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Jacques Cassini (18 February 1677 – 16 April 1756) was a French astronomer, son of the famous Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini. He was known as Cassini II.
Cassini was born at the Paris Observatory. He was first admitted to Collège Mazarin after brief studies at his home observatory under his father.[1] Later, he was admitted at the age of seventeen to membership of the French Academy of Sciences, he was elected in 1696 a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and became maître des comptes in 1706. While in England, he was acquainted with other famous astronomers such as Newton and Halley.[1] Having succeeded to his father's position at the observatory in 1712, in 1713 he extended the Paris meridian, measuring the arc of the meridian from Dunkirk to Perpignan, and published the results in a volume entitled Traité de la grandeur et de la figure de la terre (1720).[2] His two separate calculations for a degree of meridian arc were 57,097 toises de Paris (111.282 km) and 57,061 toises (111.211 km), giving results for Earth's radius of 3,271,420 toises (6,375.998 km) and 3,269,297 toises (6,371.860 km), respectively.[3] This work represented Cassini's delve into the Earth figure debate. There were two main schools of thought, the Cartesians believed in a prolate spheroid, and the Newtonians in an oblate spheroid. Cassini sided with the Cartesians over the Newtonians, advocating for a prolate spheroid shaped earth. The Cartesians had support, but the Newtonians made separate observations seeming to disagree with the Cartesian idea. Cassini II likely realized that the Newtonian observations were more accurate, and stepped out of the scientific field. He only returned publicly after an attack from Anders Celsius.
For his last few years he took up cartography, working with his son, Cassini de Thury or Cassini III, to create a new French map. This map was known as the Carte de Cassini, and was to be a very accurate map of France.
Jacques Cassini's work on the ballistic pendulum has been a topic of controversy among historians of science.[4] While some credit him with developing original work on the topic, others argue that he built upon the ideas of earlier scientists. It is difficult to determine the extent of Cassini's original contributions, as the available historical records are vague and incomplete. However, subsequent work on ballistic pendulums by Benjamin Robins (1707–1751), a British mathematician and engineer, suggests that he independently repeated many of the same results.[4] Regardless of the extent of Cassini's original contributions, his work on the ballistic pendulum was significant in its time and helped to advance the field of ballistics. The device allowed for the measurement of the velocity of projectiles, which was important for the development of more accurate firearms and artillery.[4]
He also wrote Eléments d'astronomie on proper motion (1740), and published the first tables of the satellites of Saturn in 1716.[2] He died at Thury, near Clermont, France.[2]
Jacques Cassini married Suzanne Françoise Charpentier de Charmois. Their second son was astronomer César-François Cassini de Thury, who was also known as Cassini III.
Engraving of Jacques Cassini in his Paris Observatory by L. Coquin
WorksEdit
A number of his publications about astronomy 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine are preserved at the Paris Observatory library and available online on the digital library among them :
De la grandeur et de la figure de la terre, 1720 (About the size and features of Earth)
Méthode de déterminer si la terre est sphérique ou non 2018-01-27 at the Wayback Machine, 1738 (Method to determine if Earth is a sphere or not)
Éléments d'astronomie 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine, 1740 (Anstronomy elements)
Traité de la Comète qui a paru en décembre 1743 & en janvier, février & mars 1744 2018-01-27 at the Wayback Machine (About the comet that appeared December 1743, January, February and March 1744)
ReferencesEdit
^ abBaum, Richard (2014). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 380–381. ISBN978-1-4419-9916-0.
