of Japan [ja].^[22] The Anonymous A's comments revealed that 84 medical papers published in international journals such as Nature from Japanese research institutions between 1996 and 2008 contained image data suspected of being fabricated. The accusation was immediately spread through Japanese web sites,^[23] and Japanese major newspapers and NHK began reporting from January 9, 2015.^[2][24] The MEXT, Hirofumi Shimomura, revealed at a post-cabinet press conference on January 13, 2015 that a written anonymous accusation was also sent to them on January 6.^[25]

Osaka University, where the largest number of papers, at 28, were identified, conducted a preliminary investigation of all suspected papers, except for one paper authored of a full professor who was formerly accused^[26] and fired. The investigation denied suspicion in one paper, determined that seven papers were inadvertently misused, and terminated the investigation for the remaining 19 papers due to a lack of convincing data.^[27] University of Tokyo published a document stating its conclusion only that it had determined that there was no research misconduct.^[28] Kyushu University's internal investigation found no admission of wrongdoing.^[29]

On May 19, 2015, a question regarding the anonymous accuser's findings was asked by Junya Ogawa, at the Japanese House of Representatives. In answering the question, MEXT Parliamentary Secretary Tomohiro Yamamoto stated that "64 papers, 17 institutions, 33 researchers" were reported not to be fraudulent and "23 papers, 10 institutions, 16 researchers" were still under investigation.^[30] In October 2016, Mitsuru Sakurai submitted a question to the Chair of the Japanese House of Councillors, pointing out that the investigation of the University of Tokyo into research misconduct was inadequate.^[31] He also uncovered information that the person in charge of the investigation at the University of Tokyo was a researcher who was close to the accused.

One JBC paper published by Kanazawa University was retracted on September 4, 2015.^[32] As of August 2017, fourteen papers in the journals, such as Nature,^[33] have been corrected.

The same anonymous accuser also appears to have made allegations about other research papers in Japan.^[34][35] As of November 5, 2022, a total of 114 papers have been pointed out, and the corresponding authors of the pointed out papers include three Japanese Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine, one of whom was obliged to make an apologetic press conference.^[36] As of November 5, 2022, five papers from major journals that were not mentioned in the 2014-2015 accusations have been corrected after being pointed out.^[37]

Ordinary_researchers

Ordinary_researchers refers to an anonymous individual or group that accused research misconduct involving 22 medical and life sciences papers from University of Tokyo in August 2016.^[3][38]

In the original complaint, dated August 14, 2016,^[39][40][41] they accused eleven papers from four laboratories of medical professors at the University of Tokyo. The accusation letter is less than 70 pages and specifically pointed out unnatural aspects in images and graphs of papers published in the world's most prestigious journals, including Nature, Cell, and The New England Journal of Medicine, between 2003 and 2015. It states, "In view of the regularity, frequency, fairness, and seriousness of the paper's impact, it should no longer be overlooked."

A second complaint filed on August 29, 2016^[42] accused additional eleven papers from two laboratories, one of which is of a professor of medicine and the other is of a professor of the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of Tokyo. The accusation letter, less than 40 pages long, specifically pointed out unnatural aspects in images and graphs in papers published in the world's top journals, including Nature, Science, and Cell, between 2005 and 2016.^[3]

The accusations were repeatedly reported by mass media around the world, including Japan, and the full text of the accusations became public within a month by Science magazine.^[3]

On August 1, 2017, the University of Tokyo announced that it had found misconduct in a total of five papers from the laboratory of the professor at the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology and no misconduct in all papers from laboratories of the five professors in the Faculty of Medicine.^[43][44] The Nature paper, which allegedly identified the adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 by expression cloning using FACS,^[45] was not investigated, citing the fact that a correction notice was issued 13 years ago.^[46]

At the press conference, in response to the survey of the Faculty of Medicine that found no irregularities in any of the data, Ms. Masako Takuma said, "If it was a mistake and the data was duplicated, I would still understand. However, it is not possible to add up the data and divide by two without going to the trouble of doing so."^[47]

