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Jain communities

March 08, 2023

The Jains in India are the last direct representatives of the ancient Shramana tradition. People who practice Jainism, an ancient religion of the Indian subcontinent, are collectively referred to as Jains.

Sangha

Main article: Sangha (Jainism)

Jainism has a fourfold order of muni (male monastics), aryika (female monastics), Śrāvaka (layman) and sravika (laywoman). This order is known as a sangha.[citation needed]. Many Jains are in general caste.

Cultural influence

The Jain have the highest literacy rate in India, 94.1.% compared with the national average of 65.38%. They have the highest female literacy rate, 90.6.% compared with the national average of 54.16%.[1][2]

As per national survey NFHS-4 conducted in 2018 Jains were declared wealthiest of any community with 70% of their population living in top quintiles of wealth.[3] The sex ratio in the 0-6 age group is the second lowest for Jain (870 females per 1,000 males).

Communities

Jains are found in almost every part of India. There are about 1122 different Jain communities in India. They can be divided into six groups based on historical and current residence:

Central India

Western India

Northern India

Southern India

Eastern India

Diaspora

Virchand Gandhi made a presentation of Jainism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893, marking one of the earliest appearances of Jainism outside India.[4] The World Jain Congress was held in Leicester in 1988.[5]

Jains are one of the oldest religious and cultural groups, originating in India. Although small in number, there are many subcommunities of Jains such as Tamil Jains, Gujarati Jains etc. One of the lesser known groups are the Nigerian Jains.

Originally emigrating from South Indian from Valparai, a small Tamil village, due to discrimination against their darker skin tone; they eventually settled in Lagos. Thus, the Nigerian Jain is in fact an offshoot of the even lesser known Tamil Jain. There, in Nigeria, they flourished and built a small but stable community. However, being perceived as outsiders (due to their restrictive diet and limited stature), they grew increasing insular and withdrawn from the wider Jain community and other Nigerians.

Clashes with Nigerian government: In 1982, the Jain community clashed with Nigerian authorities over the lack of provisions for vegetarians in Lagos. The Jains believed that eating roots vegetables and meat was morally wrong, which were both staples of Nigerian cuisine. They asked for farming land to graze cows and grow aubergines (which they believed to be the vegetable with the least emotions). They were given a small farm away from the city, and thus were ostracized.

Medical issues: Due to their small community and close relations, several generations along many Nigerian jains had conserved several recessive genes. This was phenotypically seen as short stature, Valgus of the knees and thoracic kyphosis resulting in a "T-rex walk". Due to the small gene pool, Dorothea Bennett actually travelled to Lagos as part of her work on developmental genomics.

Population

The Jain population in India according to 2011 census is 0.54% i.e. 4,451,753 (Males 2,278,097; Females 2,173,656) out of the total population of India 1,210,854,977 (males 623,270,258; females 587,584,719).[8] The tabular representation of Jain population in the major states of India as per 2011 Census data released by the government is:

S. No. State Persons (total) Persons (rural) Persons (urban) Male (total) Male (rural) Male (urban) Female (total) Female (rural) Female (urban)
1 India 4,451,753 904,809 3,546,944 2,278,097 467,577 1,810,520 2,173,656 437,232 1,736,424
2 Maharashtra 1,400,349 269,959 1,130,390 713,157 140,476 572,681 687,192 129,483 557,709
3 Rajasthan 622,023 166,322 455,701 317,614 84,649 232,965 304,409 81,673 222,736
4 Gujarat 579,654 44,118 535,536 294,911 22,357 272,554 284,743 21,761 262,982
5 Madhya Pradesh 567,028 109,699 457,329 291,937 57,431 234,506 275,091 52,268 222,823
6 Karnataka 440,280 220,362 219,918 225,544 113,598 111,946 214,736 106,764 107,972
7 Uttar Pradesh 213,267 30,144 183,123 110,994 15,852 95,142 102,273 14,292 87,981
8 Delhi 166,231 192 166,039 85,605 94 85,511 80,626 98 80,528
9 Tamil Nadu 89,265 10,084 79,181 45,605 5,044 40,561 43,660 5,040 38,620

It is likely that the actual population of Jains may be significantly higher than the census numbers.[citation needed]

The Jain population in United States is estimated to be about 150,000 to 200,000.[9][10]

In Japan, there are more than 5,000 families who have converted to Jainism and is growing faster there.[11]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Jains steal the show with 7 Padmas", The Times of India, 9 April 2015
  2. ^ "Literacy race: Jains take the honours", The Times of India, 7 September 2004
  3. ^ "Delhi and Punjab richest states, Jain wealthiest community: National survey". 13 January 2018.
  4. ^ J. Gordon Melton & Martin Baumann 2010, p. 1555.
  5. ^ Dundas 2002, p. 246.
  6. ^ a b Gregory, Robert G. (1993), Quest for equality: Asian politics in East Africa, 1900-1967, New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited, p. 26, ISBN 0-863-11-208-0
  7. ^ Mehta, Makrand (2001). "Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora: Major Historical Trends". Economic and Political Weekly. 36 (20): 1738–1747. JSTOR 4410637.
  8. ^ Office of registrar general and census commissioner (2011), C-1 Population By Religious Community, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
  9. ^ Lee, Jonathan H. X. (21 December 2010), Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, ABC-CLIO, pp. 487–488, ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5
  10. ^ Wiley, Kristi L. (2004), Historical dictionary of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, p. 19, ISBN 978-0-8108-5051-4
  11. ^ "Thousands of Japanese making a smooth transition from Zen to Jain". Hindustan Times. 23 February 2020.