^Traité de la grandeur et de la figure de la terre, Jacques Cassini, 1723. pp.182-3 & pp.302
^ abcJohnson, W. (1990). "Origin of the ballistic pendulum: the claims of Jacques Cassini (1677-1756) and Benjamin Robins (1707-1751)". International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 32 (4): 345–374. doi:10.1016/0020-7403(90)90099-5 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Jacques Cassini news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2012 This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations February 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Jacques Cassini 18 February 1677 16 April 1756 was a French astronomer son of the famous Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini He was known as Cassini II Jacques CassiniBorn 1677 02 18 18 February 1677Paris ObservatoryDied16 April 1756 1756 04 16 aged 79 ThuryChildrenCesar Francois Cassini de ThuryScientific careerFieldsAstronomy CartographyCassini was born at the Paris Observatory He was first admitted to College Mazarin after brief studies at his home observatory under his father 1 Later he was admitted at the age of seventeen to membership of the French Academy of Sciences he was elected in 1696 a fellow of the Royal Society of London and became maitre des comptes in 1706 While in England he was acquainted with other famous astronomers such as Newton and Halley 1 Having succeeded to his father s position at the observatory in 1712 in 1713 he extended the Paris meridian measuring the arc of the meridian from Dunkirk to Perpignan and published the results in a volume entitled Traite de la grandeur et de la figure de la terre 1720 2 His two separate calculations for a degree of meridian arc were 57 097 toises de Paris 111 282 km and 57 061 toises 111 211 km giving results for Earth s radius of 3 271 420 toises 6 375 998 km and 3 269 297 toises 6 371 860 km respectively 3 This work represented Cassini s delve into the Earth figure debate There were two main schools of thought the Cartesians believed in a prolate spheroid and the Newtonians in an oblate spheroid Cassini sided with the Cartesians over the Newtonians advocating for a prolate spheroid shaped earth The Cartesians had support but the Newtonians made separate observations seeming to disagree with the Cartesian idea Cassini II likely realized that the Newtonian observations were more accurate and stepped out of the scientific field He only returned publicly after an attack from Anders Celsius For his last few years he took up cartography working with his son Cassini de Thury or Cassini III to create a new French map This map was known as the Carte de Cassini and was to be a very accurate map of France Jacques Cassini s work on the ballistic pendulum has been a topic of controversy among historians of science 4 While some credit him with developing original work on the topic others argue that he built upon the ideas of earlier scientists It is difficult to determine the extent of Cassini s original contributions as the available historical records are vague and incomplete However subsequent work on ballistic pendulums by Benjamin Robins 1707 1751 a British mathematician and engineer suggests that he independently repeated many of the same results 4 Regardless of the extent of Cassini s original contributions his work on the ballistic pendulum was significant in its time and helped to advance the field of ballistics The device allowed for the measurement of the velocity of projectiles which was important for the development of more accurate firearms and artillery 4 He also wrote Elements d astronomie on proper motion 1740 and published the first tables of the satellites of Saturn in 1716 2 He died at Thury near Clermont France 2 The asteroid 24102 Jacquescassini is named after him Jacques Cassini married Suzanne Francoise Charpentier de Charmois Their second son was astronomer Cesar Francois Cassini de Thury who was also known as Cassini III Engraving of Jacques Cassini in his Paris Observatory by L CoquinWorks EditA number of his publications about astronomy Archived 2018 04 26 at the Wayback Machine are preserved at the Paris Observatory library and available online on the digital library among them De la grandeur et de la figure de la terre 1720 About the size and features of Earth Methode de determiner si la terre est spherique ou non Archived 2018 01 27 at the Wayback Machine 1738 Method to determine if Earth is a sphere or not Elements d astronomie Archived 2018 01 26 at the Wayback Machine 1740 Anstronomy elements Traite de la Comete qui a paru en decembre 1743 amp en janvier fevrier amp mars 1744 Archived 2018 01 27 at the Wayback Machine About the comet that appeared December 1743 January February and March 1744 References Edit a b Baum Richard 2014 Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers New York NY Springer pp 380 381 ISBN 978 1 4419 9916 0 a b c nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Clerke Agnes Mary 1911 Cassini s v Jacques Cassini In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 5 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 459 Traite de la grandeur et de la figure de la terre Jacques Cassini 1723 pp 182 3 amp pp 302 a b c Johnson W 1990 Origin of the ballistic pendulum the claims of Jacques Cassini 1677 1756 and Benjamin Robins 1707 1751 International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 32 4 345 374 doi 10 1016 0020 7403 90 90099 5 via Elsevier Science Direct External links EditO Connor John J Robertson Edmund F Jacques Cassini MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive University of St Andrews Jacques Cassini at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Paris Observatory digital library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jacques Cassini amp oldid 1166415855, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