Following the University of Tokyo's announcement, Ordinary_researchers responded to NHK and Science magazine. As for the investigation into the medical school, Ordinary_researchers pointed out that "there is little concrete information published about what kind of verification was conducted, which makes it impossible for third parties in the scientific community to verify the doubts."^[43] Asako Sugimoto, president of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan [ja], said of some of the papers which were not found to be fraudulent, "We believe that they damage the reliability of the researchers."^[48]

List of the alleged papers

Case	No.	Journal name	Publication year	DOI	Date of original accusation	Location of original accusation	11jigen activities	Journal activities	Institute's Decision*	References
Kato's lab	01	Genes Dev	2010	10.1101/gad.1857410	2011-12-27	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[49]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Corrigendum	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	02	JBC	2009	10.1074/jbc.M109.009738	2011-12-25	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[50]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[1]
Kato's lab	03	Nature	2009	10.1038/nature08456	Unknown	Unknown	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	04	MCB	2009	10.1128/MCB.00884-08	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[51]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	05	PNAS	2009	10.1073/pnas.0809819106	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[52]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Corrigendum	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	06	Genes Cells	2007	10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01131.x	2011-12-23	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[53]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	07	Nat Cell Biol	2007	10.1038/ncb1647	2011-12-24	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[54]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	08	MCB	2007	10.1128/MCB.02039-06	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[55]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Corrigendum	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	09	MCB	2007	10.1128/MCB.00409-07	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[56]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	10	JBC	2006	10.1074/jbc.M510157200	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[57]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[1]
Kato's lab	11	MCB	2007	10.1128/MCB.00813-07	2011-12-31	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[58]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[1]
Kato's lab	12	J Pharmacol Exp Ther	2005	10.1124/jpet.105.087643	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[59]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	13	J Pharmacol Sci	2005	10.1254/jphs.fmj04008x5	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[60]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	14	Genes Cells	2004	10.1111/j.1365-2443.2004.00777.x	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[61]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	15	EMBO J	2004	10.1038/sj.emboj.7600157	2012-01-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[62]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[1]
Kato's lab	16	Cell	2003	10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00436-7	2011-12-24	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[63]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	17	Nature	2003	10.1038/nature01606	2011-12-25	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[64]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	18	Nat Cell Biol	2003	10.1038/ncb942	2011-12-24	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[65]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	19	MCB	2002	10.1128/MCB.22.11.3698-3706.2002	2011-12-23	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[66]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[1]
Kato's lab	20	NAR	2002	10.1093/nar/30.6.1387	2011-12-26	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[67]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	21	Neuron	2002	10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00875-9	2011-12-28	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　５)^[68]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[1]
Kato's lab	22	EMBO J	2001	10.1093/emboj/20.6.1341	2011-12-25	2channel (捏造、不正論文　総合スレ　４)^[69]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[1]
Kato's lab	23	JBC	1999	10.1074/jbc.274.19.12971	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	24	BBRC	1996	10.1006/bbrc.1996.0755	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	25	BBRC	2004	10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.157	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	26	MCB	2009	10.1128/MCB.02123-07	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Corrigendum	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	27	EMBO J	2005	10.1038/sj.emboj.7600853	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	28	Mol Cell Endocrinol	2007	10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.014	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	29	Genes Cells	2008	10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01244.x	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	30	Mol Cell	2002	10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00478-1	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	31	Endocrinology	1999	10.1210/endo.140.5.6691	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	32	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M107844200	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	33	BBRC	2002	10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00564-8	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	34	PNAS	2004	10.1073/pnas.0305303101	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	35	Oncogene	2004	10.1038/sj.onc.1207786	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	36	Genes Cells	2005	10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00904.x	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	37	EMBO J	2007	10.1038/sj.emboj.7601548	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	38	Nature	2007	10.1038/nature05683	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	