Sources

  • Adam, Michel (2015), Indian Africa: Minorities of Indian-Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa, Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, ISBN 978-9987-08-297-1
  • Babb, Lawrence A. (2004), Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India, Sage, ISBN 978-0-7619-3223-9
  • Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
  • J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann, eds. (2010), Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, vol. One: A-B (Second ed.), ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3
  • Facets of Jainology : Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion and Culture/Vilas Adinath Sangave. Mumbai, Popular Prakashan, 2001
  • Shah, Natubhai (2004), Jainism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1938-2
  • Singh, K. S. (1989), People of India (Rajasthan ed.), Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7154-769-2
  • Singh, K. S., ed. (2004), People of India: Maharashtra, Mumbai, India: Popular Prakashan, Anthropological Survey of India, ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0
  • Singh, Kumar Suresh (2004), People of India: Maharashtra, vol. 1, Popular Prakashan, Anthropological Survey of India, ISBN 978-81-7991-100-6

External links

  • - resource for Jain literature and religious information
  • by Yashwant K. Malaiya
  • Jain Jagruti Centre, Toronto
  • Jain Temple at Palitana, Gujarat - Vidhya Vihaar

March 08, 2023
jain, communities, request, that, this, article, title, changed, jains, under, discussion, please, move, this, article, until, discussion, closed, jains, india, last, direct, representatives, ancient, shramana, tradition, people, practice, jainism, ancient, re. A request that this article title be changed to Jains is under discussion Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed The Jains in India are the last direct representatives of the ancient Shramana tradition People who practice Jainism an ancient religion of the Indian subcontinent are collectively referred to as Jains Contents 1 Sangha 2 Cultural influence 3 Communities 3 1 Central India 3 2 Western India 3 3 Northern India 3 4 Southern India 3 5 Eastern India 4 Diaspora 5 Population 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Sources 8 External linksSangha EditMain article Sangha Jainism Jainism has a fourfold order of muni male monastics aryika female monastics Sravaka layman and sravika laywoman This order is known as a sangha citation needed Many Jains are in general caste Cultural influence EditThe Jain have the highest literacy rate in India 94 1 compared with the national average of 65 38 They have the highest female literacy rate 90 6 compared with the national average of 54 16 1 2 As per national survey NFHS 4 conducted in 2018 Jains were declared wealthiest of any community with 70 of their population living in top quintiles of wealth 3 The sex ratio in the 0 6 age group is the second lowest for Jain 870 females per 1 000 males Communities EditJains are found in almost every part of India There are about 1122 different Jain communities in India They can be divided into six groups based on historical and current residence Central India Edit Jainism in Bundelkhand Jainism in Madhya PradeshWestern India Edit Jainism in Gujarat Gujarati Jain Jainism in Maharashtra Marathi Jain Jainism in MumbaiNorthern India Edit Jainism in Delhi Jainism in Uttar Pradesh Jainism in Rajasthan Marwari Jain Southern India Edit Jainism in Karnataka Jainism in Kerala Jainism in North Karnataka Jainism in Tamil Nadu Tamil Jain Eastern India Edit Jainism in Bengal Jainism in NagalandDiaspora EditVirchand Gandhi made a presentation of Jainism at the Parliament of the World s Religions in Chicago in 1893 marking one of the earliest appearances of Jainism outside India 4 The World Jain Congress was held in Leicester in 1988 5 Jainism in Europe Jainism in Canada Jainism in the United States Jainism in East Africa One of the oldest Jain overseas diaspora Their number was estimated at 45 000 at the independence of the East African countries in the early 1960s 6 Most members of the diaspora belonged to Gujarati speaking Halari Visa Oshwal Jain community originally from the Jamnagar area of Saurashtra 6 7 Jainism in West Africa Nigerian JainsJains are one of the oldest religious and cultural groups originating in India Although small in number there are many subcommunities of Jains such as Tamil Jains Gujarati Jains etc One of the lesser known groups are the Nigerian Jains Originally emigrating from South Indian from Valparai a small Tamil village due to discrimination against their darker skin tone they eventually settled in Lagos Thus the Nigerian Jain is in fact an offshoot of the even lesser known Tamil Jain There in Nigeria they flourished and built a small but stable community However being perceived as outsiders due to their restrictive diet and limited stature they grew increasing insular and withdrawn from the wider Jain community and other Nigerians Clashes with