39	Arch Biochem Biophys	2007	10.1016/j.abb.2006.07.015	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	40	EMBO Rep	2008	10.1038/embor.2008.55	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	41	Nature	2009	10.1038/nature07954	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	42	PNAS	2009	10.1073/pnas.0901184106	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	43	JBC	2010	10.1074/jbc.M109.077024	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	44	PNAS	2010	10.1073/pnas.1010307107	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	45	Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol	2011	10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010736	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	46	Mol Cell	2009	10.1016/j.molcel.2009.08.017	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	47	MCB	1999	10.1128/MCB.19.8.5363	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	48	JBC	2000	10.1074/jbc.C000517200	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	49	PNAS	2006	10.1073/pnas.0506736102	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
Kato's lab	50	Nat Cell Biol	2007	10.1038/ncb1577	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	Retracted	Fraud. The criminal is unknown.	^[17]
Kato's lab	51	BBRC	2010	10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.167	2013-12-26	Interim report of University of Tokyo^[70]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[17]
"Anonymous A"	#001	Nature	1998	10.1038/34214	2014-12-30	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#002	JBC	2000	10.1074/jbc.275.11.8091	2014-12-30	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#003	Arch Biochem Biophys	2001	10.1006/abbi.2000.2266	2014-12-30	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#004	Diabetes	2002	10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2915	2014-12-30	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#005	Nat Med	2002	10.1038/nm724	2014-12-30	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#006	JBC	2003	10.1074/jbc.M213202200	2014-12-30	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#007	MBC	1996	10.1128/MCB.16.6.3074	2014-12-31	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#008	JBC	2003	10.1074/jbc.M103241200	2014-12-31	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#009	J Clin Invest	2001	10.1172/JCI12864	2014-12-31	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#010	Nat Genet	2002	10.1038/ng829	2014-12-31	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#011	BBRC	2004	10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.083	2014-12-31	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#012	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M101781200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#013	Exp Cell Res	2002	10.1006/excr.2001.5394	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#014	Oncogene	2002	10.1038/sj.onc.1205114	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#015	BBRC	2002	10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00216-4	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#016	J Virol	1999	10.1128/JVI.73.11.9237-9246.1999	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#017	J Virol	2000	10.1128/jvi.74.12.5619-5628.2000	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#018	J Virol	2001	10.1128/JVI.75.8.3802-3810.2001	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#019	J Virol	2002	10.1128/jvi.76.14.7114-7124.2002	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#020	J Virol	2004	10.1128/JVI.78.14.7443-7454.2004	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#021	J Virol	2007	10.1128/JVI.02590-06	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#022	BBRC	2002	10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00855-0	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#023	BBRC	2001	10.1006/bbrc.2001.6003	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#024	Circ Res	2004	10.1161/01.RES.0000129701.14494.52	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#025	JBC	2002	10.1074/jbc.M108138200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#026	JBC	1999	10.1074/jbc.274.17.11995	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#027	JBC	2000	10.1074/jbc.C000212200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#028	JBC	2002	10.1074/jbc.M209356200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#029	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M008744200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#030	JBC	1999	10.1074/jbc.274.53.38251	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#031	Nucleic Acids Res	2000	10.1093/nar/28.6.1355	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#032	DNA Repair	2007	10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.01.003	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#033	JBC	2000	10.1074/jbc.M001144200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#034	JBC	2002	10.1074/jbc.C100762200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#035	EMBO J	2002	10.1093/emboj/cdf642	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#036	JBC	2003	10.1074/jbc.M212856200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#037	JBC	2003	10.1074/jbc.M302868200	2015-01-01	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#038	J Virol	1999	10.1128/JVI.73.10.7981-7987.1999	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#039	JBC	2002	10.1074/jbc.M106880200	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Retracted	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#040	JBC	2004	10.1074/jbc.M401067200	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#041	Diabetes	2003	10.2337/diabetes.52.11.2657	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#042	JBC	1999	10.1074/jbc.274.45.32309	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Completely innocent.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#043	JBC	2000	10.1074/jbc.M909999199	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#044	JBC	2000	10.1074/jbc.275.6.4369	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#045	Hepatology	2000	10.1053/jhep.2000.18715	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#046	J Hepatol	2004	10.1016/j.jhep.2003.12.018	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#047	Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab	2005	10.1152/ajpendo.00118.2004	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#048	BBRC	2001	10.1006/bbrc.2001.4764	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#049	J Virol	2002	10.1128/jvi.76.24.12683-12690.2002	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#050	JBC	2003	10.1074/jbc.M305701200	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#051	J Med Virol	2006	10.1002/jmv.20556	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#052	Cancer Lett	1999	10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00109-3	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#053	Leukemia	2000	10.1038/sj.leu.2401828	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#054	BBRC	2004	10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.080	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#055	Cancer Lett	2008	10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.017	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#056	Cancer Res	2006	10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0377	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#057	BBRC	2005	10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.086	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Completely innocent.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#058	BBRC	2000	10.1006/bbrc.2000.3200	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#059	BBRC	2001	10.1006/bbrc.2001.4844	2015-01-02	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#060	Nat Cell Biol	1999	10.1038/70265	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#061	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M006886200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#062	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M104096200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#063	JBC	2002	10.1074/jbc.M110795200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#064	Circulation	2002	10.1161/01.cir.0000018622.84402.ff	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#065	JBC	2002	10.1074/jbc.M111501200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#066	JBC	2005	10.1074/jbc.M406788200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#067	JBC	2005	10.1074/jbc.M413461200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#068	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M006153200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#069	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M103853200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#070	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M005036200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#071	JBC	2002	10.1074/jbc.M204042200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#072	Endocrinology	2004	10.1210/en.2003-0792	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#073	Clin Cancer Res	2004	10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0958	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#074	Endocrinology	2004	10.1210/en.2003-0709	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#075	JBC	2004	10.1074/jbc.M313709200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#076	JBC	2000	10.1074/jbc.M003491200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#077	PNAS	2000	10.1073/pnas.240303097	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#078	JBC	1999	10.1074/jbc.274.13.8531	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#079	FASEB J	2001	10.1096/fj.00-0495fje	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#080	Nat Med	2001	10.1038/85463	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#081	JBC	2003	10.1074/jbc.M207880200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	Corrigendum	Officially unknown.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#082	JBC	2001	10.1074/jbc.M103848200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#083	JBC	2005	10.1074/jbc.M409969200	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#084	Cancer Res	2007	10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2756	2015-01-03	Kondo's board (捏造問題にもっと怒りを)^[21]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[2]
"Anonymous A"	#085	Nature	2008	10.1038/nature07027	2013-03-05	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ１)^[71]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Corrigendum	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#086	JBC	2004	10.1074/jbc.M310822200	2013-03-07	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ１)^[72]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Corrigendum	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#087	Nat Med	2009	10.1038/nm.2014	2013-03-08	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ１)^[73]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Corrigendum	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#088	Nat Cell Biol	2004	10.1038/ncb1137	2013-03-08 2013-03-11	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ１)^[74]^[75]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#089	BBRC	2004	10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.119	2013-03-21	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ１)^[76]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#090	JBC	1999	10.1074/jbc.274.12.8231	2013-03-22	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ１)^[77]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#091	BBRC	2000	10.1006/bbrc.2000.2561	2013-03-22	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ１)^[77]	None	None	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#092	Circulation	1999	10.1161/01.cir.100.20.2100	2013-03-27	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[78]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#093	Circulation	2003	10.1161/01.CIR.0000101923.54751.77	2013-03-27	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[79]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#094	Circulation	1998	10.1161/01.cir.97.19.1952	2013-03-28	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[80]	None	None	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#095	Circ Res	1999	10.1161/01.res.84.4.458	2013-03-28	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[80]	None	None	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#096	EMBO J	2000	doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.20.5533	2013-03-30 2013-04-06	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[81]^[82]	Created a summary blog.	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[36]