Nigerian government In 1982 the Jain community clashed with Nigerian authorities over the lack of provisions for vegetarians in Lagos The Jains believed that eating roots vegetables and meat was morally wrong which were both staples of Nigerian cuisine They asked for farming land to graze cows and grow aubergines which they believed to be the vegetable with the least emotions They were given a small farm away from the city and thus were ostracized Medical issues Due to their small community and close relations several generations along many Nigerian jains had conserved several recessive genes This was phenotypically seen as short stature Valgus of the knees and thoracic kyphosis resulting in a T rex walk Due to the small gene pool Dorothea Bennett actually travelled to Lagos as part of her work on developmental genomics Population EditThe Jain population in India according to 2011 census is 0 54 i e 4 451 753 Males 2 278 097 Females 2 173 656 out of the total population of India 1 210 854 977 males 623 270 258 females 587 584 719 8 The tabular representation of Jain population in the major states of India as per 2011 Census data released by the government is S No State Persons total Persons rural Persons urban Male total Male rural Male urban Female total Female rural Female urban 1 India 4 451 753 904 809 3 546 944 2 278 097 467 577 1 810 520 2 173 656 437 232 1 736 4242 Maharashtra 1 400 349 269 959 1 130 390 713 157 140 476 572 681 687 192 129 483 557 7093 Rajasthan 622 023 166 322 455 701 317 614 84 649 232 965 304 409 81 673 222 7364 Gujarat 579 654 44 118 535 536 294 911 22 357 272 554 284 743 21 761 262 9825 Madhya Pradesh 567 028 109 699 457 329 291 937 57 431 234 506 275 091 52 268 222 8236 Karnataka 440 280 220 362 219 918 225 544 113 598 111 946 214 736 106 764 107 9727 Uttar Pradesh 213 267 30 144 183 123 110 994 15 852 95 142 102 273 14 292 87 9818 Delhi 166 231 192 166 039 85 605 94 85 511 80 626 98 80 5289 Tamil Nadu 89 265 10 084 79 181 45 605 5 044 40 561 43 660 5 040 38 620It is likely that the actual population of Jains may be significantly higher than the census numbers citation needed The Jain population in United States is estimated to be about 150 000 to 200 000 9 10 In Japan there are more than 5 000 families who have converted to Jainism and is growing faster there 11 See also EditLegal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India List of Jains SarakReferences EditCitations Edit Jains steal the show with 7 Padmas The Times of India 9 April 2015 Literacy race Jains take the honours The Times of India 7 September 2004 Delhi and Punjab richest states Jain wealthiest community National survey 13 January 2018 J Gordon Melton amp Martin Baumann 2010 p 1555 Dundas 2002 p 246 a b Gregory Robert G 1993 Quest for equality Asian politics in East Africa 1900 1967 New Delhi Orient Longman Limited p 26 ISBN 0 863 11 208 0 Mehta Makrand 2001 Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora Major Historical Trends Economic and Political Weekly 36 20 1738 1747 JSTOR 4410637 Office of registrar general and census commissioner 2011 C 1 Population By Religious Community Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India Lee Jonathan H X 21 December 2010 Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife ABC CLIO pp 487 488 ISBN 978 0 313 35066 5 Wiley Kristi L 2004 Historical dictionary of Jainism Scarecrow Press p 19 ISBN 978 0 8108 5051 4 Thousands of Japanese making a smooth transition from Zen to Jain Hindustan Times 23 February 2020 Sources Edit Adam Michel 2015 Indian Africa Minorities of Indian Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa Mkuki na Nyota Publishers ISBN 978 9987 08 297 1 Babb Lawrence A 2004 Alchemies of Violence Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India Sage ISBN 978 0 7619 3223 9 Dundas Paul 2002 1992 The Jains Second ed Routledge ISBN 0 415 26605 X J Gordon Melton Martin Baumann eds 2010 Religions of the World A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices vol One A B Second ed ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 59884 204 3 Facets of Jainology Selected Research Papers on Jain Society Religion and Culture Vilas Adinath Sangave Mumbai Popular Prakashan 2001 Shah Natubhai 2004 Jainism Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1938 2 Singh K S 1989 People of India Rajasthan ed Popular Prakashan ISBN 978 81 7154 769 2 Singh K S ed 2004 People of India Maharashtra Mumbai India Popular Prakashan Anthropological Survey of India ISBN 978 81 7991 102 0 Singh Kumar Suresh 2004 People of India Maharashtra vol 1 Popular Prakashan Anthropological Survey of India ISBN 978 81 7991 100 6External links EditHukonchu com resource for Jain literature and religious information Jainism in America by Yashwant K Malaiya Jain Jagruti Centre Toronto Jain Temple at Palitana Gujarat Vidhya Vihaar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jain communities amp oldid 1142870590, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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