"Anonymous A"	#097	Hypertension	1998	10.1161/01.hyp.31.1.50	2013-04-16	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[83]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Fraud.	^[84]
"Anonymous A"	#098	Circ Res	1998	10.1161/01.res.83.7.752	2013-04-16	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[85]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Fraud.	^[84]
"Anonymous A"	#099	J Am Soc Nephrol	2003	10.1097/01.asn.0000050415.97942.2f	2013-04-16	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[85]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Fraud.	^[84]
"Anonymous A"	#100	Hypertens Res	2005	10.1291/hypres.28.1003	2013-05-07	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ３)^[86]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	Corrigendum	Fraud.	^[84]
"Anonymous A"	#101	J Pharmacol Sci	2005	10.1254/jphs.fp0050160	2013-05-07	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ３)^[86]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Fraud.	^[84]
"Anonymous A"	#102	Circulation	2003	10.1161/01.cir.0000055331.41937.aa	2013-08-20	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ６)^[87]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#103	Hypertension	2006	10.1161/01.HYP.0000240266.26185.57	2013-08-20	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ６)^[87]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#104	Mol Pharmacol	2005	10.1124/mol.104.008144	2013-08-21	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ６)^[88]	Mentioned on Twitter	None	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#105	Arterioscler Thromb Vasc	2012	10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.249516	2013-08-21	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ６)^[89]	None	Corrigendum	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#106	Nature	1998	10.1038/27945	2014-01-23	Molecular Biology Society of Japan's board^[90]	None	None	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#107	Circulation	2006	10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.626606	2013-03-27	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[91]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#108	Circulation	2002	10.1161/01.cir.0000027823.07104.86	2013-03-27	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[92]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#109	Circulation	2002	10.1161/hc1002.105225	2013-03-20	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ１)^[93]	Created a summary blog. Filed an accusation.	None	Unknown.	^[35]
"Anonymous A"	#110	Arthritis Rheum	2000	10.1002/1529-0131(200002)43:2<259::AID-ANR4>3.0.CO;2-W	2013-03-31	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[94]	None	None	Unknown.	^[95]
"Anonymous A"	#111	J Clin Invest	1999	10.1172/JCI6093	2013-04-01	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ２)^[96]	None	None	Unknown.	^[95]
"Anonymous A"	#112	JBC	2006	10.1074/jbc.M601645200	2018-10-26	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ４７)^[97]	None	Retracted	Already retracted.
"Anonymous A"	#113	PNAS	2002	10.1073/pnas.232562799	2019-04-24	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ４９)^[98]	None	None	Unknown.
"Anonymous A"	#114	Front Microbiol	2020	10.3389/fmicb.2020.628281	2021-08-23	2channel (捏造、不正論文 総合スレネオ６２)^[99]	None	None	Unknown.
"Ordinary_researchers"	##01	Nature	2003	10.1038/nature01705	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##02	Nat Med	2007	10.1038/nm1557	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##03	Diabetologia	2008	10.1007/s00125-008-0944-9	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##04	Nature	2010	10.1038/nature08991	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##05	Cell Metab	2011	10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.010	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##06	Diabetologia	2012	10.1007/s00125-012-2711-1	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##07	Nature	2013	10.1038/nature12656	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##08	Nat Med	2011	10.1038/nm.2337	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##09	N Engl J Med	2013	10.1056/NEJMoa1212115	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##10	Nat Med	2014	10.1038/nm.3432	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##11	Cell	2015	10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.013	2016-08-14	letter to University of Tokyo^[39]^[41]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##12	Nat Commun	2016	10.1038/ncomms11635	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##13	Int Heart J	2016	10.1536/ihj.15-332	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##14	Sci Rep	2015	10.1038/srep14453	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##15	Sci Rep	2016	10.1038/srep25009	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##16	Cell	2005	10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.013	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##17	Nature	2008	10.1038/nature07217	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	Corrigendum	Fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##18	Science	2010	10.1126/science.1194498	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	Corrigendum	Fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##19	Nat Cell Biol	2010	10.1038/ncb2052	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	None	Not be ruled out as fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##20	Nature	2011	10.1038/nature10179	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	Corrigendum	Fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##21	EMBO Rep	2011	10.1038/embor.2011.188	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	Corrigendum	Fraud.	^[3]
"Ordinary_researchers"	##22	Science	2015	10.1126/science.aaa2655	2016-08-29	letter to University of Tokyo^[42]	None	Retracted	Fraud.	^[3]

*"Officially unknown" means that it was reported in the mass media that it could not be ruled out as fraudulent, but the institute has not made an official announcement. "Completely innocent" means that the experimental notebooks was opened to the public and logical explanation was provided.

See also

• Post-publication peer review
• PubPeer
• Elisabeth Bik

Other Japanese major scientific misconducts

• Japanese Paleolithic hoax
• Yoshitaka Fujii
• STAP cell

References

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